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Viro Final Flashcards

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1
Q

Causative agent of BVDWhat

A

Flavi (pesti)

RNA, E

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2
Q

Transmission of BVD (4)

A

Direct
I:fomites
Transplacental
Veneral

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3
Q

What immune response is triggered by noncpBVD?

A

humoral response

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4
Q

What immune response is triggered by cpBVD?

A

CMI

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5
Q

Where does BVD remain in P.I. males?

A

seminal vesicles & prostate

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6
Q

Outcome of BVD in pregnant cows

A

< 80 d= reabsorption
80-125 d = immunotolerant animal f
> 125 d = weak calf syndrome, cerebellar hypoplasia

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7
Q

What can happen to in P.I. calves w/ Mucosal Dz. (chronic BVD)?

A
  1. 6-18 mo. no CS
  2. superinfection w/ homologous BVD or mutation of noncp–> cp
  3. develop Acute MD
  4. develop Chronic MD
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8
Q

What is the GS for DX of BVD?

A

VI & cell culture followed by IF

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9
Q

Causative agent of Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis (IBR)?

A

BHV-1

DNA, E

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10
Q

Transmission of IBR

A

Direct or transplacental

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11
Q

Site of latency for IBR?

A

trigeminal ganglia

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12
Q

What drugs can reactivate IBR?

A

glucocorticoids

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13
Q

What can be seen on necropsy of aborted IBR fetuses?

A

microscopic necrotic foci only

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14
Q

3 big CS of IBR

A

hyperemic nasal mucosa –> pustular necrotic lesions
fetid breath
abortion late gestation (rare)

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15
Q

Does the attenuated IBR vax prevent dz?

A

NO!!

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16
Q

Causative agent of Caprine Arthritis Encephalitis (CAE)

A

Retro

RNA, E, dip

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17
Q

Transmission of CAE

A

colostrum or milk

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18
Q

Where are the lesions located at necropsy in CAE?

A

white matter of CNS

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19
Q

What can be seen in kids 2-4 mo. infected with CAE?

A

encephalomylitis

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20
Q

How will a goat infected w/ CAE present?

A

afebrile, alert, good appeptite & sight

lameness, wasting, trembling, dull hair coat

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21
Q

How do you protect kids from CAE?

A

no vax

separate kids from doe @ birth give heated colostrum/milk or cow colostrum (reduces by 90%)

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22
Q

Causative agent of scrapie?

A

PRIONS!!!

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23
Q

Where are lesions seen @ necropsy in Scrapie?

A

grey matter of CNS

NO Inflammation/immune response

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24
Q

Onset of Scrapie?

A

insidious (2-5 yrs)

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25
DX Scrapie?
IHC w/ anti-PrP(sc) monoclonal Abs
26
Can goats get Scrapie?
yes!!
27
Causative agent of EIA
Retro | RNA, E
28
Transmission of EIA
M: horse fly & stable fly V: placenta & milk Iatrogenic
29
When does EIA transmission peak?
summer & fall
30
3 main pathogenesis of EIA
anemia immunopathy (vasculitis, glomerularnephritis) thrombocytopenia
31
C.S of ACUTE EIA
severe anemia, jaundice, bloody feces, tachypnea & petechia (80% fatal)
32
What happens in SUBACUTE EIA?
mod fever | recovery = w/ appearance of neutralizing Abs
33
What happens in RECOVERED EIA patients?
perform well | may can get dz. again when stressed
34
CS of CHRONIC EIA
failure to thrive | fever, cachexia, anemia & ventral edema
35
DX of EIA?
Coggin's Test - survey | PCR - confirm
36
Causative agent of EVA
Arteri | RNA, E
37
Transmission of EVA.
I: aborted fetal fluids V: placenta Veneral
38
What is the incidence of abortion in EVA?
Sporadic --> 50% in naive mares --> btwn 5-10 mo. of gestation
39
C.S. of EVA in foals & yearlings?
Severe RT dz | Death - pneumonia & intestinal necrosis
40
C.S. of EVA in adults
1. conjunctivitis 2. ocular discharge 3. Edema- palpebral, limbs, ventral abdomen, scrotum & prepuce 4. diarrhea 5. photophobia
41
GS DX of EVA
RT-PCR | from nasalpharyngeal swabs, blood, urine or aborted fetal tissue
42
What is the morbidity & mortality of EVA.
high morbidity | low mortality
43
DDX of EVA
EIA Equine herpesvirus Equine Influenza
44
What is different about Arteriviridiae?
like cold | E but STABLE in environment
45
Causative agent of Equine Encephalitides
Toga | RNA, E
46
Transmission of EEE, WEE, & VEE
M- mosquitoes | birds = reservoir & amplify
47
What is crucial for transmission & CNS invasion of EEE?
2nd viremia
48
DX of EEE, WEE, & VEE?
IgM ELISA | RT-PCR from brain tissue post mortem
49
DDX of Equine Encephalitides?
Rabies, EHV-1 & WNV
50
Causative agent of WNV?
Flavi | RNA-E
51
Transmission of WNV?
ARBOVIRUS!!!! (mosquitoes)
52
Is WNV zoonotic? What's the reservoir?
YES!! | birds
53
Causative agent of Equine Rhinopneumonitis.
EHV-4
54
Pathogenesis of Equine Rhinopneumonitis (EHV-4) in young horses?
Acute RT dz w/ mild-subclinical infections
55
Pathogenesis of Equine Rhinopneumonitis (EHV-4) in adult horses?
Latent carriers have febrile RT dz after stress
56
2 big CS of Equine Rhinopneumonitis?
profuse serous nasal discharge --> mucopurulent (rapid) | 2ry bronchopneumonia
57
What virus can agglutinate RBCs in horses?
Adenovirus Pneumonia
58
Causative agent of Adenovirus Pneumonia?
Adeno | DNA, N
59
When is Adenovirus Pneumonia a problem in horses?
Arab SCID foals If get colostrum = shows up 3-6 mo. later (mAbs) no colostrum = death soon!
60
What C.S. will you see in Non SCID foals infected w/ adenovirus pneumonia that did not get enough colostrum?
mild RT disease
61
Causative agent of Equine Influenza?
Orthomyxo = Flu A | RNA, E, Seg
62
Where does Equine Influenza replicate?
epithelial cells of URT & LRT
63
2ry infections common with Equine Influenza?
conjuctivitis bronchopneumonia chronic pulmonary dz. guttural pouch infections
64
C.S. of Equine Influenza?
Extremely high fever --> can aborts Serous nasal discharge --> mucopurulent (longer than EHV-4) Depression/anorexia for a few d.; recover in 2-3 wk
65
DX of Equine Influenza?
VI using serous nasal mucus (must get early!)
66
How will the herd look w/ Equine Influenza?
many animals sick @ same time
67
DDX of Equine Influenza?
EHV-1 & -4 Equine Adenovirus Pneumonia Rhinovirus (only if in beginning & few animals are sick!)
68
Causative agent of Equine Abortion?
EHV-1 | DNA, E
69
Where does Equine Abortion (EHV-1) replicate?
in the URT --> get viremia
70
What can cause CNS signs in Equine Abortion?
vasculitis of CNS --> ischemia & hemorrhagic infarcts
71
Which form of Equine Abortion causes Resp. dz. w/ HIGH mortality?
Pulmonary vasculotrophic EHV-1
72
What are some distinguishing C.S. of Equine Abortion?
Urinary incontinence abortion in last 4 mo. of gestation w/ no CS (most common cause of late term abortions in equines)
73
What other Herpes does Equine Abortion resemble?
EHV-4 = equine rhinopneumonitis
74
What are latent EHV-1 infected horses resistant to? What are they not resistant to?
resistant to Resp dz. | Can still abort
75
Causative agent of Equine Coital Exanthema (ECE)?
EHV-3 | DNA, E
76
Pathogenesis of ECE?
Stays local--> NO VIREMIA = NO SYSTEMIC SIGNS
77
What happens to stallions infected with ECE?
decreases libido | fertility is A OKAY
78
What is the most sensitive DX for ECE?
PCR w/ specific primers
79
How long should you rest horses w/ flair ups of ECE?
10-14 d (no breeding at this time!)
80
How can I determine if a horse is an ECE carrier?
Pigment loss on dark skin of genital region
81
Causative agent of Vesicular Stomatitis?
Rhabdo | RNA, E
82
Transmission of Ves. Stom,?
I: fomites, food, halters M: arthropod enters through skin abrasions
83
Pathogenesis of Ves Stom?
local only --> no viremia, no systemic dz
84
What are some CS of Ves Stom?
profuse salivation | vesicles on oral epi & cornary band
85
DX of Ves Stom?
Authorized labs only | VI, cell culture, serology
86
Why is Ves Stom a notifiable dz. in cattle & swine?
b/c DDX of FMD
87
How good is the immune response to Ves Stom?
not great--> short lived Abs--> reinfection happens
88
Causative agent of CSF?
Flavi (pesti) | RNA, E
89
What happens to babies born to dams infected w/ Pestivirus? (Flaviviridiae)
P.I infected animals Immunotolerant Life-long shedding
90
Pathognomonic lesion @ necropsy of CSF?
infarction of spleen
91
Will peracutely infected CSF animals show lesions at necropsy?
no
92
Pathogenesis of subacute or chronic CSF?
necrotic ulcerations of mucosa in LG intestine 2ry bacT pneumonia & enteritis GENERAL EXHAUSTION OF LYMPHIOD SYSTEM!!!
93
2ry C.S of CSF
Paresis, paralysis, convulsion, circling hyperemia & purpura of ventral abdomen & ears severe leukopenia
94
What animals may die from CSF w/o C.S?
young animals
95
C.S. of pregnant sows w/ CSF
SMEDI | if born alive--> runting, progressive dz., death (wks to mos)
96
What strains of CSF cause extended or intermittent clinical dz?
moderately virulent strains
97
DX of CSF?
NOTIFIABLE Must confirm w/ IF or Ag ELISA monoclonal Abs will distinguish from BVD
98
When would you vax for CSF?
endemic areas only
99
Causative agent of ASF?
Asfa | DNA, E, IN & paracrystaline arrays
100
What is special about the transmission of ASF? (3)
1. M: soft ticks (reservoirs too) 2. warthogs are reservoirs --> can't get rid sylvatic cycle 3. US & Caribbean have this tick --> could potentially harbor dz.
101
Pathogenesis of Acute, Fatal ASF
Gross lesions in lymphatics & vascular system enlarged friable spleen petechia in kidney cortex
102
Pathogenesis of Chronic ASF?
Cutaneous ulcers Arthritis Pericarditis Recovered animals become P.I.
103
Initial C.S of ASF?
Severe leukopenia | prostration & death
104
Less common C.S of ASF?
Reddening or cyanosis of ears & snot hemorrhages from nose & anus may abort
105
DX of ASF?
IF or Ag ELISA | NO SEROLOGY
106
Problems w/ ASF vax?
virus specific Abs provide no protection virus interferes w/ immune system doesn't grow will in cell culture
107
DDX of ASF?
CSF
108
Causative agent of Pseudorabies (Aujesky's Dz)?
herpes | DNA, E, RARE IN inclusion bodies
109
Transmission of Pseudorabies?
D: saliva & nasal discharge ONLY I: bad feed, carcasses & rats wild pigs in South act as reservoirs
110
Pathogenesis of Pseudorabies?
``` NO VIREMIA enters via oral/nose No gross lesions in CNS Minute white, necrotic foci in liver & spleen Latency = trigeminal ganglia ```
111
C.S of Pseudorabies in endemic areas?
reactivation w/o C.S
112
C.S of Pseudorabies in pregnant sows?
50% abortion in naive herds < 30 d: reabsorbs > 30: abortion, weak or normal piglets
113
C.S of Pseudorabies in piglets?
100% mortality in ones born to naive sows | mAbs will protect & piglets will recover
114
C.S of Pseudorabies in cattle?
"Mad itch", frenzied (CNS) & die rapidly
115
C.S. of Pseudorabies in dogs?
acting crazy & itchy but DO NOT ATTACK
116
C.S of Pseudorabies in cats?
DEATH no CS
117
C.S of Pseudorabies in weaned to adult pigs?
4-8 d course 1st - mild dz 5th d- CNS signs & salivation 6-8 d= moribound & die w/in 12 hours
118
What happens in adult pigs that recover from Pseudorabies?
go to the meat market--> they suck at growth
119
GS for DX of Pseudorabies?
Ab ELISA
120
What is the best method to prevent Pseudorabies infections?
"Farrow to finish" herds & vax in endemic areas | sorry pet piggies - no vax!
121
What is the most economically important dz. of swine in the US?
pseudorabies
122
What swine dz are humans refractory for?
Pseudorabies
123
What is the causative agent of PMWS?
Circo (2) | DNA Naked
124
How is PMWS transmitted?
Feces to RT
125
Pathogenesis of PMWS?
Virema | mABs protect up to 6-9wks
126
What are the 3 forms of PMWS?
Repro failure Resp. Dz. in finishing pigs Porcine dermatitis & nephropathy syndrome
127
What Dx can you not do in PMWS?
Serology
128
What is the causative agent of swine influenza?
Orthomyxo A, H1N1 | RNA E Seg (2 variants)
129
Pathogenesis of swine influenza?
Sharply demarcated lung lesions w/ hyperemia, consolidation and exudate in airways
130
2 important CS of swine influenza?
Bronchial rales at auscultation | case fatality rate under 1%
131
Dx of Swine Influenza?
Need Lab to confirm | VI & IF for subtype
132
What are the 2 zoonotic Dz of swine?
Swine Influenza & Swine vesicular Dz (O)
133
Causative agent of PRRS?
Arteri | RNA E
134
Transmission of PRRS
D, I and AI-semen | more frequent in winter months
135
Pathogenesis of PRRS
Viremia even w/ ABs
136
CS of PRRS
``` Resp & SMEDI Blue ears, snout & vulva agalactia late abortion (day 110) Old swine-->asymptomatic ```
137
Dx of PRRS
VI in moribound live piglets | hard to grow in cell culture
138
Causative agent of swine vesicular Dz
Picorna | RNA N
139
Transmission of Swine vesicular Dz
abrasions or ingested | shed in feces
140
Pathogenesis of swine vesicular Dz
viremia No persistant infection recovered pigs are immune to reinfection
141
CS of Swine vesicular Dz
Lots of lame pigs at once-->vesicles on feet 10% vesicles in/on mouth encephalomyeloitis is rare
142
Dx of Swine vesicular Dz
Notifiable & Controled- DDX FMD | Must differentiate from other Vesicular Dz's via Ag ELISA or RT-PCR
143
How is swine vesicular Dz easily transmitted?
Infected Meat
144
Causative Agent of Transmissble Gasteroenteritis (TGE)
Corona | RNA, E
145
Transmission of TGE
fecal/Oral
146
What emerging Dz in the US is in the same family as TGE?
Porcine Endemic Diarrhea
147
Pathogenesis of TGE
Only affects villi (shortening) | mIgA is best for protection
148
CS of TGE
Vomitting and profuse yellow diarrhea-->death w/in 1wk | Few deaths in piglets >3wks
149
Control of TGE
giving virulent strains to prego sows | good sanitaiton
150
Mortality of naive neonatal pigs with TGE?
100%
151
What is the strange Dz pattern in swine of corona virus
Resp. dz
152
Causative agent of Porcine Parvovirus?
Parvo | DNA, N
153
Transmission of Porcine Parvo?
everything persistent infection w/ chronic shedding boars shed virus in semen (AI prob)
154
Where does Porcine Parvo replicate?
nucleus of dividing cells (everywhere in young)
155
What determines the C.S> of Porcine Parvo?
Gestational stage of sow
156
C.S. of Porcine Parvo?
< 30 d = resorption 30-70 d = SMEDI > 70 d= live piglets w/ lesions, will recover
157
What are the reproductive effects of Porcine Parvo?
1. increased # of gilts/sows returning to estrus 3-8 wks after breeding 2. "Endocrinologically pregnant" animals 3. Crappy litters! 4. Low fertility in boars
158
DX of Porcine Parvo?
IF of fetal tissue | NO SEROLOGY
159
Problem w/ vaccinating for Porcine Parvo?
small window to immunize gilts before breeding them at 7 mo. mAbs last 6 mo or longer & can interfere w/ vax
160
Is abortion common in Porcine Parvo?
NO --> SMEDI is!
161
Causative agent of Marek's Dz?
Herpes | DNA, E
162
Transmission of Marek's Dz
Inhalation of dander ONLY
163
What is the viremia of Marek's Dz?
Macrophage associated
164
Pathogenesis of Marek's Dz?
Immunosuppression by d. 6 --> affects all lymph organs T-cells are affected by viral oncogene @ wk 2. Lesions are from infiltration & proliferation of rogue T-cells
165
Necropsy findings in birds w/ Marek's Dz.
Unilateral enlargement of peripheral nerve trunk | Lymphomatous lesions like Avian Leukosis
166
What are the 4 overlapping syndromes of Marek's Dz?
Classical = Neurolymphomatosis Acute Ocular Lymphomatosis Cutaneous
167
C.S. of Classical Marek's Dz?
Splits & asymetrical paralysis wing dropping lowered head
168
C.S. of Acute Marek's Dz?
``` most= depression few= ataxia, paralysis & significant mortality ```
169
C.S. of Ocular Lymphomatosis?
gray iris irregular pupil partial or total blindness
170
C.S. of Cutaneous Marek's?
round nodular lesions < 1cm @ feather follicle | see when plucked
171
DX of Marek's Dz?
need pathological & etiological dx!! Key C.S. VI w/ buffy coat
172
Control of Marek's Dz?
Vax in ovo | Genetic resistance in some birds
173
9 Key C.S of Marek's Dz.
1. all birds even those < 16 wks 2. leg & wing paralysis 3. occurs > 5% in unvaccinated flocks 4. nerve enlargement 5. INTERfollicular tumor in bursa 6. CNS involvement 7. lymphoid prolif in skin & follicles 8. pleomorphic lymphoid cells 9. T-cell lymphomas
174
Causative agent of Chicken Anemia Virus
Circo | DNA, N
175
Transmission of CAV?
D & I | vertical only during viremia
176
Pathogenesis of CAV in 3 wk old chicks born to asymptomatic hens?
``` pale BM aplasia Atrophy of thymus, bursa & spleen SQ intramuscular hemorrhages mortality = 10-50% ```
177
DX of CAV
CS- pale, low PCV, watery slow clotting blood
178
Control of CAV?
Live vax layers
179
Causative agent of Newcastle Dz?
Paramyxo | RNA, E
180
Special things about Newcastle?
Zoonotic (o) Notifiable velogenic strains exotic to US BEWARE of caged birds!!
181
Transmission of ND?
Waterfowl are reservoirs - no dz. D, I ONLY lentogenic are vertical (trans ovarain)
182
What are the virulence of the different strains of ND?
Lento- low Meso-mod Velo- HIGH
183
Pathogenesis of ND
1. viremia 2. trophism depends on host enzymes for HA & NA 3. mAbs protect chicks for 4 wks --> IgY (viremia) & IgA (RT & GIT)
184
C.S of ND
RT, GIT, CVS, & CNS not always present together varies depending on age, immune status, virulence & viral trophism
185
DX of ND
State labs confirm --> VI followed by HA, HI & IF of trachea samples Serology ONLY in unvax flocks
186
Control of ND
Vax of lentogenic strains in water | vax layers every 4 mo.
187
Causative agent of Infectious Bursal Dz (IBD)?
Birna | RNA, N, bi seg
188
Transmission of IBD
fecal/oral | fomites
189
Pathogenesis of IBD in chicks < 3 wks?
subclinical b/c bursa not developed & mAbs
190
Pathogenesis of IBD in chicks 3-6 wks?
most affected --> CLINICAL DZ bursa is most active Virus attacks all IgM B-cells
191
What are the main issues of IBD infected chickens?
ineffective other vax immunosuppression kidney failure enlarged kidneys--> urates
192
C.S of Acute IBD in birds?
prostration dehydration due to necrotizing effects
193
C.S. of Subclinical IBD chicks (< 3wks)?
Immunosuppression Bursal atrophy w/ fibrotic or cystic follicles--> lympocytopenia birds < 6 wks get 2ry infections & die
194
Pathogenesis of IBD in chicks > 8 wks?
NONE
195
Necropsy of Bursa in birds w/ IBD
1. Acute - enlarged, edematous bursa 2. 5 d- hemorrhagic, normal size bursa 3. 8 d post infection- atrophy up to 1/8 size of bursa, now immunosuppressed
196
DX of IBD
mostly HX, CS & necropsy | serology only unvax flocks or vax response
197
Control of IBD
Layers: get live oral vax @ 18 wks sickly chicks: attenuated vax @ 1-2 wks Constant vax adaptation necessary
198
What is the morbidity & mortality of IBD?
100% morbidity | Mortality: 20-90% varies
199
Causative agent of Avian Leukosis?
Retro | RNA, E
200
Transmission of AL?
D: saliva & feces ONLY w/ long, close contact Vertical: Congenital infected meconium @ hatching
201
What happens in congenitally AL infected chicks?
``` get whole virus chronic viremia immunotolerant chicks persistent shedders leukemia common ```
202
What happens in genetically transmitted AL?
chicks only get pro-virus (sperm can't support) latent chicks No viremia No leukemia
203
3 different pathogenesis of avian leukosis?
1. replication comp= lymphoid leukosis, osteopetrosis, renal tumors 2. replication defective = decreased erythrocytes, myeloblasts, myelocytes; tumors 3. Rous sarcoma
204
C.S. of Avian Leukosis
No CNS --> differentiates from Marek's Immunosuppression GI signs Lesions: liver, kidney, spleen & bursa
205
DX of Avian Leukosis?
HX/CS | serology
206
Control of Avian Leukosis?
breed for genetically resistant flocks
207
DDX of Avian Leukosis?
Marek's Dz
208
What age group of birds is Avian leukosis sporadic in?
> 14 wks
209
Causative agent of Avian Influenza?
Orthomyxo A | RNA, E, Seg
210
Transmission of Avian Influenza?
Direct contact POO- high conc. Waterfowl major reservoir
211
Pathogenesis of Avian Influenza?
Viral HA determines virulence (host enzymes play a role) | Viremia
212
What is the most virulent form of Avian Influenza?
FOWL PLAGUE--> sudden death
213
C.S in older birds w/ Avian Influenza?
Cessation of egg laying edema of face & neck cyanosis of comb & wattle
214
DX of Avian Influenza?
Requires lab--> isolate & determine virulence RT-PCR Serology retrospective ZOONOTIC
215
What is cool about Avian Influenza?
survives long time in H2O & @ low temp
216
Causative agent of Avian Infectious Bronchitis (AIB)?
Corona | RNA, E
217
Transmission of AIB?
D: poo on food I: fomites in cold P.I chicks
218
Pathogenesis of AIB?
yellow casts block bronchi in young chicks --> death ova can rupture--> free yolk in abdomen of layers Induces IgM, IgY & IgA
219
C.S. of 1-4 wk old chicks w/ AIB?
cough, rales, snot, dyspnea, | only lasts 5-7 d --> recover
220
C.S of AIB in broilers?
high mortality due to 2ry infections
221
C.S. of AIB in layers?
stops laying eggs FUNKY EGGS!!! once resumes pasting--> EWWWWWWW
222
DX of AIB?
direct IF tracheal smears early RT-PCR serology types
223
Control of AIB
vax doesn't prevent dz | vax breaks are common
224
Causative agent of Avian Reovirus?
Reo | RNA, N, seg
225
Transmission of Avian Reo?
fecal oral
226
Morbidity & mortality of Avian Reo?
High morbidity | low mortality
227
C.S. of Avain Reo?
inappearent to fatal 1. Arthritis 2. myocarditis 3. hepatitis 4. Chronic resp 5. malabsorption--> looks like shit
228
DX of Avian Reo?
IF | VN
229
Control of Avian Reo?
Stay clean Yo | test & quarantine new birds
230
Causative agent of Fowlpox?
Pox | DNA, E
231
DDX of Diptheric Fowlpox
Vit A deficiency | other respiratory dzs.

Virology (10 decks)

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