VIII - Gram-Positive Bacteria Flashcards
(228 cards)
1
Q
Gram (+) cocci in grape-like clusters, β-hemolytic yellow or golden colonies on blood agar, catalase (+), coagulase (+)
A
Staphylococcus aureus
2
Q
Staphylococcus aureus is cultured in _____ because of salt tolerance.
A
Mannitol Salt Agar
3
Q
The gold color of Staphylococcus aureus is due to
A
staphyloxanthin
4
Q
S. aureus: Location
A
human nose (anterior nares), skin
5
Q
S. aureus: Transmission
A
direct contact (hands), fomites, contaminated food
6
Q
S. aureus Immunomodulators: Prevents complement activation
A
Protein A
7
Q
S. aureus Immunomodulators: Builds an insoluble fibrin capsule
A
Coagulase
8
Q
S. aureus Immunomodulators: Toxic to hematopoietic cells
A
Hemolysins (Cytotoxins)
9
Q
S. aureus Immunomodulators: Specific for White Blood Cells
A
PV Leukocidin
10
Q
S. aureus Immunomodulators: Detoxifies hydrogen peroxide
A
Catalase
11
Q
S. aureus Immunomodulators: Inactivates penicillin derivatives
A
Penicillinase
12
Q
S. aureus Tissue Penetrance: Hydrolyzes hyaluronic acid
A
Hyaluronidase
13
Q
S. aureus Tissue Penetrance: Dissolves fibrin clots
A
Fibrinolysin (Staphylokinase)
14
Q
S. aureus Tissue Penetrance: Spread in fat-containing areas of the body
A
Lipase
15
Q
S. aureus Toxins: Causes epidermal separation
A
Exfoliatin
16
Q
S. aureus Toxins: Superantigens causing food poisoning
A
Enterotoxins (heat-stable)
17
Q
S. aureus Toxins: Superantigen leading to toxic shock syndrome
A
Toxic Shock Syndrome Toxin (TSST-1)
18
Q
S. aureus Toxins: Causes marked necrosis of the skin and hemolysis
A
Alpha Toxin
19
Q
S. aureus Pyogenic Disease: Skin and Soft Tissue
A
bullous impetigo, folliculitis, furuncles, carbuncles, cellulitis, hidradenitis suppurativa, mastitis, surgical site infections
20
Q
Bullous impetigo, foliculitis, furuncles, carbuncles, cellulitis, hidradenitis suppurativa, mastitis, surgical site infections
A
Staphylococcus aureus
21
Q
Most common cause of acute endocarditis
A
Staphylococcus aureus
22
Q
Acute endocarditis usually affects _____ in _____.
A
native tricuspid valve, IV drug users
23
Q
S. aureus Pyogenic Disease: Pneumonia
A
nosocomial pneumonia, VAP, necrotizing pneumonia, complicated by empyema, abscess or pneumatocoele, post-viral
24
Q
Nosocomial pneumonia, VAP, necrotizing pneumonia, complicated by empyema, abscess or pneumatocoele, post-viral
A
Staphylococcus aureus
25
Osteomyelitis and septic arthritis come from _____ spread or _____ at the wound site.
hematogenous spread, local introduction
26
Sequestered focus of osteomyelitis arising in the metaphyseal area of a long bone
Brodie Abscess
27
S. aureus: Pyogenic Infections
skin, soft tissue, acute endocarditis, pneumonia, osteomyelitis, septic arthritis
28
S. aureus: Toxigenic Infections
gastroenteritis, Scalded Skin Syndrome (Ritter Disease), Toxic Shock Syndrome
29
Gastroenteritis has _____ onset of vomiting and diarrhea due to ingestion of _____ from _____.
acute (4 hours), preformed heat-stable enterotoxin from S. aureus, salad with mayonnaise
30
S. aureus exfoliatin cleaves _____ in desmosomes leading to separation of epidermis in the _____ causing _____.
desmoglein, stratum granulosum, Scalded Skin Syndrome (Ritter disease)
31
Separation of the dermo-epidermal junction
Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis (Lyell Disease)
32
Fever, hypotension, sloughing of the filiform papillae → strawberry tongue, desquamating rash, multiorgan involvement (>3), usually no site of pyogenic inflammation, blood CS (-)
Toxic Shock Syndrome (S. aureus)
33
Seen in tampon-using menstruating women or in patients with nasal packing for epistaxis
Toxic Shock Syndrome (S. aureus)
34
Methicillin-Sensitive SA (MSSA): Treatment
penicillinase-resistant penicillins (nafcillin, oxacillin, dicloxacillin)
35
Methicillin-Resistant SA (MRSA): Treatment
Vancomycin
36
Vancomycin-Resistant SA (MRSA): Treatment
Linezolid
37
Staphylococcus aureus with altered penicillin binding proteins
Methicillin-Resistant SA (MRSA
38
Gram (+) cocci in clusters, catalase (+), coagulase (-), novobiocin-sensitive, whitish, non-hemolytic colonies on blood agar
Staphylococcus epidermidis
39
S. epidermidis: Location
normal skin flora
40
S. epidermidis: Transmission
autoinfection, direct contact (hands)
41
S. epidermidis is a ___-virulence organism with _____ which adheres well to foreign bodies and form biofilms.
low-virulence, glycocalyx
42
Most common cause of prosthetic valve endocarditis
Staphylococcus epidermidis
43
Most common cause of septic arthritis in prosthetic joints
Staphylococcus epidermidis
44
Most common cause of ventriculoperitoneal shunt infections
Staphylococcus epidermidis
45
S. epidermidis: Treatment
removal of prosthetic device, Vancomycin (over 50% are methicillin-resistant)
46
Gram (+) cocci in clusters, catalase (+), coagulase (-), novobiocin-resistant, whitish, non-hemolytic colonies on blood agar
Staphylococcus saprophyticus
47
2nd most common cause of UTI in sexually active women
Staphylococcus saprophyticus
48
S. saprophyticus: Findings
dysuria, pyuria, bacteriuria
49
S. saprophyticus: Treatment
TMP-SMX, quinolones
50
Gram (+) cocci in chains, β-hemolytic, catalase (-), bacitracin-sensitive, Lancefield group A, PYR test (rapid identification)
Streptococcus pyogenes (GABHS)
51
S. pyogenes: Location
human throat (oropharynx), skin
52
S. pyogenes: Transmission
respiratory droplets
53
S. pyogenes Virulence Enzymes: Degrades hyaluronic acid (spreading factor)
Hyaluronidase
54
S. pyogenes Virulence Enzymes: Activates plasminogen
Streptokinase (Fibrinolysin)
55
S. pyogenes Virulence Enzymes: Degrades DNA in exudates or necrotic tissue
DNAse (Streptodornase)
56
S. pyogenes Virulence Enzymes: Inactivates complement C5A
C5A Peptidase
57
S. pyogenes Toxins: Produces scarlet fever
Erythrogenic Toxin
58
S. pyogenes Toxins: Highly antigenic, causes AB formation
Streptolysin O (oxygen-labile)
59
S. pyogenes Toxins: Oxygen-stable
Streptolysin S
60
S. pyogenes Toxins: Superantigen similar to TSST
Pyogenic Exotoxin A
61
S. pyogenes Toxins: Protease that rapidly destroys tissue → necrotizing fascitis
Exotoxin B
62
Document antecedent S. pyogenes pharyngitis
Anti-Streptolysin O (ASO)
63
Document antecedent S. pyogenes skin infection
Anti-DNAse B
64
Streptolysin O is irreversibly inhibited by
cholesterol in skin lipids
65
Decrease the efficacy of streptokinase in managing MI
Anti-Streptokinase Antibodies
66
S. pyogenes: Pyogenic Infections
impetigo contagiosa, erysipelas, cellulitis, necrotizing fascitis, pharyngitis
67
Impetigo contagiosa, erysipelas, cellulitis, necrotizing fascitis, pharyngitis
Streptococcus pyogenes
68
Perioral blistered lesions with honey-colored crust, accumulation of neutrophils beneath stratum corneum, PSGN
Impetigo Contagiosa
69
Superficial infection extending into dermal lymphatics
Erysipelas
70
Deeper infection involving subcutaneous/dermal tissues, facilitated by hyaluronidase (spreading factor)
Cellulitis
71
Rapidly progressive infection of deep subcutaneous tissues, facilitated by exotoxin B
Necrotizing Fascitis
72
Most common bacterial cause of sore throat
Streptococcus pyogenes
73
Pharyngeal inflammation, exudate, fever, leukocytosis, tender CLAD
Pharyngitis
74
Pyogenic Complications of Pharyngitis
abscess, otitis, sinusitis, meningitis
75
Post-pharyngitic, due to erythrogenic toxin, seen in lysogenized strains, fever, strawberry tongue, centrifugal rash (sandpaper-like), Pastia's lines, desquamation
Scarlet Fever
76
Test for Scarlet Fever Susceptibility
Dick Test
77
Clinically similar but milder than S. aureus TSS, due to pyogenic exotoxin A, recognizable site of pyogenic inflammation, blood culture (+)
Streptococcal Toxic Shock Syndrome
78
S. pyogenes: Toxigenic Infections
scarlet fever, strep. TSS
79
S. pyogenes: Immunologic Infections
ARF, GN
80
Post-pharyngitic, cross-reacting antibodies to M proteins and antigens of the joints, heart and brain
Acute Rheumatic Fever
81
Jones Criteria
migratory polyarthritis, pancarditis, subcutaneous nodules, erythema marginatum, Sydenham chorea
82
Post-pharyngitic or post-impetigo, M protein incites immune complex deposition on the glomerular basement membrane
Post-Strep Glomerulonephritis
83
Post-Strep Glomerulonephritis: Findings
hypertension, periorbital edema, hematuria
84
Post-Strep Glomerulonephritis: Treatment
IV Pen G, antibiotic prophylaxis for patients with hx of RF
85
Gram (+) cocci in chains, β-hemolytic, catalase (-), bacitracin-resistant, hydrolyze hippurate, CAMP test (+), Lancefield group B, LIM broth
Streptococcus agalactiae (GBS)
86
S. agalactiae: Location
vagina
87
S. agalactiae: Transmission
transvaginal, transplacental
88
S. agalactiae: Pyogenic Infections
UTI in pregnant women, neonatal pneumonia, neonatal sepsis, neonatal meningitis, endometritis (polymicrobial, foul-smelling lochia)
89
Most common cause of neonatal pneumonia, sepsis and meningitis worldwide
Streptococcus agalactiae (GBS)
90
Most common cause of neonatal pneumonia, sepsis and meningitis in the Philippines
Escherichia coli
91
Predisposing Factors for Neonatal GBS Infection
intrapartum fever (>38°C), PROM (>18h), vaginal colonization, complement deficiency
92
S. agalactiae: Treatment
Penicillin G (+ aminoglycoside for serious infections)
93
All pregnant women should be screened for GBS colonization at
35-37 weeks AOG
94
S. agalactiae: Treatment for Pregnant Women
chemoprophylaxis with IV Penicillin or Ampicillin 4 hours prior to delivery
95
Gram (+) cocci in chains, catalase (-), γ-hemolytic (non-hemolytic) colonies, Lancefield group D, bile and optochin-resistant, hydrolyzes esculin in bile-esculin agar (BEA), PYR test (+)
Group D Streptococci (Enterococcus faecalis)
96
E. faecalis can grow in
6.5% NaCl
97
Enterococcus which cannot grow in 6.5% NaCl
S. bovis
98
Group D Streptococci: Location
colon, urethra, female GUT, may enter bloodstream during GUT/GIT procedures
99
Group D Streptococci: Diseases
UTIs due to indwelling catheters and GUT instrumentation, biliary tract infections, endocarditis in patients who underwent GIT surgery, marantic endocarditis in patients with abdominal malignancy (colorectal/pancreatic)
100
Cause of Marantic Endocarditis
Streptococcus bovis
101
Group D Streptococci: Treatment
Penicillin + Gentamicin, Vancomycin (penicillin resistance), Linezolid (vancomycin resistance)
102
Gram (+) lancet-shaped cocci in pairs or short chains, catalase (-), α-hemolytic, bile and optochin-sensitive, prominent polysaccharide capsule, (+) Quellung reaction
Streptococcus pneumoniae
103
Encapsulated Bacteria
Streptococcus pneumoniae, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Neisseria meningitidis, Salmonella typhi, B group Streptococci
104
S. pneumoniae: Location
upper respiratory tract
105
S. pneumoniae: Transmission
respiratory droplets
106
S. pneumoniae: Pathogenesis
capsule - retards phagocytosis, IgA protease - colonization, c-substance - reacts with CRP
107
S. pneumoniae: Pyogenic Infections
pneumonia, otitis media, sinusitis, bacterial meningitis, septic shock
108
Most common cause of CAP
Streptococcus pneumoniae
109
Sudden chills, fever, productive cough (rust-colored sputum), pleuritic chest pain, lobar pattern
Pneumonia (S. pneumoniae)
110
Most common cause of otitis media, sinusitis and bacterial meningitis
Streptococcus pneumoniae
111
Skull fracture with spinal fluid leakage from the nose predisposes to
Meningitis (S. pneumoniae)
112
Splenectomy predisposes to _____ shock.
septic shock
113
S. pneumoniae: Treatment
Penicillin G, Amoxicillin (Philippines), Levofloxacin or Vancomycin + Ceftriaxone (penicillin resistance)
114
S. pneumoniae: Prevention
polyvalent (23-type) polysaccharide vaccine - capsule, conjugated vaccine - pneumococcal polysaccharide coupled with carrier protein (diptheria toxoid - enhances immunogenicity)
115
Gram (+) cocci in chains, catalase (-), α-hemolytic, bile and optochin-resistant
Viridans Streptococci (S. mutans, S. sanguis)
116
Viridans Streptococci: Location
oropharynx (normal flora), enters bloodstream during dental procedure (Amoxicillin/Erythromycin prophylaxis)
117
Viridans Streptococci have _____ which enhances adhesion to damage heart valves
glycocalyx
118
Viridans Streptococci are protected from host defenses within
vegetations
119
Viridans Streptococci: Dental caries, plaque
S. mutans
120
Viridans Streptococci: Subacute endocarditis (SBE)
S. sanguis
121
Viridans Streptococci: Brain abscess
S. intermedius
122
Most common cause for subacute endocarditis and native valve endocarditis
S. sanguis (Viridans Streptococci)
123
Viridans Streptococci: Treatment
Penicillin G ± aminoglycoside (Gentamicin), Vancomycin (penicillin resistance), Linezolid (vancomycin resistance)
124
Spore-forming gram (+) rods, aerobic, non-motile, box-car-shaped, Medusa head morphology (dry ground glass surface and irregular edges with projections along lines of inoculation)
Bacillus anthracis
125
Bacillus anthracis: Location
soil
126
Bacillus anthracis: Transmission
contact with infected animals, inhalation of spores from animal hair and wool (woolsorter's disease)
127
Woolsorter's Disease
Bacillus anthracis
128
Bacillus anthracis Virulence Factors: Antiphagocytic capsule
Poly-D-Glutamate
129
Bacillus anthracis Virulence Factors: Calmodulin-dependent adenylate cyclase
Edema Factor (EF) - A subunit, cellular swelling
130
Bacillus anthracis Virulence Factors: Inhibits a signal transduction in cell division
Lethal Factor (LF) - A subunit
131
Bacillus anthracis Virulence Factors: Mediates the entry of EF and LF into the cell
Protective Antigen (PA) - B subunit
132
Protective Antigen + Edema Factor =
Edema Toxin
133
Protective Antigen + Lethal Factor =
Lethal Toxin
134
Bacillus anthracis: Diseases
cutaneous, inhalational, GI
135
Direct epidermal contact with spores causes formation of a malignant pustules with subsequent eschar and central necrosis, 20% mortality
Cutaneous Anthrax
136
Inhaled spores from animals (woolsorter's disease) or from weaponized preparations (bioterrorism), prolonged latent period (2 mos.) before rapid deterioration, massively enlarged mediastinal LN, pulmonary hemorrhage, meningeal symptoms, 100% mortality rate without immediate treatment
Inhalational Anthrax
137
Ingestion of live spores leads to UGI ulceration, edema and sepsis (rapidly prorgressive), mortality rate approaches 100%
GI Anthrax
138
Cutaneous Anthrax: Treatment
Ciprofloxacin
139
Inhalational/GI Anthrax: Treatment
Ciprofloxacin or Doxycycline + 1 or 2 additional antibiotics (rifampin, vancomycin, penicillin, imipenem, clindamycin, clarithromycin)
140
Spore-forming gram (+) rods, aerobic, motile, reheated fried rice
Bacillus cereus
141
Bacillus cereus: Location
spores on grains such as rice survive steaming and rapid frying, spores germinate when rice is kept warm for many hours
142
Chinese Fried Rice Syndrome
Bacillus cereus
143
Cholera-like enterotoxin that causes ADP-ribosylation increasing cAMP, secretory diarrhea, long incubation period
Heat-Labile Enterotoxin (Bacillus cereus)
144
Staphylococcal-like enterotoxin which functions as a superantigen, food poisoning, emetic, short incubation period
Heat-Stable Enterotoxin (Bacillus cereus)
145
Bacillus cereus: Diseases
emetic form, diarrheal form, ophthalmitis
146
Short incubation period (4 hours), consists primarily of nausea and vomiting, similar to staphylococcal food poisoning
Emetic Form of Bacillus cereus
147
Long incubation period (18 hours), watery, non-bloody diarrhea, resembling clostridial gastroenteritis
Diarrheal Form of Bacillus cereus
148
Occurs after traumatic penetrating eye injuries with a soil-contaminated object, complete loss of light perception within 48 hours of the injury
Bacillus cereus Ophthalmitis
149
Bacillus cereus: Rice
Emetic Form
150
Bacillus cereus: < 6 hours incubation period (mean = 2h)
Emetic Form
151
Bacillus cereus: Vomiting, nausea, abdominal cramps
Emetic Form
152
Bacillus cereus: 8-10 hours duration (mean = 9h)
Emetic Form
153
Bacillus cereus: Uses heat-stable enterotoxin
Emetic Form
154
Bacillus cereus: Meat, vegetables
Diarrheal Form
155
Bacillus cereus: > 6 hours incubation period (mean = 9h)
Diarrheal Form
156
Bacillus cereus: Diarrhea, nausea, abdominal cramps
Diarrheal Form
157
Bacillus cereus: 20-36 hours duration (mean = 24h)
Diarrheal Form
158
Bacillus cereus: Uses heat-labile enterotoxin
Diarrheal Form
159
Food Poisoning: Treatment
symptomatic
160
B. cereus Ophthalmitis: Treatment
Vancomycin (emergency, -cidal), Clindamycin (-cidal at high doses), Ciprofloxacin, Gentamicin
161
Spore-forming gram (+) rods, anaerobic, tennis-racket-like (spore is at one end - terminal spore)
Clostridium tetani
162
Clostridium tetani: Location
soil
163
Clostridium tetani: Transmission
traumatic breaks in skin - skin popping in IV drug abuse, stepping on a nail
164
Protease that cleaves proteins involved in the release of glycine from Renshaw cells in the spinal cord
Tetanus Toxin (tetanospasmin)
165
Clostridium tetani: Findings
strong muscle spasms (spastic paralysis, tetany), lockjaw (trismus), risus sardonicus (smile of death), opisthotonos (extension of vertebral muscles), respiratory failure
166
Clostridium tetani: Treatment
debridement of primary wound, Penicillin G
167
Clostridium tetani: Prevention
ATS - passive immunization, Tetanus Toxoid - vaccination (every 10 years)
168
Spore-forming gram (+) rods, anaerobic, bulging cans
Clostridium botulinum
169
Clostridium botulinum: Location
soil
170
Clostridium botulinum: Transmission
improperly preserved food, alkaline vegetables (green beans, peppers, mushrooms), smoked fish, canned goods (bulging), honey (raw)
171
Heat-labile toxin that blocks acetylcholine release causing flaccid paralysis (descending pattern)
Botulinum Toxin
172
Most common immunologic types of botulinum toxin in humans (out of 8)
A, B, E
173
Commercial preparation of botulinum toxin (exotoxin A)
Botox - wrinkle removal, torticollis, achalasia, hyperhydrosis
174
Clostridium botulinum: Toxigenic Infections
food-borne, infant (Floppy Baby Syndrome), wound
175
Food-Borne Botulism: Findings
eye symptoms, bulbar signs, anticholinergic effects, bilateral descending flaccid paralysis, respiratory paralysis
176
BOV, diplopia, ptosis, mydriasis, dysphonia, dysarthria, dysphagia, dry mouth, constipation, abdominal pain, bilateral descending flaccid paralysis, respiratory paralysis
Food-Borne Botulism
177
Food-Borne Botulism: Eye Symptoms
BOV, diplopia, ptosis, mydriasis
178
Food-Borne Botulism: Bulbar Signs
diplopia, dysphonia, dysarthria, dysphagia
179
Food-Borne Botulism: Anticholinergic Effects
dry mouth, constipation, abdominal pain
180
Triad of Botulism
symmetric descending flaccid paralysis (prominent bulbar involvement), absence of fever, intact sensorium
181
When babies ingest spores found in household dust or honey, due to the absence of competitive bowel microbes
Infant Botulism (Floppy Baby Syndrome)
182
Traumatic implantation and germination of Clostridium botulinum spores at the wound site
Wound Botulism
183
Clostridium botulinum: Treatment
elimination of the organism from the GIT (gastric lavage, metronidazole or penicillin), ventilatory support, trivalent botulinum antitoxin (A, B, E)
184
Clostridium botulinum: Prevention
proper sterilization of all canned and vacuum-packed foods, adequate cooking, discard bulging/swollen cans
185
Spore-forming gram (+) rods, anaerobic, gas-forming, double-hemolysis on blood agar, growth on egg yolk (lecithinase), non-motile but with rapidly spreading growth on culture media
Clostridium perfringens
186
Clostridium perfringens: Location
soil, colon
187
Clostridium perfringens: Transmission
contamination of wound with soil or feces (myonecrosis), ingestion of contaminated food (food poisoning)
188
A lecithinase that cleaves cell membranes
Alpha Toxin
189
Pain, edema, cellulitis with crepitation from gas produced by anaerobic metabolism, hemolysis, jaundice
Gas Gangrene (Clostridium perfringens)
190
Production of enterotoxin which acts as superantigen, 8-16 hour incubation period, watery diarrhea with cramps and little vomiting resolves within 24 hours
Clostridium perfringens Food Poisoning
191
Clostridium perfringens: Treatment
gas gangrene - wound debridement, Penicillin, food poisoning - supportive
192
Clostridium perfringens: Prevention
proper wound care, adequate cooking
193
Spore-forming gram (+) rods, anaerobic, psudomembranes, exotoxin in stool detected by cytopathic effect on cultured cells or ELISA, exotoxin A & B
Clostridium difficile
194
Clostridium difficile: Location
colon - 3% of population, 30% of hospitalized patients
195
Clostridium difficile: Transmission
fecal-oral route, hands of hospital personnel
196
Antibiotics suppress normal GI flora allowing _____ to grow.
Clostridium difficile
197
Antibiotics that suppress normal GI flora allowing Clostridium difficile to grow.
clindamycin, cephalosporins (2nd & 3rd gen.), ampicillin
198
Inhibit GTPases leading to apoptosis and death of enterocytes, results in pseudomembranes
Exotoxins A & B
199
Clostridium difficile can precipitate flare-ups of
ulcerative colitis
200
Non-bloody diarrhea associated with pseudomembranes (yellow-white plaques) on the colonic mucosa, toxic megacolon can occur
Pseudomembranous Colitis
201
Cause of Pseudomembranous Colitis
Clostridium difficile
202
Cause of Pseudomembranous Pharyngitis
Diphtheria
203
Cause of Pseudomembranous Esophagitis
Candida
204
Clostridium difficile: Treatment
causative antibiotic should be withdrawn, oral metronidazole or vancomycin, fluid replacement, surgery - toxic megacolon
205
Non-spore-forming gram (+) rods, aerobic, non-motile, curved, Chinese characters, club or comma-shaped arranged in V or L formations, metachromatic granules (Babes-Ernst/volutin), black colonies on tellurite plate, toxigenicity detected using modified Elek's test
Corynebacterium diphtheriae
206
Corynebacterium diphtheriae: Location
throat
207
Corynebacterium diphtheriae: Transmission
respiratory droplets
208
Corynebacterium diphtheriae exotoxin inhibits protein synthesis by adding ADP-ribose to
elongation factor-2 (EF-2)
209
Elongation Factor-2: Has ADP-ribosylating activity
A subunit
210
Elongation Factor-2: Binds the toxin to cell surface
B subunit
211
Elongation Factor-2 is encoded by
β-prophage
212
Result from the death of mucosal epithelial cells
pseudomembrane
213
Diphtheria (ABCDEFG)
ADP-ribosylation, Beta-prophage, Corynebacterium, Diphtheriae, Elongation Factor-2, Granules (metachromatic)
214
Beta-Prophage Encoded Toxins
Shiga-like toxin (EHEC), Botulinum toxin, Cholera toxin, Diphtheria toxin, Erythrogenic toxin (S. Pyogenes)
215
Prominent, thick, gray pseudomembranes over tonsils and throat, airway obstruction, myocarditis, cranial nerve and/or muscle paralysis
Corynebacterium diphtheriae
216
Corynebacterium diphtheriae: Treatment
antitoxin, Penicillin G
217
Corynebacterium diphtheriae: Prevention
toxoid vaccine in combination with tetanus toxoid and pertussis vaccine (DTaP)
218
Non-spore-forming gram (+) rods, aerobic, curved, tumbling motility, arranged in V or L formations, narrow zone of β-hemolysis, paradoxical growth in cold temperature (cold enhancement, 18°C)
Listeria monocytogenes
219
Listeria monocytogenes: Location
GI, female GUT, animals, plants, soil
220
Listeria monocytogenes: Transmission
transplacental, contact during delivery, unpasteurized dairy
221
Interacts with E-cadherin on the surface of cells
Internalin
222
Allows escape of Listeria monocytogenes from phagosomes
Listeriolysin
223
Propels the bacteria through the membrane of one human cell to another
Actin Rockets
224
Transplacental transmission, late miscarriage or birth complicated by sepsis, multiorgan abscesses and disseminated granulomas
Early-Onset Neonatal Listeriosis (Granulomatosis Infantiseptica)
225
Listeria transmitted during childbirth, meningitis or meningoencephalitis
Late-Onset Neonatal Listeriosis
226
Listeria bacteremia, sepsis, meningitis in the pregnant, elderly, immunocompromised
Adult Listeriosis
227
Listeria monocytogenes: Treatment
Ampicillin ± Gentamicin
228
Listeria monocytogenes: Prevention
pregnant women and immunocompromised patients should not ingest unpasteurized milk products or raw vegetables
