VII - Sensory Physiology Flashcards
(185 cards)
1
Q
Provides information to the CNS about the state of the body and/or the immediate environment
A
Sensation
2
Q
Specialized epithelial cells or neurons that transduce environmental signals into neural signals
A
Sensory Receptors
3
Q
Change in membrane potential produced by the stimulus, triggers action potential trains
A
Generator/Receptor Potential
4
Q
Specific sensations, specific receptors
A
Differential Sensitivity
5
Q
Specific sensations, specific pathways
A
Labeled Line Principle
6
Q
Change in a way a receptor responds to sequential or prolonged stimulation
A
Adaptation
7
Q
Slowly-adapting, for continuous stimulus strength, detects steady stimulus
A
Tonic Receptors
8
Q
Rapidly-adapting, for detecting change in stimulus strength, detects onset and offset of stimulus, predictive function
A
Phasic Receptors
9
Q
Region of the skin where stimuli can change the firing rate of the sensory neurons
A
Receptive Field
10
Q
Receptive Field: Smaller with well-defined borders
A
Type 1
11
Q
Receptive Field: Wider with poorly-defined borders
A
Type 2
12
Q
Free Nerve Endings: Location
A
skin
13
Q
Free Nerve Endings: Sensation
A
touch, pressure, pain
14
Q
Meissner’s Corpuscles (FA1): Location
A
non-hairy/glabrous skin. fingertips, lips
15
Q
Meissner’s Corpuscles (FA1): Sensation
A
movement of objects, low-frequency vibration
16
Q
Expanded tip tactile receptor, combine to form Iggo Dome Receptors
A
Merkel’s Disk (SA1)
17
Q
Merkel’s Disk (SA1): Sensation
A
steady-state signals for continuous touch, localizing touch, texture
18
Q
Hair-end Organ: Location
A
hair base
19
Q
Hair-end Organ: Sensation
A
movement of object
20
Q
Multi-branched, encapsulated, slowly-adapting receptors
A
Ruffini’s End Organs (SA2)
21
Q
Ruffini’s End Organs (SA2): Location
A
deep skin, internal tissues, joint capsules
22
Q
Ruffini’s End Organs (SA2): Sensation
A
heavy, prolonged touch (pressure), degree of joint rotation
23
Q
Onion-like receptors
A
Pacinian Corpuscles (FA2)
24
Q
Pacinian Corpuscles (FA2): Location
A
skin, deep fasia
25
Pacinian Corpuscles (FA2): Sensation
high-frequency vibration
26
Transduces stimulus to electrical signal
Sensory Receptors
27
Sensory Pathway: Dorsal root or cranial nerve ganglia
First-Order Neurons
28
Sensory Pathway: Spinal cord or brainstem
Second-Order Neurons
29
Sensory Pathway: Thalamus
Third-Order Neurons
30
Sensory Pathway: Sensory cortex
Fourth-Order Neurons
31
Sensory Pathway: First-Order Neurons
dorsal root or cranial nerve ganglia
32
Sensory Pathway: Second-Order Neurons
spinal cord or brainstem
33
Sensory Pathway: Third-Order Neurons
thalamus
34
Sensory Pathway: Fourth-Order Neurons
sensory cortex
35
Somatosensory Pathways: Large myelinated fibers (group II), conduction velocity 30-110 m/s
Dorsal Column-Medial Lemniscus Pathway
36
Somatosensory Pathways: With temporal and spatial fidelity
Dorsal Column-Medial Lemniscus Pathway
37
Somatosensory Pathways: Crosses near the medulla
Dorsal Column-Medial Lemniscus Pathway
38
Somatosensory Pathways: Touch sensations requiring high degree of localization and fine gradiation of intensity
Dorsal Column-Medial Lemniscus Pathway
39
Somatosensory Pathways: Vibration, movement, position sense, fine pressure, two-point discrimination
Dorsal Column-Medial Lemniscus Pathway
40
Somatosensory Pathways: Smaller myelinated fibers (group III, IV), conduction velocity 8-40 m/s
Antero-Lateral System (Spinothalamic Tract)
41
Somatosensory Pathways: Less fidelity, less accurate gradiations
Antero-Lateral System (Spinothalamic Tract)
42
Somatosensory Pathways: Crosses immediately
Antero-Lateral System (Spinothalamic Tract)
43
Somatosensory Pathways: Pain, temperature, crude touch, pressure, tickle, itch, sexual sensation
Antero-Lateral System (Spinothalamic Tract)
44
Relay station for sensation except for olfaction
Thalamus
45
Thalamus: VPL Nuclei
Dorsal Column-Medial Lemniscus
46
Thalamus: VPN Nuclei
TrigeminoThalamic Pathway
47
Thalamus: VPI Nuclei
Antero-Lateral System
48
Somatosensory Cortex: Largest areas for
fingers, hands, face - for precise localization
49
Associated with detection and perceptions of noxious stimuli
nociception
50
Pain: Receptors
free-nerve endings in skin, muscle and viscera
51
Pain: Adaptation
little to none
52
Pain: Neurotransmitters
glutamate, substance P
53
Types of Pain: After 0.1 s of stimulus
fast pain
54
Types of Pain: First, sharp, pricking, acute, alectric
fast pain
55
Types of Pain: Superficial
fast pain
56
Types of Pain: Mechanical and thermal stimuli
fast pain
57
Types of Pain: A-delta fibers (6-30 m/s)
fast pain
58
Types of Pain: Glutamate
fast pain
59
Types of Pain: After 1 s of stimulus
slow pain
60
Types of Pain: Second, slow, burning, aching, throbbing, nauseous, chronic
slow pain
61
Types of Pain: Tissue destruction
slow pain
62
Types of Pain: Mechanical, thermal and chemical stimuli
slow pain
63
Types of Pain: C fibers (0.5-2 m/s)
slow pain
64
Types of Pain: Substance P
slow pain
65
Due to sharing of 2nd order neurons in the spinal cord of visceral pain fibers and skin pain fibers
referred pain
66
Referred pain follows
dermatomes
67
Opioid-mediated Endogenous Analgesia
Enkephalin, Dynorphine, Beta-Endorphine
68
Non-Opioid-mediated Endogenous Analgesia
stress
69
Endogenous Analgesia: Neurotransmitters
Serotonin, Epinephrine, Norepinephrine
70
The Endogenous Analgesia System blocks the pain signal at its _____ in the _____.
initial point of entry, spinal cord
71
Stimulated tactile receptors can inhibit pain transmission in the spinal cord.
Lateral Inhibition - rubbing, liniments, acupuncture
72
Warmth Receptors
free nerve endings, C fibers
73
Cold Receptors
A-delta fibers, some C fibers
74
Temp for Pain Receptors
< 15°C or > 43°C
75
The eyes can interpret electromagnetic waves between
400-750 nm
76
Eye: Outer Layer
fibrous
77
Eye: Middle Layer
vascular
78
Eye: Inner Layer
neural
79
Ability to bend light
Refractive Power
80
Refractive power is measured in
diopters
81
Refractive Power: Eye
58 diopters
82
Refractive Power: Cornea
40 diopters (2/3 of the eye)
83
Refractive Power: Lens
1/3 of the eye, variable
84
When ciliary muscles are relaxed, there is _____ tension from suspensory ligaments and the lens becomes _____.
increased tension, flat - for distant objects
85
When ciliary muscles are contracted, there is _____ tension from suspensory ligaments and the lens becomes _____.
decreased tension, spherical - for nearby objects
86
Automatic adjustment in the focal length of the lens to permit retinal focus of images at varying distances
accomodation
87
Accomodation provides an additional __ diopters for the lens.
14 diopters
88
Maintains the shape of the eye
intraocular fluid
89
Watery intraocular fluid, produced by ciliary bodies, free-flowing, main determinant of IOP
aqueous humor
90
Gelatinous intraocular fluid with little flow
vitreous humor
91
Flow of Aqueous humor
ciliary body → posterior chamber → pupil → anterior chamber → trabecular meshwork → anterior chamber angle → canal of Schlemm → uveoscleral veins
92
Light-sensitive portion of the eye which contains the photoreceptors
retina
93
Light causes _____ of the photoreceptors.
hyperpolarization
94
Retina: Area of central vision with slight thickening and pale color
macula lutea
95
Retina: Depression in the macula with the highest visual resolution (highest cone density)
fovea
96
Retina: Where image from fixation point is focused
fovea
97
Retina: Lacks photoreceptors (anatomic blind spot)
optic disk
98
Retina: Last part of the optic nerve
papilledema
99
Retina: Absorbs stray light preventing light from scattering
pigment epithelium
100
Degradation of pigment epithelium
Macular Degeneration
101
Pigment epithelium lacks melanin in
Albinism
102
Rods and cones are absent in the
optic disk
103
Retina: Interneuron that connects rods and cones with ganglion cells
bipolar cells
104
Retina: Contrast Detectors
bipolar cells
105
Retina: Interneurons that form local circuits with bipolar cells
amacrine/horizontal cells
106
Retina: Glial cells, maitains geometry of the retina
Mueller cells
107
Retina: Output cells, initiates action potential, axons form optic nerve
ganglion cells
108
Ganglion Cells of the Retina: Color, form, fine details
P cells
109
Ganglion Cells of the Retina: Illumination, movement
M cells
110
Ganglion Cells of the Retina: Uknown function
W cells
111
Photoreceptors: Night
rods
112
Photoreceptors: Narrower, longer
rods
113
Photoreceptors: 1 type of photopigment - Rhodopsin
rods
114
Photoreceptors: Greater amount of photopigment, better signal amplification, more numerous
rods
115
Photoreceptors: 30-300x more sensitive
rods
116
Photoreceptors: Adapts 4x slower but can last for minutes to hours
rods
117
Photoreceptors: Lower visual acuity
rods
118
Photoreceptors: Not present in the fovea
rods
119
Photoreceptors: Daylight
cones
120
Photoreceptors: Wider, shorter
cones
121
Photoreceptors: Contains 3 photochemicals (blue, red green)
cones
122
Photoreceptors: Less amount of photopigment, less signal amplification, fewer in number
cones
123
Photoreceptors: Adapts 4x faster but only lasts for a few seconds
cones
124
Photoreceptors: Higher visual acuity
cones
125
Photoreceptors: Abundant in the fovea
cones
126
Light rays converge in front of the retina (long eyeball)
myopia - biconcave lenses
127
Light rays converge behind the retina (short eyeball)
hyperopia - convex lenses
128
Irregular curvature of the cornea
astigmatism - cylindrical lenses
129
Age-related loss of accomodatin
presbyopia - convex lenses
130
First sign of vitamin A deficiency
nyctalopia
131
Ptosis, meiosis, anhydrosis
Horner's Syndrome
132
Produced by compression and decompression waves transmitted in air or other elastic media such as water
Sound
133
Sound: Speed
335 m/s in air
134
Sound: Frequency
Hertz (Hz) - pitch
135
Sound: Pressure
Decibel (dB) - volume
136
Unwanted sound
Noise
137
The human ear can detect _____ cycles per second but this also depends on loudness.
20-20,000 cycles per second
138
___-frequency sounds are more damaging to the Organ of Corti.
Low-frequency
139
Each unit increase in decibels is ___ louder
1.26 x
140
The higher the loudness, the _____ the frequency that we can hear.
higher
141
Age-related progressive sensorineural hearing loss
presbycusis
142
Occupational hearing loss occurs after > 10 years of exposure to ___ dB.
> 85 dB
143
What sound pressure will cause pain and possible permanent damage?
> 120 dB
144
External structure that allows sound localization and colection
pinna
145
Outer Ear
pinna, external acoustic meatus/auditory canal
146
The auditory ossicles add ___ dB.
+30-40 dB
147
Auditory Ossicles
malleus, incus, stapes
148
he stapes inserts into to ___ window.
oval window
149
Middle Ear
tympanic membrane, auditory ossicles
150
The middle ear converts low pressure, high displacement vibrations in the air into high pressure, low displacement vibrations suitable for driving cochlear fluids.
Impedance Matching
151
Inner Ear: Bony Labyrinth
semicircular canals, cochlea, vestibule
152
The cochlea subtracts ___ dB.
-30-40 dB
153
Inner Ear: Series of ducts
membranous labyrinth
154
Inner Ear: Scala media, high in __
endolymph (ICF), K
155
Inner Ear: Scala vestibuli and scala tympani, high in __
perilymph (ECF), Na
156
Two muscles found in the ear
tensor tympani - malleus, stapedius - stapes
157
Cennection between the outer & middle ear
Eustachian Tube - equalizes pressure differences
158
The base of the cochlea detects ___ frequencies.
higher
159
The apex of the cochlea detects ___ frequencies.
lower
160
Protects the cochlea from loud (damaging) sounds, masks background noise
Attenuation Reflex
161
Frequency analyzer, distributes stimulus along the Organ of Corti according to frequency
basilar membrane
162
Vestibular Apparatus: Utricle & Saccule
Otolith Organs
163
Vestibular Apparatus: Uses macula as its sensory organ, has stataconia and hair cells
Otolith Organs
164
Vestibular Apparatus: Detects head orientation with respect to gravity
Otolith Organs
165
Vestibular Apparatus: For linear acceleration and sometime angular acceleration
Otolith Organs
166
Vestibular Apparatus: Anterior, Posterior & Lateral canals
Semicircular Canals
167
Vestibular Apparatus: Uses crista ampullaris with cupula and hair cells
Semicircular Canals
168
Vestibular Apparatus: Detects changes in the rate and direction of rotation of the head
Semicircular Canals
169
Vestibular Apparatus: For angular acceleration alone, also has a predictive function in the maintenance of equilibrium
Semicircular Canals
170
Contributors to Taste
taste buds, smell, texture, pain receptors (pepper)
171
The tongue has _____ chemoreceptor cells.
50-150 taste buds
172
Taste buds last for __ days, are _____ replenished and are ___ neurons.
10 days, continuouslt replenished, not true neurons
173
Taste: Caused by various organic chemicals like sugars (mainly sucrose), glycols and amides
sweet
174
Taste: Caused by ionized salts (mainly Na)
salty
175
Taste: Caused by acids like HCl (directly proportional to amount)
sour
176
Taste: Proteinaceous meaty flavor from MSG (glutamate)
umami
177
Taste: Caused by organic substances like quinine (alkaloid) and long-chain nitrogen containing organic substances
bitter
178
Taste: Most important for survival, most sensitive
bitter
179
Detection of the presence of odors
smell
180
The nose has ___ olfactory chemoreceptors.
10 million
181
Olfactory chemoreceptors last __ days, are _____ replaced and are ___ neurons.
60 days, continuously replaced, true neurons
182
Olfactory chemoreceptors use _____ fibers.
unmyelinated C fibers
183
At the superior part of the nostrils, also innervated by CN V to detect noxious/painful stimuli (ammonia)
olfactory membrane
184
Olfaction is at the level of the ___.
CNS
185
Olfaction adaptation happens _____ but be almost _____ when done.
slowly, complete
