ventricular septal defect

Question 1

aetiology of VSD

Answer 1

congenital associated with chromosomal disorders:
- down’s syndrome
- edward’s syndrome
- patau’s syndrome
- cri-du-chat syndrome
congenital infections
can be post-MI

Question 2

presentation of VSD

Answer 2

can be seen on 20 weeks scan OR
failure to thrive
features of heart failure: hepatomegaly, tachypnoea, tachycardia, pallor
pan-systolic murmur louder in smaller defects

Question 3

management of VSD

Answer 3

small VSD can close spontaneously and require monitoring
moderate-large: nutritional support, diuretics surgical closure

Question 4

complications of VSD

Answer 4

aortic regurgitation
infection endocarditis
eisenmenger’s complex
right heart failure
pulmonary hypertension

Question 5

what is eisenmenger’s complex

Answer 5

due to pulmonary hypertension from left-to-right shunt (VSD, ASD, patent ductus arteriosus)
results in right ventricular hypertrophy: cyanosis and clubbing
management: heart lung transplant