Virology Final Flashcards
Tricias Equine, Swine, and Avian plus the 4 bovine (244 cards)
1
Q
What family is equine infectious anemia?
A
retroviridae
2
Q
How is equine infectious anemia transmitted? 3 ways
A
blood feeding insects (stable fly and horse fly) - mechanical
iatrogenic
placenta and milk
3
Q
Where does EIA persist in the horse for life?
A
leukocytes
4
Q
What happens during the subacute form of EIA?
A
moderate fever, recovery from neutralizing Ab
5
Q
What are the CS of chronic EIA?
A
mild, episodic fever, cachexia anemia, and ventral edema
6
Q
What are the cells infected by EIA?
A
macrophages and lymphocytes
7
Q
What can immune complexes cause in EIA?
A
vasculitis, glomerulonephritis
8
Q
What can cause the reoccurant infection during EIA?
A
significant genomic variations
9
Q
How is EIA diagnosed?
A
Serology - coggins, ELISA
10
Q
What are characteristics of Arteriviridae?
A
RNA, enveloped
11
Q
What diagnostic can be used to detect proviral DNA of EIA in foals and seropositive animals?
A
PCR
12
Q
What are the 2 main CS of EVA?
A
respiratory dz and abortions
13
Q
What kind of morbidity and mortality does EVA have?
A
high morbidity, low mortality
14
Q
What is the rate of abortion in EVA and at what time of pregnancy do they occur?
A
50%, 5-10 months
15
Q
What is atypical about the transmission of EVA?
A
can remain viable in the environment for long periods (but is enveloped)
16
Q
What role do stallions play in transmitting EVA?
A
long term shedders, result in venereal spread
17
Q
How else is EVA spread besides venereal?
A
fomites
fetal fluids of aborted fetus
transplacental
18
Q
How does EVA become viremic?
A
alveolar macrophages –> lymph nodes –> viremia
19
Q
Where does EVA replicate in the horse?
A
endothelial cells
20
Q
What are some ddX for EVA?
A
equine herpesvirus, influenza, EIA
21
Q
What is the diagnostic test of choice for EVA?
A
RT-PCR
22
Q
Where are samples collected for diagnosing EVA?
A
nasopharyngeal swabs, blood, urine, aborted fetus
23
Q
When should vaccines be given to mares before mating with a EVA stallion? Wen should mares NOT be vaccinated?
A
mating - at least 3 weeks in advance
dont vax during last 2 months of pregnancy
24
Q
When should foals be vaccinated for EVA?
A
6-8 months
25
What family causes equine encephalitides?
togaviridae
26
What are the characteristics of togaviridae viruses?
RNA, enveloped, zoonotic, bird resevoirs
27
What are the CS associated with encephalitides?
neurologic signs, encephalitis, neurologic sequelae
28
What part of encephalitides pathogenesis is important for transmission and CNS invasion?
2nd viremia - high titer
29
What are the differential diagnosis for equine encephalitides?
rabies, equine herpes 1, west nile
30
What diagnostic tests are used for equine encephalitides?
IgM capture ELISA
confirmation - neutralization
postmortem RT-PCR from brain
31
What are the 2 control measures for equine encephalitides?
inactivated vax
| mosquito control
32
What family is west nile encephalitis?
flavivirdae (RNA, enveloped, arbovirus, zoonotic)
33
What are the CS associated with west nile?
asymptomatic, neurologic, small proportion die
34
What are the diagnostic tests for west nile virus?
anything (sero or antigen)
35
What kind of vaccine is available for west nile?
recombinant vax
36
What is the agent that causes equine influenza?
orthomyxoviridae - influenza A
37
What clinical signs are present in equine influenza?
bronchopneumonia
| prolonged fever --> abortion
38
What is the pathogenesis of equine infuenza? What are some of the secondary infections?
epithelial cells in respiratory -->inflammation --> nasal serous discharge
secondary infections --> conjuctivitis, bronchopneumonia, guttural pouch infections
39
What are the differential diagnosis for equine influenza virus?
herpes 1 and 4, adenovirus, rhinovirus
40
What samples can be used for equine influenza diagnosis?
```
nasal mucus (early on)
lung material (necropsy)
```
41
What diagnostic tests are used for equine infuenza?
virus isolation in culture
hemagluttination inhibition --> strain
retrospective serologic testing
42
What is the agent that causes equine rhinopneumonitis?
EHV-4
43
What can be used to diagnose EHV-4 (equine rhinopneumonitis)?
almost anything - virus isolation
44
What are control measures for EHV-4?
vaccines
45
What are characteristics of the adenovirus family?
DNA, naked, intranuclear inclusion bodies
46
What are clinical signs of adenovirus pneumonia in horses?
most -->asymptomatic
| mild upper and lower respiratory infection
47
What are the problems in arabian foals with SCID and have adenovirus pneumonia?
virus destroys cells in pancreas salivary glands, renal, bladder, intestinal epithelium
48
What can be used to diagnose adenovirus pneumonia? How is it controlled?
almost any test
| nothing is done to control
49
What are the characteristics of coronaviridae?
RNA, enveloped
50
What are the clinical signs of coronavirus?
self limiting diarrhea in foals (not as common as rotavirus)
51
What is the agent that causes equine abortion virus?
EHV-1
52
When does abortion occur in horses when they have EHV-1?
last 4 months of pregnancy
53
What type of EHV-1 infection can result in fatal generalized disease in horses?
perinatal infection
54
What leads to ataxia, recumbency, limb paralysis and death in EHV-1 in horses?
encephalitis
55
What is the most common sign of EHV-1 in horses for virus myelopathy?
urinary incontinence
56
What is the pathogenesis of EHV-1?
antigen-antibody complexes --> vasculitis, ischemia, infarcts --> neurologic disease and abortion
57
What type of EHV-1 causes respiratory distress and high mortality?
pulmonary vasculotropic EHV1
58
What other clinical signs are present during EHV1 besides neurologic, respiratory, and abortion?
ocular disease
59
What tests are used to diagnose EHV-1?
anything - intranuclear bodies, virus isolation, PCR, immunoflourescence, paired serum
60
What is the causative agent of equine coital exanthema?
EHV-3
61
What are the general clinical signs of EHV-3?
acute, mild, pustules in genital area, on lips of foals, respiratory mucosa, NO ABORTION, decreased libido
62
How is EHV-3 diagnosed?
pigment loss on black skin in genital region
| PCR, serology
63
What virus is suspected in causing equine sarcoid?
bovine papillomavrus
64
What equine sarcoid type are hairless areas of slightly thickened skin?
occult sarcoids
65
What type of equine sarcoid appears on head, neck, and groin and grows slowly?
verrucous sarcoids
66
What is the transmission of EHV-3?
direct, sexual, fomites
67
What lesions does equine papillomatosis cause??
small papillomas around lips, nose, regress in 1-9 months
68
How is vesicular stomatitis transmitted?
breaks in mucosa and skin
| also by arthropods and fomites
69
What are some of the clinical signs of vesicular stomatitis?
profuse salivation, lameness, vesciles and ulcers on tongue
70
What allows for the rapid healing of vesicular stomatitis?
no viremic phase, only vesiculation and interstitial edema
71
What causes reinfections for vesicular stomatitis?
antibodies short lived, different serotypes
72
What virus family causes classical swine fever?
flaviviridae (rna, enveloped)
73
What is another name for classical swine fever?
hog cholera
74
What are some of the clinical signs associated with hog cholera?
conjuctivitis, GI signs, pneuomonia neurologic
75
What blood clinical sign indicates hog cholera?
leukopenia
76
What can happen in pregnant sows infected with hog cholera?
reabsorption, abortion, fetal mummification, still births, newborns die soon after birth
77
What causes the extended or intermittent clinical disease associated with classical swine fever?
strains of moderate virulence
78
Where does 2ry replication occur in the pathogenesis of hog cholera? What clinical signs does this lead to?
endothelial, lymphoid, BM
| -->hemorrhages, leukopenia, thrombocytopenia
79
What cases of hog cholera may show no gross changes at necropsy?
peracute
80
What is the most prominent lesion at necropsy of acute hog cholera cases?
general exhaustion of the lymphoid system
81
What is the problem with live-born piglets infected in utero with hog cholera?
persistently infected, immunologically tolerant
82
What are the 2 most common diagnostic tests for hog cholera?
IF, antigen ELISA
83
How is classical swine fever transmitted?
direct/indirect
84
How is hog cholera controlled in US?
test and slaughter (vaccine available in endemic areas)
85
What virus family causes african swine fever?
asfaviridae
86
What are the characteristics of the asfaviridae family?
DNA, enveloped, paracrystalline arrays in the cytoplasm
87
What can transmit african swine fever and what is the resevoir species?
transmitted by soft ticks
| asymptomatic in warthogs
88
What are the 2 distinct patterns of transmission in african swine fever?
sylvatic cycle and epidemic/endemic cycles of domestic swine
89
What are the clinical signs of african swine fever?
same as hog cholera
90
What lesions are present in acute cases of african swine fever?
lymphatic and vascular systems, petechia in cortex of kidney
91
What are the lesions associated with chronic cases of african swine fever?
cutaneous ulcers, pneumonia, pleuritis, arthritis
92
What diagnostic tests are used for african swine fever?
detect viral antigen, virus isolation
93
What are the big 5 problems in controlling african swine fever?
no vaccine, pork products, persistantly infected pigs, ticks, similar to CSF
94
What is the main source of virus to infect pigs with african swine fever?
direct contact, aerosols
95
Why is there a problem for developing an african swine fever vaccine?
pigs can't make functional neutralizing antibodies
96
What viral family is pseudorabies?
herpesviridae
97
What is different about pseudorabies and the intranuclear inclusion bodies?
not always observed
98
Where is there a resevoir for pseudorabies in the states?
wild pigs in the south
99
What are the secondary hosts of pseudorabies?
all domestic animals, not humans
100
What clinical signs are present in weanlings infected with pseudorabies?
coughing, fever, GI signs, CNS signs (excess salivation)
101
What clinical signs are present in mature swine that contract pseudorabies?
low mortality but weight loss and poor growth rates
102
What is the major clinical sign in cattle that have pseudorabies?
pruritis, CNS involvement, death
103
What are the clinical signs of pseudorabies in a dog? cat?
dog - pruritis, jaw paralysis, no tendency to attack
| cat - death
104
What is unique about the pathogenesis of pseudorabies?
no viremia, no gross lesions, travels via axoplasm
105
What is the diagnostic tests used for pseudorabies?
antibody ELISA
106
What body fluids is pseudorabies spread?
saliva and nasal discharge
107
What animal contributes to farm to farm transmission of pseudorabies?
rats
108
What is the etilogic agent of postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome?
Circovirus 2
109
What are the 3 forms of PMWS?
repro failure, resp dz, porcine dermatitis and nephropathy syndrome
110
Where is the PMWS virus shed in?
feces
111
How long does passive immunity protect piglets from PMWS?
6 to 9 weeks
112
What are the diagnostic tests used for PMWS?
intranuclear inclusion bodies
| confirm by virus isolation or PCR
113
What virus family causes encephalomyocarditis?
picornaviridae
114
What are the natural hosts of encephalmyocarditis? What other species can it infect?
natural - rodents
| others - humans, monkeys, horses, cattle, swine
115
What are the CS of swine influenza?
explosive outbreak, respiratory distress, quick recovery
116
What is the fatality rate of swine influenza? What causes the death?
less than 1%
| bronchopneumonia
117
What lesions are seen with swine influenza?
sharply demarcated lung lesions, consolidation, alveolar atelactasis, interstitial pneumonia, emphysema
118
How is swine influenza diagnosed?
lab confirmation --> viral isolation, immunoflourescence
119
What virus family causes porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome?
arteriviridae
120
What are the characteristics of arteriviridae?
RNA, enveloped
121
What helps the PRRS virus persist in the environment?
low temperature
122
How is PRRS transmitted?
airborne, sexual, persistantly infected healthy swine
123
What are the CS of PRRS?
blue ears, snout and vulva
agalactia and late abortion
respiratory distress
124
How is PRRS diagnosed?
moribund LIVE piglets --> viral isolation
125
What virus uses the acronym SMEDI?
porcine parvo
126
What are the clinical signs during infection of parvo when pig is less than 30 days pregnant?
resorption of fetuses
127
What are the CS between 30 and 70 days of gestation of pigs with parvo?
abortion
128
What are the CS after 70 days of gestation with pigs with parvo?
immune competence -- developing lesions
129
What can you see in a population of gilts infected with parvo?
return to estrus 3-8 weeks after breeding, sometimes remain endocrinologically pregnant
130
What are other CS of parvo besides SMEDI?
leukopenia, low fertility of boars
131
What is different about porcine parvo pathology than other parvo viruses?
persistant infection with chronic shedding
132
How is porcine parvo diagnosed?
IF on fetal tissues, serology not helpful
133
What is the problem with vaccinating for parvo virus?
brief window of time to immunize gilts
134
What virus family causes transmissible gastroenteritis in pigs?
coronaviridae
135
What are the 4 different disease patterns caused by coronavirus in swine?
1. TGE
2. vomiting and wasting
3. porcine epidemic diarrhea
4. respiratory dz
136
What are the CS of coronavirus in swine?
vomiting and profuse yellow diarrhea in neonates
137
What is the pathogenesis of coronavirus in swine?
small intestine - shortens villi
138
How is coronavirus diagnosed in swine?
mucosal mpression smears --> IF
virus isolation
no time for serology
139
How has control of TGE been achieved in swine?
giving virulent strains to pregnant sows
140
What virus family causes swine vesicular dz?
picornaviridae
141
What are the CS of swine vesicular dz?
lameness, vesicles b/w heel and coronary band, digits, sometimes mouth
142
Where is swine vesicular dz most shed in?
feces
143
What are the diagnostic tests used for swine vesicular dz?
antigen ELISA, RT-PCR, virus isolation
144
What are the problems with controlling swine vesicular dz?
resistant in environment
| infected meat - months to years
145
What virus family causes vesicular exanthema of swine?
caliciviridae
146
Why do we need to know about vesicular exanthema of swine?
eradicated but in some marine mammals
147
Why is vesicular exanthema of swine notifiable?
looks like FMD
148
What virus family causes newcastle dz?
paramyxoviridae
149
What are the characteristics of paramyxoviridae?
RNA, enveloped
150
Which newcastle disease occurs outside the U.S.?
velogenic viscerotropic (exotic new castle)
151
What are the clinical signs of new castle disease?
respiratory, circulatory, GI, nervous signs
152
What is the DDX for newcastle dz?
avian influenza
153
What are the gross lesions associated with newcastle virus?
hemorrhages in the respiratory and GI tracts
154
What are the histo lesions associated with newcastle dz?
necrotic foci in intestinal and lymphatic tissue
155
What are the 3 terms to indicated virulence of newcastle disease?
velogenic, mesogenic, lentogenic
156
What antibody blocks viremia in chicks but does not prevent respiratory infection?
maternal IgY
157
What diagnostic tests are used for newcastle disease? What is essential when diagnosing?
Virus isolation, IF
| must determine virulence
158
When can you use antibody detection for newcastle dz?
only diagnostic in unvaccinated flocks
159
How is newcastle disease transmitted? How is it shed?
direct and indirect, surviving birds shed in all secretions and excretions for at least 4 weeks
160
What is used for control for newcastle disease?
live vax w/ lentogenic strain an inactivated vax
| laying hens revaccinated every 4 months
161
What is the virus family that causes infectious bursal disease? What are it's characteristics?
birnaviridae - RNA, segmented, naked
162
What is another name for infectious bursal disease? What kind of infection does it cause?
gumboro disease
| immunosuppression and mortality in young chickens
163
Why is infectious bursal disease economically important?
increased susceptibility to other dzs and negative interference with effective vaccines
164
How is IBD (infectious bursal disease) transmitted?
fecal oral route
165
What is the mortality rate for IBD?
20-90%
166
What IBD infectious is in chickens less than 3 weeks of age and may not show clinical signs?
subclinical infection
167
What are the clinical signs of acute IBD?
prostrated, debilitated, dehydrated, water diarrhea, recumbant, ruffed feathers
168
Which IBD serotype causes disease in poultry?
serotype 1
169
What is the importance of antigenic variants in IBD?
breaks thru high levels of maternal antibodies
170
What virus family causes caprine arthritis-encephalitis?
retroviridae
171
How is CAE transmitted?
through colostrum and milk
172
What are the 2 syndromes of CAE? What ages do they occur at?
Leukoencephalomyelitis - in kids 2-4 months
| arthritis - adults
173
How is CAE diagnosed and controlled?
Diagnose - serology
| control - no vax, separate kid at birth, give pasteurized colostrum
174
How is scrapie diagnosed?
vacuoles in gray matter, histopath of brain, IHC, WB
175
What virus family causes BVDV?
flaviviridae - pestivirus
176
What is the resevoir for BVDV?
persistantly infected immunotolerant animals (happens in 2--4 months of pregnancy)
177
How is IBR transmitted?
direct contact (herpes)
178
How is IBR controlled?
combo vax reduce incidence and severity, does not prevent infection
179
What herpes causes IBR?
bovine herpesvirus 1
180
What does the IBD virus destroy after it is ingested?
lympoid follicles in bursa of fabricus and B-cells in 2ry lymphoid tissues
181
Where do very virulent strains of IBD deplete cells from?
thymus, spleen, bone marrow
182
What is the common cause of mortality in IBD infection?
kidney failure -enlarged kidneys, accumulation of urates due to immune complexes
183
What age is clinical disease of IBD seen?
between 3 and 6 weeks of age
184
What will be seen in necropsy of chickens with IBD?
changes in bursa - swelling, edema, hemorrhage, transudate and eventually bursal atrophy. Also hemorrhages seen in muscle, intestines, kidney and spleen
185
What 4 tests are used for diagnoses of IBD?
IF or IHC, RT-PCR, Viral isolation
186
How long do maternal antibodies protect chicks from IBD? What do you do if their antibody levels are low?
4-7 weeks, breeder flocks immunized
| vaccinate with attenuated virus at 1-2 weeks of age
187
What virus family causes Marek's dz?
herpes (DNA, enveloped)
188
Where can free mareks disease virus be found?
dander in the feather follicles (atypical)
189
What are the 4 overlapping syndromes associated with Marek's disease?
Neurolymphomatosis - classic, asymetrical paralysis, wing drooping
Acute Mareks - explosive outbreak
Ocular lymphomatosis - graying of iris
Cutaneous mareks - nodular lesions at follicles
190
What causes immunosuppression in mareks disease?
infection of lymphoid cells in thymus, bursa, BM, spleen
191
What happens after the viremic stage of mareks dz?
T lymphoblastoid cell proliferation -> lesions result from transformation of T cells by oncogene
192
What is the most constant gross finding in Mareks dz?
enlargement of peripheral nerve trunks unilaterally
193
What lesions of Mareks disease are indistinguishable from avian leukosis?
lymphomatous lesions - small diffuse and translucent nodules
194
How is mareks disease transmitted?
adults are life long shedders but NOT transmitted in ovo
195
Which chicken disease affects birds of all ages? Mareks or leukosis?
mareks
196
How is mareks disease diagnosed?
antigen or serology
197
How is virus isolation done for mareks disease?
inoculated egg with buffy coat
198
What does the vaccine for marek's prevent?
prevent tumors but still have neurologic dz at reduced numbers, doesnt prevent transmission
199
What may help control mareks dz besides vaccination in ovo?
genetics - found a gene resistant to mareks
200
What virus family causes avian leukosis?
retroviridae (RNA, enveloped)
201
How can chicks get a congential infection of avian leukosis?
hen transmits whole virus in cytoplasm, chick has immune tolerance
202
How can chicks get a genetic transmission of avian leukosis?
viral DNA integrated into genome, chick gets no viremia, no leukemia
203
What is the main differential for avian leukosis?
mareks disease
204
What causes heavy environmental contamination in avian leukosis?
virus shed in meconium at hatching
205
How is avian leukosis controlled?
some genetic resistance
| vaccines with limited success
206
Which type of avian influenza undergoes antigenic shift and drift?
type A
207
What is the main resevoir for avian influenza?
waterfowl
208
What are highly pathogenic strains of avian influenza called? What are the signs?
"fowl plague" sudden death with no prodromal signs
209
What part of the avian influenza virus is important in determining virulence? Why?
```
viral hemagglutinin (HA)
epithelial cells of respiratory and GI cleave HA to activate, in viral strains, HA cleaved in other tissues -->death
```
210
What are the gross lesions associated with avian influenza?
petechial hemorrhages and serous exudates in respiratory, digestive, and cardiac tissues
211
How is the virus isolated in avian influenza?
cloacal swabs injected into allantoic sac of eggs
212
How is virulence determined for avian influenza in 1 to 6 day old chicks?
intracerebral and intravenous pathogenecitiy
213
How is avian influenza shed and transmitted?
shed in feces, lasts long in water at low temp
214
What are the control measures for avian influenza?
notifiable under OIE, quarantine, prevent intro from wild birds
215
What virus family causes avian infectious bronchitis?
coronaviridae (RNA, enveloped)
216
What are the clinical signs of infectious bronchitis in chicks 1 -4 weeks
gasping, coughing, rales, lasting 5-7 days
217
When can high mortality occur during infectious bronchitis in chickens?
broilers - due to 2ry infection with e coli or mycoplasma
218
What are the CS of egg laying chickens infected with infectious bronchitis?
respiratory signs plus involvement of repro tract, pasting
219
What are the gross lesions associated with avian infectious bronchitis?
mucosal thickening, yellow casts block bronchi in chicks
220
What antibodies are produced during avian infectious bronchitis?
IgM, IgY, IgA
221
What diagnostic test is used for infectious bronchitis?
direct IF of tracheal smears early on
222
How is avian IB transmitted?
aerosols and feces, fomites in cold climates
223
What is used to control avian infectious bronchitis?
attenuated vaccine in eggs, control difficult because of vaccination outbreaks of antigenic strains and persistantly infected chickens
224
What virus family causes avian infectious laringotracheitis?
herpes
225
What age of chickens is infected with laringotracheitis?
4-18 months old
226
What are the CS of laringotracheitis?
respiratory signs, depression, expectoration of bloody mucus or blood
227
What is the term used for head shaking with cough in laringotracheitis?
pump handle respiration
228
What are the diagnostic tests for laringotracheitis?
IF of smears and virus isolation in eggs, serology
229
What are the ddx for laringotracheitis?
fowl pox (diphteric form) and other respiratory dzs
230
How is laringotracheitis transmitted?
droplet inhalation, less commonly ingestion
231
How is laringotracheitis controlled?
attenuated vax -> doesnt protect against infection
232
What are characteristics of reo viruses?
RNA, segmented, naked
233
What are the CS of avian reovirus dz?
ranges from inapparant to fatal, arthritis is main sign
234
How is avian reovirus transmitted?
fecal-oral
235
How is avian reovirus diagnosed?
IF and virus isolation
236
How is fowlpox transmitted?
mosquitos mechanically
237
What are the 2 forms of fowlpox?
Cutaneous - low mortality
| Dipthteric - high
238
Why is fowlpox hard to control?
persist in environment in scabs, hard to dessicate, transmitted by alot of things
239
How is fowlpox controlled?
vaccines
240
What virus family causes chicken anemia? What kind of disease does it cause?
circoviridae (naked, DNA)
| acute immunosuppressive dz in young chickens
241
How is chicken anemia transmitted?
horizontal and vertical (viremia)
242
What do chicks show at 3 weeks when infected with chicken anemia?
lethargy, anorexia, depression, PALE
243
Where might hemorrhages occur in chicken anemia?
subcutaneous and intramuscular
244
How is chicken anemia controlled?
live vaccines
