Fuselier Flashcards
(146 cards)
1
Q
What % of herds in the US have >50 cows?
a. 80%
b. 60%
c. 40%
d. 20%
A
d. 20%
* 80% of cow herds have 50 or less cows = 20% of US cow inventory*
2
Q
Herd health is
a. adjusting the vaccination shedule
b. monitoring for disease outbreak
c. adjusting management overall
d. assessing welfare standards
A
c. adjusting management overall
3
Q
Lumpy jaw in deer is caused by
a. Fusobacterium necrophorum
b. Acinomyces bovis
c. Clostridium perfingens
d. Pasteurella multocida
A
a. Fusobacterium necrophorum
4
Q
What is most commonly the treatment for a deer with a fracture?
a. Splint
b. Cast
c. Leave alone
d. Confinement
A
c. Leave alone
5
Q
What was biting the farmer’s deer?
a. Ticks
b. Midges
c. Midgets
d. Mosquitoes
A
b. Midges
6
Q
What is the most common cause of bloat in deer?
A
C. perfringens Type A
7
Q
T/F: Penicillin would be the best option for treatment of anaplasosis.
A
False
Anaplasmosis = intracellular; Use Oxy_tetracycline_
8
Q
Which ABx is lipophilic, broad spectrum bacteriostatic, and works against the 30s ribosome?
a. Sulfonamides
b. B-lactams
c. Tetracycline
d. Aminoglycoside
A
c. Tetracycline
Tetracyclines and aminoglycoside are against the 30s ribosome, but aminoglycoside is cidal
9
Q
T/F: Gentamycin in the best first line treatment of Bovine Respiratory Disease.
A
False
Aminoglycosides are counterindicated! First choice = Macrolides (able to penetrate pulonary macrophages) -Tulathromycin, Draxxin, Azithromycin
10
Q
Forfenicol works on which ribosomal subunit?
A
50s
11
Q
T/F: ELDU of FDA approved products is permitted based on AMDUCA guidelines.
A
True
12
Q
Which of the follwoing drugs has a zero tolerance residue testing limit in cattle?
a. B-lactams
b. Fluroquinolones
c. Aminoglycosides
d. Macrolides
A
c. Aminoglycosides
13
Q
Cephalosporin restrictions allow for ELDU for
a. Dose
b. Frequency
c. ROA
d. Indication
A
d. Indication
Ceftiofur is most commonly used cephalosporin; Also cannot use for an indication that already has another drug that is labeled for
14
Q
Which drug class is best used early in respiratory disease?
A
Macrolides
15
Q
The binding site for which antibiotic class is near that of florfenicol resulting in a possible antagonistic effect if administerd together or close together?
A
Macrolides
16
Q
Which is the only NSAID approved for food animals in the US?
a. Flunixin Meglumine
b. Ketoprofen
c. Meloxicam
d. Butorphanol
A
a. Flunixin Meglumine
Approved for fever/inflammation associated with respiratory disease, mastitis, and endotoxemia
17
Q
Sulfonamides are time/concentration dependent
A
time dependent
18
Q
sulfonamides are effective against ______
A
gram (+), gram (-) and some protozoa
19
Q
organisms known to be resistant to sulfonamides
A
Pseudomonas, Bacteroides, and Enterococcus
20
Q
T/F sulfonamides are bacteriostatic except potentiated sulfas which are bactericidal
A
True
additives increase strenght/effectiveness (i.e TMS)
21
Q
where are sulfonamides distributed
A
wide distribution
joints via synovial fluid, CNS, prostate, urine etc - esp potentiated
22
Q
T/F sulfonamides can be given to dairy cattle
A
False!
only sulfadimethoxine
23
Q
T/F potentiated sulfas are used off label in calves and pigs
A
true
24
Q
beta-lactams are time/concentration dependent
A
time dependent
25
beta lactams are bactericidal/static
**bactericidal**
26
what are some examples of beta lactams
penicillins and cephalosporins
27
what is the action of beta-lactams
bind penicillin-binding proteins
PBP-1 (panems) cause immediate cell lysis
28
T/F beta-lactams can be combines with a bacteristatic to increase efficacy
**False!**
*Bacteria has to have 1 replication cycle for the beta-lactams to be cidal, combining with -statics make them useless*
30
T/F penicillins generally need more time than cephalosporins
**False**
*cephalosporins generally need more time than penicillins*
31
\_\_\_\_\_\_ require more exposure than \_\_\_\_\_\_
**_gram (-)_** require more exposure than **_gram (+)_**
32
how to organisms become resistant/avoid beta-lactams
production of beta-lactamase or alter PBP to prevent binding
## Footnote
*3rd Generation Cephalosporins are usually unaffected by beta-lactamases*
33
what is the spectrum of natural penecillins
gram (+), anaerobes, select gram (-): Listeria; and spirochetes
34
spectrum of aminopenicillins
more gram (-), some stains of E. coli and Salmonella
35
how does the spectrum of Cephalosporins differ from penicillins
similar but more gram (-) coverage as generation increases
36
T/F beta lactams have poor intracellular activity
**True**
37
what are some indications for tetracyclines
Anaplasma
wooden tongue (Actinobacillus)
lumpy jaw (Actinomycosis)
38
tetracyclines are ______ dependent
AUC/MIC dependent
## Footnote
*AUC has to be about 120x MIC to be effective*
39
what is the mechanism of tetracyclines
bind to 30s ribosomes, prevents protein synthesis
## Footnote
*minimal affinity for mammalian ribosomes*
40
routes of administration of tetracyclines
IV, IM, SQ, PO
## Footnote
*poor ora absorption - except doxy*
41
distribution of tetracycline
lipophillic (intracellular)
wide distribution (most tissues)
accumulate intracellularly, even leukocytes - posible anti-inflammatory effects
42
how are tetracycline eliminated
60% via glomerular filtration
40% through feces
43
there is increasing concern about ________ with tetracyclines
**RESISTANCE!**
44
examples of aminoglycosides
neomycin and gentamicin
45
aminoglycocides are bacteristatic/cidal and are concentration/time dependent
bactericidal
concentration dependent
46
aminoglycoside spectrum
primarily aerobic
gram (-)
47
T/F aminoglycosides and tetracyclines are both lipid soluble and act on the 30s ribosome
**False!**
*aminoglycosides are highly water soluble and poorly lipid soluble*
48
what is meant by post antibiotic effect see with aminoglycocides
accumulate in lysosomes and mitochondria
## Footnote
*PAE - having effect in the desired area but no longer found in plasma at significant concentrations*
49
why is there a long withdrawel period with aminoglycosides
chemically attracted to phospholipids
50
what toxicities are seen with aminoglycosides
nephrotoxic
ototoxic
*these tissues have more phosphatidylinositol in their membranes than other body tissues (mainly gentamicin), this is also there is a concern about residue (kidney)*
51
T/F gentamicin is recommended for use in cattle
**FALSE!**
*not labeled for cattle! Aminoglycosides are a zero tolerance drugs!*
52
what is the current withdrawel time for gentamicin in cattle
18 months per single injection for meat
5 days for milk following IV, IM or SQ
53
practictioners are stongly urged to refrain from using aminoglycosides in food animals except \_\_\_\_\_\_
neonatal pigs
54
what is thought to prevent bacterial inactivation of Florfenicol
fluorine at the 3' carbon position
55
T/F florenfenicol is always bacteriostatic by nature
**False**
* blocks 50s ribsome, time dependent = static*
* at peak concentrations = cidal; always cidal for Fusabacterium necroforum*
56
spectrum for florfenicol
broad gram (-) → espcially BRD pathogens
some gram (+)
57
indications for florfenicol
BRD
keratoconjunctivitis
bovine interdigital phlegmon (aka foot rot)
58
distribution of florfenicol
lipid soluble, wide tissue distribution
concentrates in tear film (pinkeye)
CNS - H. somni (above MIC for 20hrs)
diseased lung
high urine concentrates
mammary (mastitis)
59
is extra-label use of florfenicol permitted
yes
## Footnote
* prolonged withdrawal for different than labeled production class*
* (ex. IM dose in lactating dairy cow has 60 day withdrawal)*
60
examples of macrolides
Azalides = Azithromycin, Tulathromycin, Gamithromycin, and Tildipirosin
61
spectrum of macrolides
fairly broad
gram (+)
select gram (-) → BRD pathogens
62
Azalides have activity against \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
mycoplasma
63
MOA of macrolides
inhibit protein synthesis by binding at 50s ribosomal subunit
64
why is there a possible antagonistic effect between macrolides and florfenicol
binding sites are close to each other
65
T/F tissue concentrations of macrolides are higher than serum concentrations
**True**
*concentrate in cells more acidic than plasma, accumulate in lysosomes of leukocytes*
66
macrolides have good absorption through \_\_\_\_\_\_
the gut
67
lincosamides are primarily used in \_\_\_\_\_\_
swine
## Footnote
*avoid in hindgut and foregut fermenters- clostridial overgrowth*
68
MOA of lincosamides
inhibit protein synthesis by binding 50s ribosome
69
lincosamides have essentially the same spectrum of activity as \_\_\_\_\_
macrolides
70
what common adverse effect is seen with lincosamides
swelling of the anus
71
lincosamides are used to treat
Mycoplasma pneumonia
bacterial arthritis caused by Strep, Erysipelothrix, or Mycoplasma
73
what is a highly restricted class of antibiotic that ELDU is strictly forbidden with
fluoroguinolones
74
enrofloxacin is approved for use in \_\_\_\_\_\_\_
cattle
swine
75
fluoroquinolones are bacteriostatic/cidal and time/concentration dependent
bactericidal
concentration dependent
76
spectrum of fluoroquinolones
most gram (-)
gram (+) variable susceptibilty - have higher MIC than gram (-)
77
MOA of fluoroguinolones
Inhibit bacterial DNA replication & transcription by binding the A subunit of DNA gyrase
78
like beta-lactams, fluoroquinolones should not be paired with a bacteriostatic anitbiotic
**False**
*kill bacteria whether they are replicating or not*
79
distribution of fluoroquinolones
wide
lipid soluble
80
what is the concern with use of fluoroquinolones in food animals
concern about transfer of resistance from animals to people
81
what are the bacteria of concern with fluoroquinolones
campylobacter
salmonella typhimurium type DT-104
83
tetracyclines are ______ dependent
AUC/MIC dependent
## Footnote
*AUC has to be about 120x MIC to be effective*
84
what is the mechanism of tetracyclines
bind to 30s ribosomes, prevents protein synthesis
## Footnote
*minimal affinity for mammalian ribosomes*
85
routes of administration of tetracyclines
IV, IM, SQ, PO
## Footnote
*poor ora absorption - except doxy*
86
distribution of tetracycline
lipophillic (intracellular)
wide distribution (most tissues)
accumulate intracellularly, even leukocytes - posible anti-inflammatory effects
87
how are tetracycline eliminated
60% via glomerular filtration
40% through feces
88
there is increasing concern about ________ with tetracyclines
**RESISTANCE!**
89
examples of aminoglycosides
neomycin and gentamicin
90
aminoglycocides are bacteristatic/cidal and are concentration/time dependent
bactericidal
concentration dependent
91
aminoglycoside spectrum
primarily aerobic
gram (-)
92
T/F aminoglycosides and tetracyclines are both lipid soluble and act on the 30s ribosome
**False!**
*aminoglycosides are highly water soluble and poorly lipid soluble*
93
what is meant by post antibiotic effect see with aminoglycocides
accumulate in lysosomes and mitochondria
## Footnote
*PAE - having effect in the desired area but no longer found in plasma at significant concentrations*
94
why is there a long withdrawel period with aminoglycosides
chemically attracted to phospholipids
95
what toxicities are seen with aminoglycosides
nephrotoxic
ototoxic
*these tissues have more phosphatidylinositol in their membranes than other body tissues (mainly gentamicin), this is also there is a concern about residue (kidney)*
96
T/F gentamicin is recommended for use in cattle
**FALSE!**
*not labeled for cattle! Aminoglycosides are a zero tolerance drugs!*
97
what is the current withdrawel time for gentamicin in cattle
18 months per single injection for meat
5 days for milk following IV, IM or SQ
98
practictioners are stongly urged to refrain from using aminoglycosides in food animals except \_\_\_\_\_\_
neonatal pigs
99
what is thought to prevent bacterial inactivation of Florfenicol
fluorine at the 3' carbon position
100
T/F florenfenicol is always bacteriostatic by nature
**False**
* blocks 50s ribsome, time dependent = static*
* at peak concentrations = cidal; always cidal for Fusabacterium necroforum*
101
spectrum for florfenicol
broad gram (-) → espcially BRD pathogens
some gram (+)
102
indications for florfenicol
BRD
keratoconjunctivitis
bovine interdigital phlegmon (aka foot rot)
103
distribution of florfenicol
lipid soluble, wide tissue distribution
concentrates in tear film (pinkeye)
CNS - H. somni (above MIC for 20hrs)
diseased lung
high urine concentrates
mammary (mastitis)
104
is extra-label use of florfenicol permitted
yes
## Footnote
* prolonged withdrawal for different than labeled production class*
* (ex. IM dose in lactating dairy cow has 60 day withdrawal)*
105
examples of macrolides
Azalides = Azithromycin, Tulathromycin, Gamithromycin, and Tildipirosin
106
spectrum of macrolides
fairly broad
gram (+)
select gram (-) → BRD pathogens
107
Azalides have activity against \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
mycoplasma
108
MOA of macrolides
inhibit protein synthesis by binding at 50s ribosomal subunit
109
why is there a possible antagonistic effect between macrolides and florfenicol
binding sites are close to each other
110
T/F tissue concentrations of macrolides are higher than serum concentrations
**True**
*concentrate in cells more acidic than plasma, accumulate in lysosomes of leukocytes*
111
macrolides have good absorption through \_\_\_\_\_\_
the gut
112
lincosamides are primarily used in \_\_\_\_\_\_
swine
## Footnote
*avoid in hindgut and foregut fermenters- clostridial overgrowth*
113
MOA of lincosamides
inhibit protein synthesis by binding 50s ribosome
114
lincosamides have essentially the same spectrum of activity as \_\_\_\_\_
macrolides
115
what common adverse effect is seen with lincosamides
swelling of the anus
116
lincosamides are used to treat
Mycoplasma pneumonia
bacterial arthritis caused by Strep, Erysipelothrix, or Mycoplasma
118
what is a highly restricted class of antibiotic that ELDU is strictly forbidden with
fluoroguinolones
119
enrofloxacin is approved for use in \_\_\_\_\_\_\_
cattle
swine
120
fluoroquinolones are bacteriostatic/cidal and time/concentration dependent
bactericidal
concentration dependent
121
spectrum of fluoroquinolones
most gram (-)
gram (+) variable susceptibilty - have higher MIC than gram (-)
122
MOA of fluoroguinolones
Inhibit bacterial DNA replication & transcription by binding the A subunit of DNA gyrase
123
like beta-lactams, fluoroquinolones should not be paired with a bacteriostatic anitbiotic
**False**
*kill bacteria whether they are replicating or not*
124
distribution of fluoroquinolones
wide
lipid soluble
125
what is the concern with use of fluoroquinolones in food animals
concern about transfer of resistance from animals to people
126
what are the bacteria of concern with fluoroquinolones
campylobacter
salmonella typhimurium type DT-104
127
how does the government classify a lactating cow
female dairy animal that is \>/= 20 months of age, whether she ever makes milk or not
128
how does the government classify a non-lactating dairy cow
female dairy animal \<20 months of age
## Footnote
*could have gotten pregnant and calved by 15 months of age but still considered non-lacting becuase of age*
129
how does the government classify a dry cow
a lactating cow that is pulled off milk string
\>20 months of age, not producing/being milked
~1.5-2 months prior to calving
130
FDA approves ______ and \_\_\_\_\_\_
presciption and OTC
131
EPA approves chemical used as \_\_\_\_\_\_\_
pesticides
132
ELDU of _________ approved products is permitted based on _______ guidelines
ELDU of **_FDA_** approved products is permitted based on **_AMDUCA_** guidelines
133
what parameters must be met for ELDU
veterinarians only
valid veterinary-client-patient relationship (VCPR)
ingredient needed not in a drug labeled for the production class in question
134
ELDU is not allowed:
EPA approved products
fpr production reasons
fluoroquinolones
sulfonamides (mainly adult dairy cattle)
cephalosporins (few exceptions)
cost or convenience
products not FDA approved
non-medical use of sedatives not labeled for food animals (Ace)
135
risk =
consumption x risk/ unit of consumption
136
what are the target tissues for residue testing
liver, kidney, muscle, pelvic fat
137
what does zero tolerance mean
any detectable leven of a drug is a violation
## Footnote
**Aminoglycosides!**
**drugs used extra-label**
**aprroved drug used in different production class than labeled**
138
a carcass with violative residue is \_\_\_\_\_\_
condemmed by FSIS
139
that constitutes 1st tier testing
evaluate approximately 800 samples PER chemical compound class
140
scond teir testing
samples at establishment level
undergo KIS testing (kidney inhibition swab)
positive samples submitted for multi-analytic screening
141
third tier
target herds and flocks of origin
if one animal test positive, others from herd/flock of origin could be postive
142
cephalosporin restrictions
cannot use human labeled cephalosporins
no ELDU outside of labeled production class
143
can cephalosporins be used extra-label in sheep and goats
**yes**
minor use - minor species
144
can cephapirin be use extra-label
yes
145
what is FARAD
food animal residue avoidance databank
USDA sponsored - minimize residues
withdrawel recommendations for legal ELDU
milk and meat residues
146
what is the veterinary feed directive (VFD)
precription for anti-infectives added to feed
must follow label for mixing and feeding
147
T/F ionophores are incuded in VFD
false
148
T/F VFD includes oxytetracycline products
true
## Footnote
*includes CTC, OTC and tylosin*
149
who enforces VFD
FDA
150
what are the terms of use of VFDs
must document need (Dx)
must have a VCPR
drug must be approved for species and production class
dose, duration, route and indication
ELDU and MUMS not allowed
