I - Cell Physiology Flashcards
(135 cards)
1
Q
Basic living unit of the body
A
Cell
2
Q
Cells that always replicate
A
Labile Cells
3
Q
Cells that are inactive but can replicate when needed
A
Quiescent/Stable Cells
4
Q
Cell that cannot replicate
A
Permanent Cells
5
Q
Substances that make up the entire cell
A
Protoplasm
6
Q
Components of the Protoplasm
A
water (70-80%), proteins (10-20%), lipids(2%), ions, carbohydrates
7
Q
The Cell: Contains DNA, histones & chromosomes, has nucleoli
A
Nucleus
8
Q
The Cell: Powerhouse of the cell
A
Mitochondria
9
Q
The Cell: Involved in detoxification, lipid synthesis, converting lipid-soluble substances to water-soluble substances
A
Agranular/Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
10
Q
The Cell: For synthesis of proteins bound for the cell membrane, lysosomes, outside of the cell
A
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
11
Q
The Cell: For synthesis of proteins bound for the cytoplasm and mitochondria
A
Free-floating Ribosomes
12
Q
The Cell: For packaging,molecular tagging and synthesis of hyaluronic acid and chondroitin sulfate
A
Golgi Apparatus
13
Q
The Cell: Contains proenzymes, neurotransmittters and replenishes cell membrane components
A
Secretory Vesicles
14
Q
The Cell: For regression of tissues and autolysis, suicide bags of the cell, destroys foreign bodies
A
Lysosomes
15
Q
The Cell: Degrades membrane-associated proteins, not membrane-bound
A
Proteosomes
16
Q
The Cell: Contains oxidases, catalases, helps in lipid synthesis and detoxification
A
Peroxisomes
17
Q
Processes that happen both in the cytoplasm and the mitochondria
A
Heme synthesis, Urea cycle, Gluconeogenesis
18
Q
Face of the golgi apparatus that accepts inactive proteins
A
Cis Face - convex
19
Q
Face of the golgi apparatus that releases mature proteins
A
Trans Face - concave
20
Q
Site of transcription and processing of rRNA
A
nucleolus
21
Q
Contains its own DNA that is maternally derived and does not follow the genetic code
A
mitochondria
22
Q
Exclusively Mitochondrial Processes
A
β-oxidation, Krebs Cycle
23
Q
RER and SER are abundant in the
A
liver - other organelles are also increased
24
Q
What are the components of prokaryotic ribosomes?
A
30s + 50s = 70s
25
What are the components of eukaryotic ribosomes?
40s + 60s = 80s
26
Specialized SER in the skeletal muscle
sarcoplasmic reticulum
27
Specialized SER in the neuron
Nissl substance
28
The only substance modified in the RER and not in the golgi apparatus
collagen
29
What is added to lysosome-bound proteins by the golgi apparatus?
mannose 6-phosphate (M6P)
30
Lysosomes come from which organelle?
golgi apparatus
31
Peroxisomes come from which organelle?
SER
32
Wear-and-tear pigment that accumulates in lysosomes
lipofuscin
33
Microvilli, locomotion of macrophages, muscles, zonula adherens, zonula occludens
Actin/Microfilaments
34
Keratin (epithelial cells), neurofilaments (neurons), desmosomes, hemidesmosomes
Intermediate Filaments
35
Flagella, cilia, centrioles, mitotic spindles, intracellular vesicles
Microtubules
36
Motor protein causing transport of substances from the center of the cell to the periphery
Kinesin
37
Motor protein causing transport of substances from the periphery to the center of the cell
Dynein
38
Direction of kinesin transport
center of the cell → periphery
39
Direction of dynein transport
periphery → center of the cell
40
Disease where cilia and flagella are missing dynein
Kartagener's Syndrome
41
Kartagener's Syndrome: Findings
situs inversus, bronchiectasis, infertility
42
Causes situs inversus in Kartagener's Syndrome
defective primary cilia
43
Locomotion: WBCs, fibroblasts, germinal cells of the skin, fertilized embryo
amoeboid movement
44
Crawling movement in response to a chemotactic substance
amoeboid movement
45
Locomotion: respiratory airways, fallopian tubes
ciliary movement
46
Back-and-forth whip-like movement
ciliary movement
47
Locomotion: sperm
flagellar movement
48
Quasi-sinusoidal propeller-like movement
flagellar movement
49
Junctional Complexes: disk-shaped, for firm/tight intercellular adhesions
macula adherens (desmosomes)
50
Desmosomes (macula adherens) are found in
epithelium
51
Junctional Complexes: ring-shaped, increases surface area for contact
zonula adherens (fascia adherens)
52
Zonula adherens (fascia adherens) are found in
intercalated disks of cardiac muscles
53
Junctional Complexes: reticular patter, divides cells into apical and basolateral sides
zonula occludens (tight junctions)
54
Leaky zonula occludens (tight junctions) are found in
proximal convoluted tubule, jejunum
55
Tight zonula occludens (tight junctions) are found in
collecting ducts, terminal colon, BBB
56
Junctional Complexes: for intercellular communication
gap junctions
57
Gap junctions are found in
cardiac muscles, unitary smooth muscles (syncytium)
58
The functional unit of the gap junction
connexon
59
Movement of substances through the apical and basolateral side
transcellular transport
60
Movement of substances of between cells through tight junctions
paracellular transport
61
The tight junction is found near the _____ side.
apical side
62
Components of the Cell Membrane
proteins (55%), phospholipids (25%), cholesterol (13%), other lipids (4%), carbohydrates (3%)
63
Most important part of the cell membrane, determines fluidity and permeability
cholesterol
64
Glycolipid that anchors proteins to the outer leaflet
glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)
65
Cell Membrane Proteins: has tight attachment using hydrophobic interactions
integral proteins
66
Cell Membrane Proteins: needs detergent to be removed
integral proteins
67
Cell Membrane Proteins: spans the entire thickness of the cell membrane
integral proteins
68
Cell Membrane Proteins: has loose attachment using electrostatic interactions
peripheral proteins
69
Cell Membrane Proteins: found on the inner or outer leaflet
peripheral proteins
70
Cell Membrane Transporters: number or permeability is variable
water channels/aquaporins (AQPs)
71
Cell Membrane Transporters: channels for Na, CA, K, CL
ion channels
72
Cell Membrane Transporters: can be uniport, symport or antiport
solute carriers
73
Cell Membrane Transporters: uses ATP for transport
ATP-dependent
74
ATP-Dependent Transporters: Na-K-ATPase
ATPase ion transporters
75
ATP-Dependent Transporters: Multi-drug Resistance Protein
ATP-Binding Cassette (ABC) transporters
76
Which disease involves a mutation in a gene of chromosome 7 that encodes for an ABC transporter called CFTR?
Cystic Fibrosis
77
Endocytosis: cell-drinking, for proteins, requires ATP and extracellular Ca
pinocytosis
78
Endocytosis: cell-eating, for large substances, exhibited by WBCs and macrophages, usually receptor-mediated
phagocytosis
79
Secretion of hormones and neurotransmitters from intracellular vesicles
exocytosis
80
Exocytosis is mediated by
SNARE proteins
81
Total Body Water: ___ of body weight
60% of body weight
82
Babies are ___ water.
75%
83
Total Body Water: % ICF
40% of body weight (2/3 of TBW)
84
Total Body Water: % ECF (internal environment/milieu intérieur)
20% of body weight (1/3 of TBW)
85
Total Body Water: Transcellular Fluid
1 L
86
Total Body Water: % Plasma
5% of body weight (1/4 of ECF)
87
Total Body Water: % Interstitial Fluid
20% of body weight (3/4 of ECF)
88
Predominant cation in the ECF
Na+
89
Predominant cation in the ICF
K+
90
Predominant anion in the ECF
Cl-
91
Predominant anion in the ICF
PO4-
92
In each compartment, total number of cations should equal total number of anions.
Macroscopic Electroneutrality Principle
93
Macroscopic Electroneutrality Principle
In each compartment, total number of cations should equal total number of anions.
94
In _____ compartment, total number of _____ should equal total number of _____.
each, cations, anions
95
What is the basis for saying"where Na goes, water follows"?
90% of solutes in the ECF is Na+ making it a reasonable indicator of osmolarity
96
What are the indicator molecules for TBW?
deuterium oxide, antipyrine
97
What are the indicator molecules for ECF?
inulin, mannitol
98
What are the indicator molecule for plasma?
124 I-labeled albumin
99
Units for Concentration: osmoles per kg of water
osmolality
100
Units for Concentration: osmoles per L of water
osmolarity
101
Units for Concentration: independent of temperature
osmolality
102
Units for Concentration: varies with temperature
osmolarity
103
Plasma Osmolarity mOsm/L =
2 x Na+ mEq/L + (glucose mg/dL/18) + (BUN mg/dL/2.8) [+ (ethanol mg/dL/4.6)]
104
Osmolar Gap =
measured osmolarity - estimated osmolarity
105
Osmolar gap _____ in alcohol intoxication and ethylene glycol poisoning.
increases
106
Movement of water from an area of low concentration to high concentration across a semi-permeable membrane
osmosis
107
_____ is the driving force of osmosis and is dependent on the _____ of molecules, not the mass, chemical nature or size.
Osmotic pressure, number of molecules
108
Osmosis: impermeant solute
glucose - effective osmole
109
Osmosis: permeant solute
urea - ineffective osmole
110
Osmosis: effective osmole used in treatment of brain edema
mannitol
111
Osmosis: osmotic pressure from large molecules (proteins)
oncotic pressure
112
Osmosis: Weight of the volume of a solution divided by weight of equal volume of distilled (pure) water
specific gravity
113
Number between zero and one that describes the ease with which a solute permeates a membrane
Reflection/Osmotic Coefficient
114
Reflection/Osmotic Coefficient
molecules returned/molecules sent
115
No solute penetration, Reflection Coefficient =
Reflection Coefficient = 1
116
Some solute penetration, Reflection Coefficient is
0 < Reflection Coefficient < 1
117
Complete solute penetration, Reflection Coefficient =
Reflection Coefficient = 0
118
Transport Mechanisms: passive, not carrier-mediated
Simple Diffusion
119
Transport Mechanisms: passive, carrier-mediated
Facilitated Diffusion
120
Transport Mechanisms: active (ATP), carrier-mediated
Primary Active Diffusion
121
Transport Mechanisms: active (Na+ gradient), carrier-mediated
Secondary Active Transport
122
Transport Mechanisms: small non-polar molecules, gases
Simple Diffusion
123
Transport Mechanisms: GLUT
Facilitated Diffusion
124
Transport Mechanisms: Na-K-ATPase, Proton Pump (H+-K+)
Primary Active Diffusion
125
Transport Mechanisms: Na-K-2Cl Pump, SGLT 1 in SI, SGLT 2 in PCT
Secondary Active Transport
126
The secndary active transport mechanism relise on the Na+ gradient created by the
Na-K-ATPase Pump
127
Characteristics of Carrier-Mediated Transport
Saturation - Tm occurs once all transporters are used, Stereospecificity - recognized D or L forms, Competition - chemically-related structures may compete
128
At low solute concentration, _____ diffusion is faster than _____ diffusion.
facilitated > simple
129
At high solute concentration, _____ diffusion is faster than _____ diffusion
simple > facilitated
130
Transport Mechanisms: Ca-ATPase pump in the cell membrane
PMCA
131
Transport Mechanisms: Ca-ATPase pump in the sarcoplasmic reticulum and endoplasmic reticulum
SERCA
132
Transport Mechanisms: Functions of the Na-K-ATPase pump
prevents cellular swelling, contributes to resting membrane potential (RMP)
133
Transport Mechanisms: Functional subunit of the Na-K-ATPase pump inhibited by cardiac glycosides
alpha subunit
134
Transport Mechanisms: In all epithelial cells, Na-K-ATPase pump is found on the basolateral side except:
choroid plexus
135
Transport Mechanisms: Why do RBCs swell when chilled?
decreased ATP synthesis → decrease Na-K-ATPase pump activity
