XIV - Parasitology Flashcards
(382 cards)
1
Q
Process of living together of 2 unlike organisms
A
Symbiosis
2
Q
One species benefits the other without harming/benefiting the other
A
Commensalism
3
Q
Both species benefit one another
A
Mutualism
4
Q
One species benefits while harming the other
A
Parasitism
5
Q
Parasite lives inside the body of the host
A
Endoparasite
6
Q
Parasite lives outside the body of the host
A
Ectoparasite
7
Q
Presence of endoparasite in host connotes
A
infection
8
Q
Presence of ectoparasite in host connotes
A
infestation
9
Q
Needs a host at some stage of their life cycle to complete development and propagation
A
Obligate Parasite
10
Q
May exist in a free-living state but becomes parasitic when the need arises
A
Facultative Parasite
11
Q
Establishes itself in a host it does not ordinarily live in
A
Accidental/Incidental Parasite
12
Q
Remains on host for life
A
Permanent Parasite
13
Q
Lives on host for a short period of time
A
Temporary Parasite
14
Q
Free-living organism that passes through digestive tract without infecting the host
A
Spurious Parasite
15
Q
Host where parasite attains sexual maturity
A
Definitive/Final Host
16
Q
Host that harbors the asexual or larval stage
A
Intermediate Host
17
Q
Host wherein the parasite does not develop further to later stages
A
Paratenic Host
18
Q
Host that allows the life cycle to continue and become additional sources of human infection
A
Reservoir Host
19
Q
Transmits parasite from one host to another
A
Vector
20
Q
Transmits parasite only after it has completed its development
A
Biologic Vector
21
Q
Vector that only transports the parasite
A
Mechanical/Phoretic Vector
22
Q
Process of inoculating an infective agent
A
Exposure
23
Q
Establishment of infecting agent inside host
A
Infection
24
Q
Between infection and evidence of symptoms
A
Incubation Period (Clinical)
25
Between infection and demonstration of infection
Pre-Patent Period (Biological)
26
Infected individual becomes his own direct source of infection
Autoinfection
27
Infected individual is further infected with same species leading to massive infection
Hyperinfection or Superinfection
28
Host Effects: E. histolytica trophozoites secrete cysteine proteases which digest cellular material
Enzymatic Interference
29
Host Effects: Plasmodium invades RBCs and cause rupture
Invasion & Destruction
30
Host Effects: D. latum competes with host for available supply of vitamin B12 (pernicious anemia)
Nutrient Deprivation
31
Immune Invasion: E. histolytica produces suppressor factor that inhibits monocyte movement
Immune Suppression
32
Immune Invasion: Surface protein variation in T. gambiense
Antigenic Variation
33
Immune Invasion: E. granulosus carries blood group antigens
Host Mimicry
34
Immune Invasion: T. gondii multiplies inside macrophages
Intracellular Sequestration
35
Protozoa: Intestinal Tract
Entamoeba histolytica, Giardia lamblia, Cryptosporidium parvum
36
Protozoa: Urogenital Tract
Trichomonas vaginalis
37
Protozoa: Blood & Tissue
Plasmodium, Toxoplasma gondii, Trypanosoma
38
Pseudopod-forming non-flagellated protozoa (Brownian movement), eukaryotic organism that lacks membrane-bound organelles, simple life cycle
Entamoeba histolytica
39
Most invasive parasite among the Entamoeba
Entamoeba histolytica
40
Entamoeba histolytica: Transmission
fecal-oral
41
Entamoeba histolytica: Infective Stage
mature cysts
42
Entamoeba histolytica: Diagnostic Stage
trophozoites (acute diarrhea), mature cysts & immature cysts (hardened stool)
43
Entamoeba histolytica Virulence Factors: Mediates adherence
lectin
44
Entamoeba histolytica Virulence Factors: Penetration
amebapores
45
Entamoeba histolytica Virulence Factors: Cytopathic effect
cysteine proteases
46
Entamoeba histolytica: Diseases
cyst carrier → amebic colitis → ameboma → amebic liver abscess
47
Entamoeba histolytica Diseases: Dysentery without fever, flask-shaped colon ulcers
amebic colitis
48
Entamoeba histolytica Diseases: Mass-like lesion in abdomen, associated with dysentery
ameboma
49
Entamoeba histolytica Diseases: Most common extraintestinal form, anchovy paste-like aspirate
amebic liver abscess
50
Entamoeba histolytica Treatment: Cyst Carrier State (asymptomatic)
Diloxanide furoate
51
Entamoeba histolytica Treatment: Amebic Colitis
Metronidazole
52
Entamoeba histolytica Treatment: Amebic Liver Abscess
Metronidazole, percutaneous drainage for non-responders
53
Entamoeba histolytica Treatment: Mild to Moderate Infection
Metronidazole + luminal agent
54
Entamoeba histolytica Treatment: Severe Infection
Metronidazole/Tinidazole + luminal agent
55
Entamoeba histolytica Treatment: Hepatic Abscess, Extraintestinal Infection
Metronidazole/Tinidazole + luminal agent
56
Flagellate that lives in the duodenum, jejunum and upper ileum, falling leaf motility, simple asexual life cycles, covered with variant surface proteins
Giardia lamblia
57
Giardia lamblia: Transmission
fecal-oral
58
Giardia lamblia: Infective Stage
cysts
59
Giardia lamblia: Diagnostic Stage
trophozoites (binucleated, "old man"), cysts
60
Adhesive disc and lectin facilitate attachment to avoid peristalsis, villous flattening, crypt hypertrophy, disruption of cytoskeleton, ultimately leads to enterocyte apoptosis
Giardia lamblia
61
Abdominal pain, "Backpacker's Diarrhea", excessive flatus (rotten eggs)
Acute Giardia lamblia Infection
62
Giardia lamblia: Chronic Infection
constipation, weight loss, steatorrhea
63
Giardia lamblia: Treatment
Metronidazole
64
Opportunistic intestinal protozoa, undergoes schizogony and gametogony, autoinfection in immunocompromised patients, acid-fast organism, simple life cycle
Cryptosporidium parvum
65
Cryptosporidium parvum: Transmission
fecal-oral
66
Cryptosporidium parvum: Infective Stage
thick-walled oocysts
67
Cryptosporidium parvum: Diagnostic Stage
thick-walled oocysts
68
Self-limited non-bloody diarrhea, severe life-threatening diarrhea if CD4 < 200 due to autoinfection
Cryptosporidium parvum
69
Cryptosporidium parvum: Treatment
Nitazoxanide
70
Urogenital protozoan, exists only as a trophozoite, pear-shaped, flagellated trophozoites, simple life cycle
Trichomonas vaginalis
71
Trichomonas vaginalis: Transmission
sexual intercourse, "Ping-Pong" transmission
72
Trichomonas vaginalis: Infective Stage
trophozoites
73
Trichomonas vaginalis: Diagnostic Stage
trophozoites
74
Watery, foul-smelling, greenish vaginal discharge accompanied by itching and burning, strawberry cervix (punctate hemorrhages on ectocervix)
Trichomonas vaginalis
75
Trichomonas vaginalis: Treatment
single oral dose of 2g (4 x 500mg tabs) of Metronidazole
76
Blood and tissue sporozoa, non-motile, asexual life cycle consists of shizogony & gametogony, sexual life cycle involves sporogeny, complex life cycle
Plasmodium
77
Most important parasitic disease in man
Plasmodium
78
Plasmodium: Transmission
bite of infected female mosquito (Anopheles filariasis minimus)
79
Plasmodium Life Cycle: Shizogony, Gemetogony
asexual
80
Plasmodium Life Cycle: Sporogony
sexual
81
Plasmodium: Asexual Host
man, intermediate
82
Plasmodium: Sexual Host
mosquito, definitive
83
Plasmodium: Infective Stage
sporozoites
84
Plasmodium: Diagnostic Stage
trophozoites (ring forms)
85
Pathologic findings from the destruction of RBCs, release of merozoites and splenic sequestration of infected cells, people with RBC defects (G6PD, sickle cell) are immune, partial immunity (premonition) seen in individuals who completely recover initial infection
Malaria (Plasmodium)
86
Plasmodium: 48 hour asexual cycle, malignant tertian, all aged RBCs, highest parasitemia, 0 merozoites, banana-shapes gametocytes, cerebral malaria, recrudescence, drug resistance
P. falciparum
87
Plasmodium: 48 hour asexual cycle, benign tertian, young RBCs, low parasitemia, 12-24 merozoites, large round gametocytes, relapse
P. vivax
88
Plasmodium: 72 hour asexual cycle, benign quartan, old RBCs, lowest parasitemia, 6-12 merozoites, compact gametocytes, recrudescence
P. malariae
89
Plasmodium: 48 hour asexual cycle, benign tertian, young RBCs, low parasitemia, 8 merozoites, small round gametocytes, relapse
P. ovale
90
Plasmodium: Recurrence of symptoms after a temporary abatement (2-4 weeks), seen in P. falciparum and P. malariae
Recrudescence
91
Plasmodium: Return of disease after its apparent cessation (1-6 months) due to reactivation of hypnozoites, seen in P. ovale and P. vivax
Relapse
92
Plasmodium: Diagnosis
thin & thick smears on Giemsa (thick - presence of organism, thin - species), higest yield when blood samples are taken during fever or 2-3 hours after peak
93
Malarial Dots: Punctate granulations present in RBCs invaded by P. ovale and P. vivax
Schuffner Dots
94
Malarial Dots: Coarse granulations present in RBCs invaded by P. falciparum, comma-shaped
Maurer Dots
95
Malarial Dots: Fine dots present in RBCs invaded by P. malariae
Ziemann Dots
96
Paroxysmal fever with malaise and bone pains, hemolytic anemia, jaundice, splenomegaly, parasitic pneumonitis, acute renal failure (blackwater fever), septic shock
Malaria (Plasmodium)
97
Plasmodium Findings: Malarial or Dürck's granulomas
Cerebral Malaria
98
Plasmodium Findings: Acute renal failure, severe complication of P. falciparum, intravascular hemolysis, massive hemoglobinuria, acute renal failure, rare and sometimes fatal complication of quinine-sensitized persons
Blackwater Fever
99
Plasmodium Findings: Septic Shock
Algid Malaria
100
Plasmodium: High Endemicity
Palawan, Kalinga-Apayao, Ifugao, Agusan del Sur
101
Plasmodium: Chloroquine Resistance
Palawan, Davao del Norte, Compostela Valley
102
Plasmodium Treatment: Tissue Schizonticides
Primaquine - kill schizonts in the liver
103
Plasmodium Treatment: Blood Schizonticides
Chloroquine, Quinine - kill parasitic forms only in the erythrocyte
104
Plasmodium Treatment: Gametocides
Primaquine - kills gametocytes in blood
105
Plasmodium Treatment: Sporontocides
Proguanil, Pyrimethamine - prevent sporogony and multiplication in the mosquito
106
Plasmodium Treatment: Chloroquine-sensitive P. falciparum, P. malaria
Chloroquine
107
Plasmodium Treatment: P. vivax, P. ovale
Chloroquine + Primaquine
108
Plasmodium Treatment: Uncomplicated infections with Chloroquine-resistant P. falciparum
Quinine + Doxycycline/Clindamycin
109
Plasmodium Treatment: Severe or complicated infections with P. falciparum
Artesunate + Doxycycline/Clindamycin or Mefloquine/Malarone OR Quinidine gluconate
110
Plasmodium Treatment: Chloroquine-resistance
Mefloquine + Doxycycline
111
Plasmodium Treatment: Eradication of Hypnozoites
Primaquine
112
Plasmodium Treatment: Severe Cases/Pregnant
Quinidine, Quinine
113
Plasmodium Prophylaxis: Without resistant P. falciparum
Chloroquine
114
Plasmodium Prophylaxis: Chloroquine-resistant P. falciparum
Malarone, Mefloquine
115
Plasmodium Prophylaxis: Multidrug-resistant P. falciparum
Doxycycline
116
Plasmodium Prophylaxis: Terminal prophylaxis of P. vivax and P. ovale infection, alternative for primary prevention
Primaquine
117
Plasmodium Prophylaxis: Chloroquine-Sensitive Areas
Chloroquine 500mg/tab, 1 tab weekly
118
Plasmodium Prophylaxis: Chloroquine-Resistant Areas
Mefloquine 250mg/tab, 1 tab weekly, Malarone (Atovaquone 250mg/Proguanil 100mg)/ tab, 1 tab daily
119
Plasmodium Prophylaxis: Multidrug-Resistant Areas
Doxycycline 100mg/tab, 1 tab daily
120
Plasmodium: Prevention
chemoprophylaxis, insecticide-treated nets, insect repellant with DEET, biologic modification (cultivation of snails that eat mosquito larvae)
121
Tissue protozoan, definitive host - domestic cat, intermediate hosts - humans & other mammals, complex life cycle
Toxoplasma gondii
122
Toxoplasma gondii: Transmission
ingestion of cysts in raw meat and contaminated food, transplacentally
123
Toxoplasma gondii: Infective Stage
fecal oocysts
124
Toxoplasma gondii: Diagnostic Stage
trophozoites (bradyzoites)
125
Toxoplasma gondii Trophozoites: Rapidly multiplying, CMI limits spread
tachyzoites
126
Toxoplasma gondii Trophozoites: Slowly multiplying, important in tissue diagnosis
bradyzoites
127
Toxoplasma gondii: Diagnostic Test
IgM antibody
128
Toxoplasma gondii Disease: Heterophil-negative mononucleosis
immunocompetent
129
Toxoplasma gondii Disease: Encephalitis, ring-enhancing lesions
immunocompromised
130
Abortion, stillbirth, neonatal disease with hydrocephalus, encephalitis, chorioretinitis, hepatosplenomegaly, intracranial calcifications
Congenital Toxoplasma gondii Disease
131
Toxoplasma gondii: Treatment
Sulfadiazine + Pyrimethamine
132
Blood and tissue protozoan, 4 forms (amastigote, promastigote, epimastigote, trypomastigote), complex life cycle
Trypanosoma cruzi
133
Trypanosoma cruzi: Transmission
reduviid bug (Triatoma)
134
Trypanosoma cruzi: Infective Stage
metacyclic trypomastigotes
135
Trypanosoma cruzi: Diagnostic Stage
trypomastigotes in blood
136
Myocardial, glial, reticuloendothelial cells are frequent sites, cardiac muscle is the most frequently and severely affected tissue
Trypanosoma cruzi
137
Trypanosoma cruzi: Diagnosis
stained BMA or muscle biopsy, culture in special medium, xenodiagnosis - allowing an uninfected, laboratory-raised reduviid bug to feed on patient
138
Trypanosoma cruzi: Unilateral periorbital edema (Romaña's sign), nodule near bite (chagoma), fever, LAD, hepatosplenomegaly
Acute Chagas' Disease
139
Trypanosoma cruzi: Myocarditis, megacolon, megaesophagus (achalasia)
Chronic Chagas' Disease
140
Trypanosoma cruzi: Treatment
Nifurtimox
141
Blood and tissue protozoan, 2 forms (epimastigote, trypomastigote), complex life cycle, remarkable antigenic variation
Trypanosoma brucei
142
Trypanosoma brucei: Types
gambiense, rhodesiense
143
Trypanosoma brucei: Transmission
tsetse fly (Glossina)
144
Trypanosoma brucei: Infective Stage
metacyclic trypomastigotes
145
Trypanosoma brucei: Diagnostic Stage
trypomastigotes in blood
146
Spread from the skin through the blood to the lymph nodes and the brain, somnolence (sleeping sickness) progresses to coma due to demyelinating encephalitis (ARAS, brainstem), cyclical fever spike (every 2 weeks) due to antigenic variation
Trypanosoma brucei
147
Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense is _____ rapid and fatal than Trypanosoma brucei gambiense.
rhodesian is more rapid and fatal
148
Trypanosoma brucei: West
gambiense
149
Trypanosoma brucei: East
rhodesiense
150
Indurated skin ulcer (trypanosomal chancre), intermittent weekly fever and LAD, enlargement of the posterior cervical LN (Winterbottom's sign), excessive somnolence, hyperesthesia (Kerandel's sign), encephalitis, plasma cells with cytoplasmic Ig globules (Mott cells)
Trypanosoma brucei
151
Trypanosoma brucei Treatment: Blood-Borne
Suramin
152
Trypanosoma brucei Treatment: CNS Penetration
Melarsoprol
153
Trypanosoma brucei Treatment: West African, early
Pentamidine
154
Trypanosoma brucei Treatment: West African, CNS
Eflornithine
155
Trypanosoma brucei Treatment: East African, early
Suramin
156
Trypanosoma brucei Treatment: East African, CNS
Melarsoprol
157
Flagellated marine protists, algal blooms cause red tide
Dinoflagellates
158
Most common cause of red tide in the Philippines
Pyrodinium bahamense var. compressum
159
Most common cause of red tide in the US
Alexandrium
160
Dinoflagellates: Transmission
eating bivalve mollusks, fish obtained from red tide
161
Red Tide Season
May-August
162
Filter feeders accumulate toxins produced by
dinoflagellates
163
Shellfish Poisoning Syndromes: Saxitoxin
Paralytic
164
Shellfish Poisoning Syndromes: 15 min incubation period, facial paresthesia, total paralysis, respiratory failure
Paralytic
165
Shellfish Poisoning Syndromes: Brevetoxin
Neurotoxic
166
Shellfish Poisoning Syndromes: 15 min incubation period, facial paresthesis, slurred speech, ataxia, diarrhea, stroke-like symptoms
Neurotoxic
167
Shellfish Poisoning Syndromes: Okadaic Acid
Diarrheic
168
Shellfish Poisoning Syndromes: 30 min incubation period, diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain
Diarrheic
169
Shellfish Poisoning Syndromes: Domoic Acid
Amnesic
170
Shellfish Poisoning Syndromes: 30 min incubation period, diarrhea, short-term memory loss, seizures
Amnesic
171
Dinoflagellates: Treatment
gastric lavage with activated charcoal, supportive fluid resuscitation, endotracheal intubation for respiratory failure, Neostigmine and Edrophonium for muscle weakness
172
Free-living ameba, infected contact lenses, granulomatous amebic encephalitis
Acanthamoeba castellani
173
Free-living ameba, swimming in contaminated pools, primary amebic meningoencehalitis
Naegleria fowleri
174
Only ciliated protozoan to cause human disease
Balantidium coli
175
Round-based, wide-necked intestinal ulcers, dysentery, pigs
Balantidium coli
176
Ixodes tick, intraerythrocytic ring-shaped trophozoites in tetrads in the form of a Maltese cross
Babesia microti
177
Phlebotomus sandfly, infective promastigotes
Leishmania
178
Leishmania: Cutaneous
Leishmania tropica
179
Leishmania: Visceral / Kala-azar
Leishmania donovani
180
Leishmania: Mucocutaneous
Leishmania brasiliensis
181
Leishmania: Treatment
Sodium stibogluconate (Antimony compound)
182
Coccidial sporozoa, diarrhea in immunocompromised patients
Cyclospora cayetanensis, Isospora belli
183
Cestodes: Eggs/larvae in undercooked pork, pigs, in intestines
T. solium
184
Cestodes: Larvae in undercooked beef, cattle, in intestines
T. saginata
185
Cestodes: Larvae in undercooked fish, in intestines
D. latum
186
Cestodes: Eggs in food contaminated by dog feces, sheep, in liver
E. granulosus
187
Intestinal cestodes, differentiated based on scolex and gravid proglottids
Taenia
188
Taenia: 4 suckers, rostellum, 5-10 primary uterine branches in gravid proglottids, pork
T. solium
189
Taenia: 4 suckers, 15-25 primary uterine branches in gravid proglottids, beef
T. saginata
190
Taenia: Transmission
undercooked pork/beef
191
Taenia: Infective Stage
cysticerci, eggs (T.solium)
192
Taenia: Diagnostic Stage
gravid proglottids
193
Minor intestinal damage from adult tapeworms, cystecerci can become SOLs in the brain, living cystecerci do not cause inflammation
Taenia
194
Taenia: Abdominal pain, weight loss, pruritus ani, intestinal obstruction
T. saginata
195
Taenia: Mild intestinal symptoms, small infective eggs cross the BBB causing seizures (neurocysticercosis), worms in vitreous humor
T. solium
196
Taenia: Treatment
Praziquantel
197
Has 2 elongated sucking grooves for attachment, operculated eggs
Diphyllobothrium latum
198
Diphyllobothrium latum: Intermediate Hosts
fish, copepods
199
Diphyllobothrium latum: Transmission
undercooked fish
200
Diphyllobothrium latum: Infective Stage
plerocercoid larvae (fish muscle)
201
Diphyllobothrium latum: Diagnostic Stage
unembryonated egg
202
Abdominal pain, diarrhea, megaloblastic anemia due to vitamin B12 deficiency
Diphyllobothrium latum
203
Diphyllobothrium latum: Treatment
Praziquantel
204
Composed of scolex and only 3 proglottids, one of the smallest tapeworms
Echinococcus granulosus
205
Echinococcus granulosus: Intermediate Hosts
sheep, humans
206
Echinococcus granulosus: Definitive Host
dog
207
Echinococcus granulosus: Transmission
ingestion of eggs
208
Echinococcus granulosus: Infective Stage
embryonated eggs
209
Echinococcus granulosus: Diagnostic Stage
hydatid cysts
210
Cysts act as SOLs, if cyst ruptures, life-threatening anaphylaxis can occur
Echinococcus granulosus
211
Echinococcus granulosus: Cysts
hydatid cysts (liver), pulmonary cysts, cerebral cysts
212
Echinococcus granulosus: Treatment
surgical resection, Albendazole, PAIR procedure (Puncture, Aspiration, Injection, Reaspiration) - uses 95% Ethanol (helminthicidal, scolicidal)
213
Echinococcus multilocularis: Definitive Host
fox
214
Echinococcus multilocularis: Intermediate Host
rodents
215
Multiloculated cysts (honeycomb vesicles)
Echinococcus multilocularis
216
Dwarf tapeworm, most common tapeworm in developed countries, eggs are directly infectious, polar filaments, six-hooked larvae
Hymenolepsis nana
217
Rat tapeworm, accidental parasite
Hymenolepsis diminuta
218
Hymenolepsis diminuta: Transmission
ingestion of insects harboring eggs
219
Most common tapeworm of dogs and cats, barrel-shaped proglottids
Dipylidium caninum
220
Trematodes: Penetrate skin, in liver, snails
S. japonicum
221
Trematodes: Ingested with raw crab, in lungs, snails
P. westermani
222
Trematodes: Ingested with raw fish, in liver, snails
C. sinensis
223
Oriental blood fluke, adults exist as separate sexes, reside in mesenteric and portal veins
Schistosoma japonicum
224
Schistosoma japonicum: Intermediate Host
snail (Oncomelania hupensis quadrasi)
225
Schistosoma japonicum: Transmission
cercariae penetrate skin
226
Schistosoma japonicum: Infective Stage
cercariae
227
Schistosoma japonicum: Diagnostic Stage
eggs in feces
228
Schistosoma haematobium: Diagnostic Stage
eggs in urine
229
Schistosoma japonicum: Diagnosis
Kato-Katz technique, Circumoval Precipitin Test (COPT) - ovoid egg with small hook
230
Presence of eggs cause granuloma formation, liver granulomas lead to pre-sinusoidal obstruction, hepatomegaly and portal hypertension, evade host defenses by coating themselves with host antigens
Schistosoma japonicum
231
Itching and dermatitis (swimmer's itch), systemic hypersensitivity resembling serum sickness (Katayama fever)
Acute Schistosoma japonicum Infection
232
Chronic liver disease, portal hypertension, colonic, pulmonary and cerebral involvement, Jacksonian/focal seizures
Chronic Schistosoma japonicum Infection
233
Schistosoma japonicum: Endemic Areas
Sorsogon, Samar, Leyte, Oriental Mindoro, Bohol, all of Mindanao except Misamis Oriental
234
Schistosoma japonicum: Treatment
Praziquantel
235
Lung fluke, hermaphrodite
Paragonimus westermanii
236
Paragonimus westermanii: Intermediate Hosts
snail (Antemelania asperata), mountain crab (Sundathelphusa philippina)
237
Paragonimus westermanii: Transmission
undercooked/raw fish
238
Paragonimus westermanii: Infective Stage
metacercariae
239
Paragonimus westermanii: Diagnostic Stage
unembryonated egg
240
Paragonimus westermanii: Diagnosis
3% NaOH preparation
241
Paragonimus westermanii: Eggs
ovoid, thin opercular end, thick abopercular end
242
Develops a fibrous wall that provokes a granulomatous reaction, secondary bacterial infection frequently occurs
Paragonimus westermanii
243
Chronic cough with bloody sputum, endemic hemoptysis, ring-shadow opacity on CXR, closely resembles TB
Paragonimiasis
244
Paragonimus westermanii: Treatment
Praziquantel
245
Asian liver flukes, hermaphrodite, inflammatory response can cause hyperplasia and fibrosis of biliary tract
Clornichis sinensis
246
Asian Liver Flukes
Clornichis sinensis, Opistorchis viverrini
247
Clornichis sinensis: Intermediate Hosts
snail (Parafossarulus), fish (Cyprinidae)
248
Clornichis sinensis: Transmission
uncooked/raw fish
249
Clornichis sinensis: Infective Stage
metacercariae
250
Clornichis sinensis: Diagnostic Stage
embryonated eggs
251
Clornichis sinensis: Diagnosis
direct fecal smear, potassium permanganate stain (melon-like ridges)
252
Fever, eosinophilia, LAD, tender hepatomegaly, embryonated eggs in direct fecal smear
Acute Clornichis sinensis Infection
253
Hepatobiliary disease, pancreatitis, cholangiocarcinoma (Klatskin tumor), neurocirculatory dystonia
Clornichis sinensis
254
Clornichis sinensis: Treatment
Praziquantel
255
Sheep liver fluke, watercress (aquatic plants), obstructive jaundice and painful pharyngitis (Halzoun)
Fasciola hepatica
256
Intestinal fluke, aquatic vegetation, gland abscesses, anasarca and coma from accumulation of toxins (worm intoxication)
Fasciolopsis buski
257
Intestinal fluke, raw fish containing cysts, mimics peptic ulcer disease
Heterophyes heterophyes
258
Nematodes: Intestines, ascariasis, ingestion of eggs
Ascaris
259
Nematodes: Intestines, hookworm, larval penetration of skin
Ancylostoma, Necator
260
Nematodes: Intestines, whipworm, ingestion of eggs
Trichuris
261
Nematodes: Intestines, pinworm, ingestion of eggs
Enterobius
262
Nematodes: Intestines, strongyloidiasis, larval penetration of skin
Strongyloides
263
Nematodes: Intestines, capillariasis, eggs in undercooked fish
Capillaria
264
Nematodes: Tissue, filariasis, mosquito bite
Wuchereria, Brugia
265
Nematodes: Tissue, trichinosis, larvae in uncooked meat
Trichinella
266
Most common and largest nematode, giant roundworm, soil-transmitted helminth
Ascaris lumbricoides
267
Ascaris lumbricoides: Transmission
ingestion of eggs
268
Ascaris lumbricoides: Infective Stage
embryonated eggs
269
Asian liver flukes, hermaphtodite, inflammatory response can cause hyperplasia and fibrosis of biliary tract
Clornichis sinensis
270
Ascaris lumbricoides: Diagnosis
direct fecal smear, Kato-Katz technique
271
Clornichis sinensis: Intermediate Hosts
snail (Parafossarulus), fish (Cyprinidae)
272
Clornichis sinensis: Transmission
uncooked/raw fish
273
Clornichis sinensis: Infective Stage
metacercariae
274
Clornichis sinensis: Diagnostic Stage
embryonated eggs
275
Clornichis sinensis: Diagnosis
direct fecal smear, potassium permanganate stain (melon-like ridges)
276
Fever, eosinophilia, LAD, tender hepatomegaly, embryonated eggs in direct fecal smear
Acute Clornichis sinensis Infection
277
Hepatobiliary disease, pancreatitis, cholangiocarcinoma (Klatskin tumor), neurocirculatory dystonia
Clornichis sinensis
278
Clornichis sinensis: Treatment
Praziquantel
279
Necator & Ancylostoma: Diagnosis
direct fecal smear, Kato-Katz technique
280
Intestinal fluke, aquatic vegetation, gland abscesses, anasarca and coma from accumulation of toxins (worm intoxication)
Fasciolopsis buski
281
Intestinal fluke, raw fish containing cysts, mimics peptic ulcer disease
Heterophyes heterophyes
282
Nematodes: Intestines, ascariasis, ingestion of eggs
Ascaris
283
Nematodes: Intestines, hookworm, larval penetration of skin
Ancylostoma, Necator
284
Nematodes: Intestines, whipworm, ingestion of eggs
Trichuris
285
Nematodes: Intestines, pinworm, ingestion of eggs
Enterobius
286
Trichuris trichiuria: Infective Stage
embryonated eggs
287
Nematodes: Intestines, capillariasis, eggs in undercooked fish
Capillaria
288
Nematodes: Tissue, filariasis, mosquito bite
Wuchereria, Brugia
289
Nematodes: Tissue, trichinosis, larvae in uncooked meat
Trichinella
290
Most common and largest nematode, giant roundworm, soil-transmitted helminth
Ascaris lumbricoides
291
Ascaris lumbricoides: Transmission
ingestion of eggs
292
Ascaris lumbricoides: Infective Stage
embryonated eggs
293
Ascaris lumbricoides: Diagnostic Stage
fertilized egg (unembryonated)
294
Ascaris lumbricoides: Diagnosis
direct fecal smear, Kato-Katz technique
295
Major damage occurs during larval migration, principal site of tissue reaction is in the lungs where inflammation with an eosinophilic exudate occurs, heavy worm burden may contribute to malnutrition
Ascaris lumbricoides
296
Ascaris lumbricoides: Diseases
hypersensitivity pneumonitis (Loeffler's Syndrome), acute intestinal obstruction, hepatobiliary ascariasis, pancreatitis, malabsorption syndromes, nutrient deficiencies
297
Ascaris lumbricoides: Treatment
Albendazole (greater larvicidal activity than Mebendazole)
298
Parasites with Transpulmonary Phase
Ascaris, Necator, Ancylostoma, Strongyloides
299
Soil-transmitted helminth, blood-sucking nematodes, hookworms, differentiated based on the character of buccal spears of filariform larvae
Necator americanus, Ancylostoma duodenale
300
Necator & Ancylostoma: Transmission
larvae penetrate skin
301
Necator & Ancylostoma: Infective Stage
filariform larvae
302
Necator & Ancylostoma: Diagnostic Stage
eggs in feces
303
Necator & Ancylostoma: Diagnosis
direct fecal smear, Kato-Katz technique
304
Major damage due to blood loss (0.25mL blood/worm/day) at site of attachment, blood consumed oozes in response to an anticoagulant made by the worm, microcytic anemia caused by blood loss
Necator americanus, Ancylostoma duodenale
305
Ground itch at site of entry, serpiginous tracks (cutaneous larva migrans), eosinophilic pneumonia during transpulmonary stage, mild GIT syndromes
Acute Necator/Ancylostoma Infection
306
Microcytic anemia from blood-sucking nematodes, hypoalbuminemia
Chronic Necator/Ancylostoma Infection
307
Necator & Ancylostoma: Treatment
Albendazole
308
Whipworm, soil-transmitted helminth
Trichuris trichiuria
309
Strongyloides stercoralis: Treatment
Ivermectin
310
Trichuris trichiuria: Diagnostic Stage
unembryonated eggs
311
Trichuris trichiuria: Diagnosis
direct fecal smear, Kato-Katz technique
312
Trichuris trichiuria: Eggs
barrel-shaped eggs with bipolar plugs (Chinese lantern)
313
Burrow their hair-like anterior ends into the intestinal mucosa, do not cause significant anemia
Trichuris trichiuria
314
Diarrhea, rectal prolapse from increased peristalsis to expel the worms
Trichuris trichiuria
315
Trichuris trichiuria: Treatment
Mebendazole
316
Pinworm, seatworm, soil-transmitted helminth, life cycle is confined to humans, most common sexually transmitted helminths in developed countries (cosmopolitan worm)
Enterobius vermicularis
317
Enterobius vermicularis: Transmission
ingestion/inhalation of eggs
318
Enterobius vermicularis: Infective Stage
embryonated eggs
319
Capillaria philippinensis: Treatment
Albendazole
320
Enterobius vermicularis: Diagnosis
Graham's scotch tape technique (D-shaped eggs)
321
Female releases thousands of fertilized eggs on perianal skin, eggs develop into larvae causing perianal pruritus, autoinfection can occur
Enterobius vermicularis
322
Pruritus ani, eosinophilic enterocolitis, vulvovaginitis, appendicitis (oxyuriasis)
Enterobius vermicularis
323
Enterobius vermicularis: Treatment
Pyrantel pamoate
324
Soil-transmitted helminth, facultative parasites
Strongyloides stercoralis
325
Strongyloides stercoralis: Transmission
larvae penetrate skin
326
Strongyloides stercoralis: Infective Stage
filariform larvae
327
Strongyloides stercoralis: Diagnostic Stage
rhabditiform larvae
328
Strongyloides stercoralis: Diagnosis
Harada-Mori culture
329
Larvae penetrate intestinal wall directly without leaving host and migrate to the lungs (autoinfection), hyperinfection in immunocompromised patients
Strongyloides stercoralis
330
Ground itch at site of entry, eosinophilic pneumonia, mild watery diarrhea, facultative parasite
Acute Strongyloides stercoralis Infection
331
Serpiginous track (larva currens), duodenitis, paradoxical asthma, hyperinfection syndrome
Chronic Strongyloides stercoralis Infection
332
Strongyloides stercoralis: Treatment
Ivermectin
333
Intestinal nematode, pudoc worm, only nematode whose life cycle involves a migratory bird
Capillaria philippinensis
334
Wuchereria & Brugia: Treatment
Diethylcarbamazine (DEC)
335
Capillaria philippinensis: Infective Stage
infective larvae
336
Capillaria philippinensis: Diagnostic Stage
unembryonated eggs
337
Capillaria philippinensis: Diagnosis
direct fecal smear, Kato-Katz technique
338
Capillaria philippinensis: Eggs
peanut-shaped eggs with flattened bipolar plugs
339
Embryonated eggs can cause autoinfection and hyperinfection, leads to ulcerative and compressive degeneration of enterocytes resulting in severe malabsorption
Capillaria philippinensis
340
Borborygmus, fever, abdominal pain, eosinophilia
Acute Capillaria philippinensis Infection
341
Chronic watery diarrhea, edema, wasting, protein-losing enteropathy, anasarca, hypogammaglobulinemia
Chronic Capillaria philippinensis Infection
342
Capillaria philippinensis: Treatment
Albendazole
343
Blood and tissue nematode, most debilitating nematode infection, farmer from abaca plantation
Wuchereria bancrofti, Brugia malayi
344
Filariasis: Smoothly curved, widespread prevalance, scrotal lymphatics, hydrocoele, more severe
Wuchereria bancrofti
345
Filariasis: Kinky, terminal nuclei, SEA prevalence only, limb lymphatics, elephantiasis, less severe
Brugia malayi
346
Wuchereria bancrofti: Vectors
Culex, Aedes, Anopheles
347
Brugia malayi: Vector
Mansonia
348
Wuchereria & Brugia: Transmission
mosquito bite
349
Wuchereria & Brugia: Infective Stage
3rd stage larvae
350
Wuchereria & Brugia: Diagnostic Stage
microfilariae
351
Wuchereria & Brugia: Diagnosis
thick blood smear (curved or kinky microfilariae), specimen collection best done at night (8pm-4am) - nocturnal periodicity, diethylcarbamazine (DEC) provocation test
352
Adult worms in lymph nodes cause inflammation that obstructs lymphatic vessels causing lymphedema, microfilariae do not cause symptoms
Wuchereria & Brugia
353
Acute adenolymphangitis, filarial fever, nocturnal wheezing (tropical pulmonary eosinophilia), small epithelioid granulomas (Meyers-Kouvenaar bodies), expatriate syndrome
Acute Wuchereria/Brugia Infection
354
Hydrocoele, elephantiasis, milky urine (chyluria)
Chronic Wuchereria/Brugia Infection
355
Bancroftian Filariasis: Endemic Areas
Sorsogon, Samar, Leyte, Palawan, Camarines, Albay, Mindoro, Marinduque, Romblon, all of Mindanao
356
Malayan Filariasis: Endemic Areas
Eastern Samar, Agusan del Sur, Palawan, Sulu
357
Wuchereria & Brugia: Treatment
Diethylcarbamazine (DEC)
358
Tissue nematode from pigs
Trichinella spiralis
359
Trichinella spiralis: Intermediate Host
pigs
360
Trichinella spiralis: Transmission
undercooked pork
361
Trichinella spiralis: Infective Stage
encysted larvae
362
Trichinella spiralis: Diagnostic Stage
encysted larvae
363
Trichinella spiralis: Diagnosis
muscle biopsy, larvae within striated muscle, elevated CPKs, xenodiagnosis
364
Trichinella spiralis Stage: Liberated from pork by gastric juices
Intestinal Stage
365
Trichinella spiralis Stage: Disseminate hematogenously to streaked skeletal muscle, encysted within a host-derived cell (nurse cell)
Muscle Stage
366
Fever, muscle, pain, periorbital edema, eosinophilia, hemorrhagic phenomena (subconjunctival, splinter)
Mild Trichinella spiralis Infection
367
Myocarditis, encephalitis, pneumonia, respiratory myositis
Severe Trichinella spiralis Infection
368
Trichinella spiralis: Treatment
Thiabendazole
369
Transmitted by the female blackfly (Simulium), dermal nodules, hanging groin, lizard skin, river blindness, lysis of worm leads to Mazzotti reaction
Onchocerca volvulus
370
Onchocerca volvulus: Treatment
Ivermectin (Mazzotti Reaction)
371
Transmitted by the deer fly or mango fly (Chrysops), subcutaneous edema (Calabar swellings), worm crawling across conjunctiva
Loa loa
372
Guinea fire worm, serpents of Israelites, transmitted when copepods are swallowed in water, pruritic painful papule, live worm in skin ulcer
Dracunculus medinensis
373
Dracunculus medinensis: Treatment
mechanical removal daily
374
Dog ascaris, visceral larva migrans, ocular toxocariasis, ocular larva migrans, uveitis, endophthalmitis
Toxocara canis
375
Transmitted in undercooked seafood, eosinophilic meningitis, most common cause of parasitic meningitis
Ancylostoma caninum / brasiliense
376
Zoonotic roundworms, ingested in raw seafood, eosinophilic gastroenteritis
Anisakis simplex
377
Arthropods: Pruritus of scalp, trunk, nits on hair shaft
Pediculus humanus (lice)
378
Arthropods: Pruritus in pubic area, nits on hair shaft
Phthirus pubis (lice)
379
Arthropods: Pruritic, painful and erythematous nodule, larva may be seen emerging from nodule
Dermatobia hominis (flies)
380
Arthropods: Pruritic, erythematous wheal
Cimex lectularius (bedbugs)
381
Arthropods: Pruritic, erythematous papules, linear tracks
Sarcoptes scabei (mites)
382
Arthropods: Ascending paralysis
Dermacentor (ticks)
