II - Neurophysiology Flashcards
(218 cards)
1
Q
Nerve Cell: permanent cell
A
neurons
2
Q
Nerve Cell: non-permanent cells
A
neuroglia/glial cells/supporting cells
3
Q
Nerve Cell: has malignant potential
A
neuroglia/glial cells/supporting cells
4
Q
Nerve Cell: high in number
A
neuroglia/glial cells/supporting cells (10:1)
5
Q
Glial Cells: Produces CSF
A
ependymal cells
6
Q
Glial Cells: Macrophage of the brain
A
microglia
7
Q
Glial Cells: Regulate ECF ino levels, gives mechanical support, forms BBB (foot processes)
A
astrocytes (nurse cells)
8
Q
Glial Cells: Creates myelin in the CNS
A
oligodendrocytes
9
Q
Glial Cells: Creates myelin in the PNS
A
Schwann cells
10
Q
Glial Cells: Brain tumors from non-mature neurons
A
neuroblastoma, retinoblastoma
11
Q
Neuron: Receiving portion for neurotransmitter
A
dendrites, cell body
12
Q
Glial Cells: Where the action potential actually starts
A
axon hillock
13
Q
Glial Cells: Function of the myelin sheath
A
insulator
14
Q
Glial Cells: Unmyelinated part of the axon
A
Nodes of Ranvier
15
Q
Glial Cells: Branches of axons
A
neural fibril
16
Q
Glial Cells: Terminal portion of a neural fibril that contains NT-containing vesicles
A
axon terminal/boutons/end-feet
17
Q
Glial Cells: Space between 2 neurons
A
synapse
18
Q
Axonal Transport: Soma (Cell Body) to Axon Terminal
A
Anterograde
19
Q
Axonal Transport: Replenishes synaptic vesicles and enzymes for NT synthesis
A
Anterograde
20
Q
Axonal Transport: Axon terminal to Soma (Cell Body)
A
Retrograde
21
Q
Axonal Transport: Recycles synaptic vesicle membrane for lysosomal degradation
A
Retrograde
22
Q
The death of the axon distal to the site of injury after an axon is transected
A
Anterograde/Orthograde Degeneration (Wallerian)
23
Q
Changes to the soma after an axon is transected
A
Axonal Reaction/Chromatolysis
24
Q
Axonal regeneration occurs better in the
A
PNS
25
Used by neurons to communicate with other neurons across synapses, may be excitatory, inhibitory or both
neurotransmitters
26
Acetylcholine: Location
Nucleus Basalis of Meynert, found in many areas
27
Acetylcholine: Synthesis
acetyl CoA + choline (choline acetyltransferase)
28
Acetylcholine: Degradation
degradation precedes reuptake, produces acetyl CoA and choline (acetylcholinesterase), choline is recycled
29
Acetylcholine: Deficiency
Alzheimer's Disease - most common cause of dementia in the elderly
30
Dopamine: Location
Substantia Nigra Pars Compacta, Ventral Tegmental Area
31
Dopamine: Degradation
MAO - presynaptic nerve terminals, COMT - other tissues including the liver
32
Dopamine: Deficiency
Parkinson's Disease
33
Parkinson's: Findings
Tremors, Rigidity, Akinesia, Postural instability
34
Dopamine: Excess
Schizophrenia
35
Norepinephrine & Epinephrine: Location
Postganglionic Neuros of the SNS - Both, Locus Ceruleus of the Pons - Norepinephrine
36
Norepinephrine & Epinephrine: Functions
control overall activity and mood of the mind such as increasing level of wakefulness
37
Norepinephrine & Epinephrine: Action
excitatory or inhibitory
38
Norepinephrine & Epinephrine: Site of Action
adrenergic receptors
39
Phenylalanine Derivatives
Phenylalanine → Tyrosine → L-Dopa → Dopamine → Norepinephrine → Epinephrine, Tyrosine → Thyroxine and Melanin
40
Tryptophan Derivatives
Serotonin (5-HT) → Melatonin, Niacin (B3)
41
Serotonin: Location
Median Raphe of the Brain
42
Serotonin: Function
inhibitor of pain pathways in the spinal cord ("Happy Hormone")
43
Serotonin: Precursor
Tryptophan
44
Serotonin: Product
Melatonin (pineal gland)
45
Nitric Oxide: Location
areas of the brain responsible for long-term memory and behavior
46
Nitric Oxide: Precursor
Arginine
47
Nitric Oxide: Functions
permeant gas that diffuses towards its target cell, short-acting inhibitory neurotransmitter
48
Histamine: Location
Tubomammillary Nucleus of the Hypothalamus
49
Histamine: Precursor
Histidine
50
Histamine: Functions
arousal, sleep, circadian rhythm
51
Glycine: Location
Spinal Interneurons
52
Glycine: Functions
major inhibitory NT in SC, increases Cl influx
53
GABA: Location
brain - spiny neurons of striate nucleus, Purkinje cells of the cerebellum
54
GABA: Precursor
Glutamate
55
GABA: Functions
major inhibitory NT in the brain, increases Cl influx (GABAa) and K efflux (GABAb)
56
Glutamate: Function
major excitatory NT in the brain
57
Opioid Peptides: Function
inhibit neurons in the brain involved in the perception of pain
58
Opioid Peptides: Examples
enkephalins, endorphins, dynorphins
59
Substance P: Location
brain, primary sensory neurons, GI plexus neurons
60
Substance P: Function
transmission of slow pain
61
Potential difference across the membrane, INTRAcellular charge
Resting Membrane Potential
62
Resting Membrane Potential
-70mV
63
Resting Membrane Potential: mechanism with the highest contribution
Nernst Potential of Na (+61mV) and K (-94mV) Diffusion
64
Resting Membrane Potential: 100x more permeable to K
Na-K Leak Channels
65
Resting Membrane Potential: contributes -4mV
Na-K-ATPase Pump
66
Exhibited by excitable cells only (neurons, muscle cells)
Action Potential
67
Characteristics of Action Potentials
Stereotypical size and shape - depolarizes to the same potential and repolarizes to the same RMP, Propagating - nondecremental depolarization in adjacent cells, All-or-None - if the threshold is reached, a full AP is generated, otherwise, none at all
68
Basis for resting membrane potential and action potential
ion channels
69
RMP & AP: Makes the membrane less negative
depolarization
70
RMP & AP: Make the MP more negative
hyperpolarization
71
RMP & AP: Positive charges flowing into the cell
inward current
72
RMP & AP: Positive charges flowing out of the cell
outward current
73
RMP & AP: MP in which AP is inevitable
threshold
74
RMP & AP: Portion of the AP where MP is poritive
overshoot
75
RMP & AP: Portion of the AP where MP is < RMP
undershoot (hyperpolarizing afterpotential)
76
Depolarization opens
Na-Activation Gates - Na Influx
77
Repolarization closes
Na-Inactivation Gates - stops Na influx
78
Repolarization opens
K Gates - K efflux
79
Na-Channel blockers of neurons
Tetradotoxin - puffer fish, Saxitoxin - red tide, dinoflagellates
80
K-Channel blocker of neurons
Tetraethylammonium - puffer fish
81
What stimulates nerve depolarization in the first place?
mechanical disturbance, chemicals, electricity
82
Time periods in an action potential during which a new stimulus cannot be elicited
refractory periods
83
Refractory Periods: Another AP cannot be elicited no matter how large the stimulus, coincides with almost the entire AP
absolute refractory period
84
Refractory Periods: Na-inactivation gates are closed when depolarized, no AP can occur until they open
absolute refractory period
85
Refractory Periods: AP can occur with a larger that usual inward current, occurs from the end of the ARF up to the RMP
relative refractory period
86
Refractory Periods: K conductance is elevated, MP is closer the K equilibrium and farther from the threshold
relative refractory period
87
When a cell is depolarized so slowly such that the threshold potential is passed with firing an AP
accomodation
88
Action Potential: Synaptic inputs that depolarize the post-synaptic cell
Excitatory Post-Synaptic Potential (EPSP)
89
Action Potential: Synaptic inputs the hyperpolarize the post-synaptic celle
Inhibitory Post-Synaptic Potential (IPSP)
90
Action Potential: Two or more pre-synaptic inputs arrive at the post-synaptic cell simultaneously
Spatial Summation
91
Action Potential: Two or more pre-synaptic inputs arrive at the post-synaptic cell in rapid succession
Temporal Summation
92
Action Potential: Repeated stimulation causes response of the post-synaptic cell to be greater then expected
Nerve Facilitation
93
Action Potential: Increased release of NT and increased sensitivity to NT
Long-Term Potentiation
94
Action Potential: Repeated stimulation causes decreased response of the post-synaptic cell
Synaptic Fatigue
95
Nerve Fibers: Fastest, thickest, most myelinated, most ATP consumed
A Fibers
96
Nerve Fibers: Slowest, thinnest, least myelinated, least ATP consumed
C Fibers
97
Brain: Vasomotor center, respiratory center, swallowing, coughing and vomiting centers
medulla
98
Brain: Micturition center, pneumotaxic and apneustic centers
pons
99
Brain: Relay center for almost all sensations
thalamus
100
Brain: Balance
cerebellum
101
Brain: Connects 2 brain hemispheres
corpus callosum, anterior commisure
102
Brain: Motor, personality, calculation, judgement
frontal lobe
103
Brain: Somatosensory cortex
parietal lobe
104
Brain: Visual cortex
occipital lobe
105
Brain: Hearing, vestibular processing, recognition of faces, optic pathway (Meyer's Loop), memory storage
temporal lobe
106
Cerebral Cortex: Initiation
Primary Areas
107
Cerebral Cortex: Interpretation
Secondary Areas
108
Cerebral Cortex: Integration
Tertiary Areas
109
Cerebral Cortex: Receive and analyze signals simultaneously
Association Areas
110
Cerebral Cortex: Association Areas
Parieto-Occipitotemporal Area, Prefrontal Association Area, Broca's Area, Limbic Association Area
111
Association Areas: Elaboration of thoughts, plan complex motor movements
Prefrontal Association Area
112
Association Areas: Plans and creates motor patter for speech, damage causes expressive aphasia
Broca's Area
113
Association Areas: Behavior, emotions, motivation
Limbic Association Area
114
Storage mechanism for learning, a result of previous neural activity
Memory
115
Memory: Seconds to Minutes
Short-Term Memory
116
Memory: Chemical Changes
Short-Term Memory
117
Memory: Days to Weeks
Intermediate-Term Memory
118
Memory: Years to a Lifetime
Long-Term Memory
119
Memory: Physical/Structural Changes
Long-Term Memory
120
Conversion of short-term memory to long-term memory, accelerated and potentiated by rehearsal (learning by trauma)
Consolidation
121
Does NOT store memory, an important outputa pathway from the reward & punishment centers of the brain, damage causes ANTEROGRADE amnesis
Hippocampus
122
Helps a person search the memory storehouses and read-out the memories, damage causes RETROGRADE amnesia
Thalamus
123
Limbic System: Produces mainly Oxytocin
Paraventricular Nuclei
124
Limbic System: Produces mainly Vasopressin
Supraoptic Nuclei
125
Limbic System: Satiety Center
Ventromedial Nuclei
126
Limbic System: Hunger Center
Lateral Nuclei
127
Limbic System: Sweating (heat release)
Anterior Hypothalamus
128
Limbic System: Shivering (heat conservation)
Posterior Hypothalamus
129
Limbic System: Reward Center
Medial Forebrain Bundle
130
Limbic System: Punishment Center
Central Gray Area aroung Aqueduct of Sylvius
131
Limbic System: Social Inhibition
Amygdala
132
Regulate the activity of many physiological processesinluding HR, BP, T and hormones
Biological Clock
133
Master clock in the human body
Suprachiasmatic Nucleus (SCN)
134
Its neurons retain synchronized, rhythmical firing patterns even though they are isolated from the rest of the brain
Suprachiasmatic Nucleus (SCN)
135
Destruction causes loss of circadian rhythm
Suprachiasmatic Nucleus (SCN)
136
Regulates circadian rhythm
Pineal Gland
137
Secretes a hormone called melatonin that is synthesized from serotonin
Pineal Gland
138
Melatonin is increased in _____, inhibited by _____ and controlled by _____ which is regulated by light signals form the _____.
darkness, daylight, sympathetic nerve activity, retina
139
Recording of neuronal electrical activity, diagnostic tool in clinical neurology
Electroencephalogram (EEG)
140
Brain Waves: Fast, awake, eyes closed, relaxed (8-13Hz)
Alpha
141
Brain Waves: Fast, awake, eyes open, alert (13-30Hz)
Beta
142
Brain Waves: Slow, brain disorders, degenerative brain states (4-7Hz)
Theta
143
Brain Waves: Deep sleep, organic brain disease, infants (0.5-4Hz)
Delta
144
Sleep is due to an active _____ process of releasing _____.
inhibitory, Muramyl Peptide
145
Sleep: Dreamless or unremembered dreams
Slow-Wave Sleep
146
Sleep: Decreased BP, HR, BMR, Increased GI motility
Slow-Wave Sleep
147
Stages of Slow-Wave Sleep
1. Aplha waves interspersed with Theta waves, 2. Theta waves interrupted by Sleep Spindles (12-14Hz) and K complexes (large, slow potentials), 3. Delta waves interrupted by Sleep Spindles, 4. Delta waves alone
148
Sleep: Active dreaming, every 90 minutes
Rapid Eye Movement (REM) Sleep
149
Sleep: Increased brain metabolism, Decreased muscle tone, pupillary constriction, active body movements, Irregular BP, HR, RR, penile erection
Rapid Eye Movement (REM) Sleep
150
Sleep: Very difficult to arouse
Rapid Eye Movement (REM) Sleep
151
Sleep: Mainly Beta waves
Rapid Eye Movement (REM) Sleep
152
Who dreams the most?
newborns 50%, adults 25%
153
There is _____ ANS effect to cerebral blood flow.
little
154
Cerebral blood flow is highly _____ at _____.
autoregulated, BP 60-140mmhg
155
Increase in CO2 _____ cerebral blood flow.
increases
156
Gray matter is _____ metabolic than white matter
more
157
Most metabolic organ of the body
brain (2% of body mass, 15% of metabolism)
158
Source of energy for the brain
glucose, ketone bodies
159
Total amount of CSF in the brain
150mL
160
Total amount of CSF produced per day
500ml/day
161
CSF Pathway
Lateral Ventricles → Foramen of Monroe → Third Ventricle → Aqueduct of Sylvius , Fourth Ventricle → Foramen of Magendie (1) & Luschka (2) → Subarachnoid Space over the brain and SC → Arachnoid Granulations → Dural Venous Sinus Blood
162
CSF: Na+, Protein
148 Na+, 15-45 Protein
163
Blood: Na+, Protein
136-145 Na+, 6.8 x 10^3 Protein
164
BBB: Components
endothelial cells of cerebral capillaries (and the tight junctions between them), astrocyte foot processes, choroid plexus epithelium
165
BBB: Location
all areas of the brain EXCEPT: some areas of the hypothalamus, pineal gland, area postrema
166
Autonomic Nervous System: Fight or Flight
Sympathetic
167
Autonomic Nervous System: Rest and Digest
Parasympathetic
168
Autonomic Nervous System: Functions
assists in maintaining homeostasis, participates in appropriate and coordinated responses to external stimuli
169
Peripheral NS: Voluntary, 1 motorneuron, ACh → Nm - skeletal muscle
Somatic
170
Peripheral NS: Involuntary, 2 motorneurons, thoracolumbar preganglionic neurons (ACh → Nn - nerve), paravertebral postganglionic neurons (Adrenergic: NE → α1, α2, β1, β2 - smooth muscle, glands, heart; Muscarinic: ACh → M - sweat glands, piloerector muscles, some skeletal BVs)
Sympathetic
171
Peripheral NS: Involuntary, 2 motorneurons, craniosacral preganglionic neurons (ACh → Nn - nerve), postganglionic neurons at the walls of effector organs (ACh → M - glands, smooth muscle)
Parasympathetic
172
Peripheral NS: ACh → Nn releases Epinephrine 80% and Norepinephrine 20%
Adrenal Medulla
173
Adrenoreceptors: IP3, increased intracellular Ca, contraction
α1
174
Adrenoreceptors: Inhibition of adenylyl cyclase, decreased cAMP, in presynaptic adrebergic neurons (NE reuptake)
α2
175
Adrenoreceptors: Stimulation of adenylyl cyclase, increased cAMP
β1
176
Adrenoreceptors: Stimulation of adenylyl cyclase, increased cAMP, relaxation
β2
177
Cholinorecetors: Opening of Na and K channels, depolarization
Nicotinic
178
Cholinorecetors: IP3, increased Ca (M1,3,5), inhibition of adenylyl cyclase, decreased cAMP (M2,4)
Muscarinic
179
Autonomic Nervous System: Capable of mass discharge
Sympathetic
180
Adrenoreceptors: Found in adipose for lipolysis and thermogenesis, brown fat in infants
β3
181
ANS: Mydriasis
Sympathetic - radial muscles
182
ANS: Accomodation
Parasympathetic
183
ANS: Sweating
Sympathetic
184
ANS: Salivation
Sympathetic - mucosal, sticky, Parasympathetic - serous, watery
185
ANS: Glandular Secretion
Parasympathetic
186
ANS: Increased HR and cardiac contractility
Sympathetic
187
ANS: Bronchoconstriction
Parasympathetic
188
ANS: GI motility/peristalsis
Parasympathetic
189
ANS: Increased blood glucose, lipids
Sympathetic
190
ANS: GU/GI sphincter contraction
Sympathetic
191
ANS: Uterus
Sympathetic: contraction - α1, relaxation - β2
192
ANS: Urination
Parasympathetic
193
ANS: Defecation
Parasympathetic
194
ANS: Vasodilation - skeletal muscle
Sympathetic
195
ANS: Vasoconstriction - skin, splanchnic, renal, venous
Sympathetic
196
ANS: Piloerection
Sympathetic
197
ANS: Erection
Parasympathetic
198
ANS: Ejaculation
Sympathetic
199
ANS: Meiosis
Parasympathetic - circular muscles
200
Sympathetic NS: Increased HR (SA Node)
β1
201
Sympathetic NS: Increased AV node conduction
β1
202
Sympathetic NS: Increased contractility
β1
203
Sympathetic NS: Vasoconstriction - skin, splanchnic
α1
204
Sympathetic NS: Vasodilation - skeletal muscle
β2
205
Sympathetic NS: Vasoconstriction - skeletal muscle
α1
206
Sympathetic NS: Bronchodilation
β2
207
Sympathetic NS: Smooth muscle, walls relax
α2, β2
208
Sympathetic NS: Smooth muscle, sphincters contract
α1
209
Sympathetic NS: Salivation
β1
210
Sympathetic NS: UB wall, detrusor relax
β2
211
Sympathetic NS: Ejaculation
α
212
Sympathetic NS: Mydriasis
α
213
Sympathetic NS: Ciliary muscle dilation (far vision)
β
214
Sympathetic NS: Sweat glands, thermoregulatory
M
215
Sympathetic NS: Sweat glands, stress
α
216
Sympathetic NS: Gluconeogenesis, glycogenolysis
α1, β2
217
Sympathetic NS: Lipolysis
β2, β3
218
Sympathetic NS: Renin secretion
β
