vertebral canal and spinal cord

Question 1

spinal x ray

Answer 1

Question 2

in the adult, the cord extends from the base of the skull to

Answer 2

L2 sometimes L1

Question 3

spinal cord occupies how much of the vertebral canal

Answer 3

2/3

Question 4

in the embryo, the spinal cord occupies

Answer 4

the entire length of the vertebral column

Question 5

as a result of disproportionate growth of the vertebral column and the spinal cord

Answer 5

the lumbar and sacral/coccygeal nerve roots must grow the longest

Question 6

dural sac

Answer 6

tough protective covering formed by dura mater

Question 7

conus medullaris

Answer 7

tapered terminal portion of the cord at L1-L2 level

medullary cone

Question 8

the collection of lumbar and sacral/coccygeal nerve roots

Answer 8

cauda equina

horses tail

Question 9

filum terminale

Answer 9

internal and external portion that extends from the medullary cone at L2

a vestigial remnant of the caudal spinal cord that was in the tail of the embryo

Question 10

there are \_(how many)__ cervical nerves and ___ cervical vertebrae

Answer 10

8 pairs of cervical nerves

7 CV

Question 11

C1-C7 exit the vertebral canal _____ to the vertebra of the same number

Answer 11

superior

ex: c4 exits between c3 and c4

Question 12

C8 spinal nerve exits below ____ and above ___

Answer 12

C7 and T1

Question 13

spinal nerves from T1 to Co1 exit the canal along the ___ aspect of their corresponding vertebra

Answer 13

inferior

Question 14

membranes that surround the spinal cord

Answer 14

spinal meninges

Question 15

types of spinal meninges

Answer 15

dura mater

arachnoid mater

pia mater

Question 16

The spinal meninges and the cerebrospinal fluid

Answer 16

help support and protect the spinal cord, nerve roots, and the cauda equina

Question 17

the tough outer membrane of the spinal meninges

Answer 17

dura mater

Question 18

dura mater

Answer 18

extends laterally into each intervertebral foramen along the dorsal and ventral roots of the spinal nerves forming the dural sleeve

Question 19

delicate, intermediate membrane that lines the inside of the dura and dural sleeves

Answer 19

arachnoid matter

Question 20

small septal-like projections or trabeculae fomr the inner suface of the arachnoid attach to the underlying ______ on the surface of the cord

Answer 20

pia mater

Question 21

subarachnoid space

Answer 21

contains Cerebral spinal fluid CSF which helps protect the spinal cord and nerve roots

Question 22

the subarachnoid space is ____ with the subarachnoid space surrounding the brain

Answer 22

continuous

Question 23

this innermost membrane which firmly adheres to the surface of the spinal cord

Answer 23

pia mater

Question 24

denticulate ligmanets

Answer 24

lateral extension of the pia mater between the dorsal and ventral roots which help to anchor the cord

Question 25

a layer of adipose tissue between the vertebral canal and dura mater. also contains the epidural venous plexus

Answer 25

epidural space

Question 26

blood supply to the spinal cord is dervied from

Answer 26

vertical (longitundinal) and horizontal (segmental) components

Question 27

arteries of the spinal cord

Answer 27

- a single anterior spinal artery - paired posterior spinal arteries which arise from the vertebral arteries

Question 28

segmental medullary arteries

Answer 28

irregularly spaced vessels that anastimose with the longitudinal spinal arteries 8-10 of them that enter through the intervertebral foramina and provide additional blodo to the spinal cord

Question 29

the tip of the spinal cord goes to

Answer 29

L2

Question 30

internal filum terminal

Answer 30

extends from medullary cone to the tip of the dural sac

Question 31

external filum terminale

Answer 31

extends from the tip of the dural sac to the sacrum/coccyx and helps anchor the spinal cord inferiorly

Question 32

the spinal cord has ___ \_\_\_\_\_\_ that provide additional neurons for the innervation of the limbs

Answer 32

two enlargements cervial and lumbosacral enlargement

Question 33

nerve roots that arise from the lumbosacral enlargment an the medullarly cone form the

Answer 33

cauda equina

Question 34

the L5 spinal cord level is located at the ____ vertebral column level

Answer 34

T12

Question 35

The L5 spinal nerve exits the vertebral column via the intervertebral foramen along the ____ aspect of the L5 vertebrae, but ____ the disc

Answer 35

inferior above the disc in the lumbar vertebrae!

Question 36

the vertical/longitudinal arteries of the spinal cord vascularize

Answer 36

the superior portions of the spinal cord

Question 37

the largest segmental artery

Answer 37

great anterior segmental artery or artery of Adamkiewicz

Question 38

this large important vessel generally arises from a lower intercostal artery (65% left side) and reinforces circulation to the inferior 2/3 of the spinal cord

Answer 38

artery of adamkiewicz

Question 39

vertebral venous plexuses

Answer 39

interconnecting vertebral venous plexuses (VVP) run along the length of the vertebral column and typically have few valves if any... allowing blood to flow unimpeded up and down the vertebral column

Question 40

Batsons plexus

Answer 40

direct venous connections between veins in the pelvis and veins along the posterior thoracic wall with the vertebral venous plexus in the vertebral colummn

Question 41

how does prostate cancer travel to the brain?

Answer 41

through batsons plexus in the spinal cord

Question 42

cancers that spread via vertebral venous plexuses

Answer 42

prostate breast lung can sequester in these venous channels resulting in vertebral column bone cancer or travel to cranial cavity leading to metastatic brain cancer

Question 43

protrusion of nucleus pulposus generally occurs

Answer 43

posterolaterally where annulus is thin and poorly supported by posterior longitudinal ligament

Question 44

The herniated material can impinge/compress the \_\_\_\_, \_\_\_\_, or ____ resulting in pain along the distribution of the compressed nerve(s)

Answer 44

spinal cord, spinal nerves, nerve roots of the cauda equina

Question 45

the level of _______ determines which nerve or nerve roots are affected

Answer 45

disc herniation

Question 46

posterolateral herniation

Answer 46

compressed spinal nerve

Question 47

posterior herniation

Answer 47

compressed nerve roots of the cauda equina

Question 48

a posterolateral disc herniation between L4 and L5 vertbral level usually affects the ___ spinal nerve root

Answer 48

L5

Question 49

posterolateral disc herniation typicall affects the spinal nerve root of the

Answer 49

higher number

Question 50

spinal cord is vascularized by longitudinal arteries that arise mainly from the ______ and ______ that enter the vertebral column via the IV foramen

Answer 50

vertebral arteries segmental medullary arteries

Question 51

surrounds the spinal cord and extends from the base of the skull to S2

Answer 51

dura mater