Virology Flashcards
(4886 cards)
1
Q
do viruses always cause disease?
A
no
2
Q
do viruses always cause disease?
A
no
3
Q
do viruses always cause disease?
A
no
4
Q
do viruses always cause disease?
A
no
5
Q
do viruses always cause disease?
A
no
6
Q
do viruses always cause disease?
A
no
7
Q
do viruses always cause disease?
A
no
8
Q
do viruses always cause disease?
A
no
9
Q
do viruses always cause disease?
A
no
10
Q
do viruses always cause disease?
A
no
11
Q
do viruses always cause disease?
A
no
12
Q
do viruses always cause disease?
A
no
13
Q
do viruses always cause disease?
A
no
14
Q
do viruses always cause disease?
A
no
15
Q
do viruses always cause disease?
A
no
16
Q
do viruses always cause disease?
A
no
17
Q
do viruses always cause disease?
A
no
18
Q
do viruses always cause disease?
A
no
19
Q
do viruses always cause disease?
A
no
20
Q
do viruses always cause disease?
A
no
21
Q
do viruses always cause disease?
A
no
22
Q
do viruses always cause disease?
A
no
23
Q
do viruses always cause disease?
A
no
24
Q
do viruses always cause disease?
A
no
25
do viruses always cause disease?
no
26
do viruses always cause disease?
no
27
do viruses always cause disease?
no
28
do viruses always cause disease?
no
29
do viruses always cause disease?
no
30
do viruses always cause disease?
no
31
do viruses always cause disease?
no
32
do viruses always cause disease?
no
33
do viruses always cause disease?
no
34
do viruses always cause disease?
no
35
do viruses always cause disease?
no
36
do viruses always cause disease?
no
37
do viruses always cause disease?
no
38
do viruses always cause disease?
no
39
do viruses always cause disease?
no
40
do viruses always cause disease?
no
41
do viruses always cause disease?
no
42
do viruses always cause disease?
no
43
do viruses always cause disease?
no
44
do viruses always cause disease?
no
45
do viruses always cause disease?
no
46
do viruses always cause disease?
no
47
do viruses always cause disease?
no
48
do viruses always cause disease?
no
49
do viruses always cause disease?
no
50
do viruses always cause disease?
no
51
do viruses always cause disease?
no
52
do viruses always cause disease?
no
53
do viruses always cause disease?
no
54
do viruses always cause disease?
no
55
do viruses always cause disease?
no
56
do viruses always cause disease?
no
57
do viruses always cause disease?
no
58
do viruses always cause disease?
no
59
do viruses always cause disease?
no
60
do viruses always cause disease?
no
61
do viruses always cause disease?
no
62
do viruses always cause disease?
no
63
do viruses always cause disease?
no
64
do viruses always cause disease?
no
65
do viruses always cause disease?
no
66
do viruses always cause disease?
no
67
do viruses always cause disease?
no
68
do viruses always cause disease?
no
69
do viruses always cause disease?
no
70
do viruses always cause disease?
no
71
each mL of seawater has about how many virus particles?
10 million
72
T/F we carry viral genomes as part of our own genetic makeup
true
73
what is a zoonotic infection?
can cross species barriers
74
marine viruses affect the ___ cycle
carbon
75
T/F microbes represent a large majority of the ocean's biomass
true
76
what is the research of the Suttle lab at UBC based on?
ocean viruses
77
whales are often infected by what virus? What are the symptoms?
calci virus; rashes, blisters, diarrhea
78
what are the 8 human herpes viruses?
HSV-1, HSV2, HCMV, VZV, EBV, HHV-6, HHV-7, HHV-8
79
T/F human herpesvirus is a persistent lifelong infection that is typically asymptomatic
true
80
are there fossil records for viruses?
no
81
how are viruses detected from ancient remains?
found in the genomes of hosts
82
what are retroviruses?
RNA viruses that insert a copy of their DNA into the host genome
83
about ___% of the human genome consists of retrovirus-like sequences
10
84
how could retroviruses potentially affect human evolution?
by possibly turning other genes on/off
85
what is the only type of cell that can carry sequences down generations?
germ cells
86
T/F the koala retrovirus can be spread vertically or horizontally
true
87
do these ancient retroviruses do anything? why/why not
no; they are crippled in ways that make them poor at replication
88
each mL of seawater has about how many virus particles?
10 million
89
T/F we carry viral genomes as part of our own genetic makeup
true
90
what is a zoonotic infection?
can cross species barriers
91
marine viruses affect the ___ cycle
carbon
92
T/F microbes represent a large majority of the ocean's biomass
true
93
what is the research of the Suttle lab at UBC based on?
ocean viruses
94
whales are often infected by what virus? What are the symptoms?
calci virus; rashes, blisters, diarrhea
95
what are the 8 human herpes viruses?
HSV-1, HSV2, HCMV, VZV, EBV, HHV-6, HHV-7, HHV-8
96
T/F human herpesvirus is a persistent lifelong infection that is typically asymptomatic
true
97
are there fossil records for viruses?
no
98
how are viruses detected from ancient remains?
found in the genomes of hosts
99
what are retroviruses?
RNA viruses that insert a copy of their DNA into the host genome
100
about ___% of the human genome consists of retrovirus-like sequences
10
101
how could retroviruses potentially affect human evolution?
by possibly turning other genes on/off
102
what is the only type of cell that can carry sequences down generations?
germ cells
103
T/F the koala retrovirus can be spread vertically or horizontally
true
104
do these ancient retroviruses do anything? why/why not
no; they are crippled in ways that make them poor at replication
105
each mL of seawater has about how many virus particles?
10 million
106
T/F we carry viral genomes as part of our own genetic makeup
true
107
what is a zoonotic infection?
can cross species barriers
108
marine viruses affect the ___ cycle
carbon
109
T/F microbes represent a large majority of the ocean's biomass
true
110
what is the research of the Suttle lab at UBC based on?
ocean viruses
111
whales are often infected by what virus? What are the symptoms?
calci virus; rashes, blisters, diarrhea
112
what are the 8 human herpes viruses?
HSV-1, HSV2, HCMV, VZV, EBV, HHV-6, HHV-7, HHV-8
113
T/F human herpesvirus is a persistent lifelong infection that is typically asymptomatic
true
114
are there fossil records for viruses?
no
115
how are viruses detected from ancient remains?
found in the genomes of hosts
116
what are retroviruses?
RNA viruses that insert a copy of their DNA into the host genome
117
about ___% of the human genome consists of retrovirus-like sequences
10
118
how could retroviruses potentially affect human evolution?
by possibly turning other genes on/off
119
what is the only type of cell that can carry sequences down generations?
germ cells
120
T/F the koala retrovirus can be spread vertically or horizontally
true
121
do these ancient retroviruses do anything? why/why not
no; they are crippled in ways that make them poor at replication
122
each mL of seawater has about how many virus particles?
10 million
123
T/F we carry viral genomes as part of our own genetic makeup
true
124
what is a zoonotic infection?
can cross species barriers
125
marine viruses affect the ___ cycle
carbon
126
T/F microbes represent a large majority of the ocean's biomass
true
127
what is the research of the Suttle lab at UBC based on?
ocean viruses
128
whales are often infected by what virus? What are the symptoms?
calci virus; rashes, blisters, diarrhea
129
what are the 8 human herpes viruses?
HSV-1, HSV2, HCMV, VZV, EBV, HHV-6, HHV-7, HHV-8
130
T/F human herpesvirus is a persistent lifelong infection that is typically asymptomatic
true
131
are there fossil records for viruses?
no
132
how are viruses detected from ancient remains?
found in the genomes of hosts
133
what are retroviruses?
RNA viruses that insert a copy of their DNA into the host genome
134
about ___% of the human genome consists of retrovirus-like sequences
10
135
how could retroviruses potentially affect human evolution?
by possibly turning other genes on/off
136
what is the only type of cell that can carry sequences down generations?
germ cells
137
T/F the koala retrovirus can be spread vertically or horizontally
true
138
do these ancient retroviruses do anything? why/why not
no; they are crippled in ways that make them poor at replication
139
each mL of seawater has about how many virus particles?
10 million
140
T/F we carry viral genomes as part of our own genetic makeup
true
141
what is a zoonotic infection?
can cross species barriers
142
marine viruses affect the ___ cycle
carbon
143
T/F microbes represent a large majority of the ocean's biomass
true
144
what is the research of the Suttle lab at UBC based on?
ocean viruses
145
whales are often infected by what virus? What are the symptoms?
calci virus; rashes, blisters, diarrhea
146
what are the 8 human herpes viruses?
HSV-1, HSV2, HCMV, VZV, EBV, HHV-6, HHV-7, HHV-8
147
T/F human herpesvirus is a persistent lifelong infection that is typically asymptomatic
true
148
are there fossil records for viruses?
no
149
how are viruses detected from ancient remains?
found in the genomes of hosts
150
what are retroviruses?
RNA viruses that insert a copy of their DNA into the host genome
151
about ___% of the human genome consists of retrovirus-like sequences
10
152
how could retroviruses potentially affect human evolution?
by possibly turning other genes on/off
153
what is the only type of cell that can carry sequences down generations?
germ cells
154
T/F the koala retrovirus can be spread vertically or horizontally
true
155
do these ancient retroviruses do anything? why/why not
no; they are crippled in ways that make them poor at replication
156
each mL of seawater has about how many virus particles?
10 million
157
T/F we carry viral genomes as part of our own genetic makeup
true
158
what is a zoonotic infection?
can cross species barriers
159
marine viruses affect the ___ cycle
carbon
160
T/F microbes represent a large majority of the ocean's biomass
true
161
what is the research of the Suttle lab at UBC based on?
ocean viruses
162
whales are often infected by what virus? What are the symptoms?
calci virus; rashes, blisters, diarrhea
163
what are the 8 human herpes viruses?
HSV-1, HSV2, HCMV, VZV, EBV, HHV-6, HHV-7, HHV-8
164
T/F human herpesvirus is a persistent lifelong infection that is typically asymptomatic
true
165
are there fossil records for viruses?
no
166
how are viruses detected from ancient remains?
found in the genomes of hosts
167
what are retroviruses?
RNA viruses that insert a copy of their DNA into the host genome
168
about ___% of the human genome consists of retrovirus-like sequences
10
169
how could retroviruses potentially affect human evolution?
by possibly turning other genes on/off
170
what is the only type of cell that can carry sequences down generations?
germ cells
171
T/F the koala retrovirus can be spread vertically or horizontally
true
172
do these ancient retroviruses do anything? why/why not
no; they are crippled in ways that make them poor at replication
173
syncytin is a viral gene belonging to ___ retrovirus
endogenous
174
what is syncytin?
ancient cell attachment protein
175
syncytin is located on human chromosome # __
7
176
syncytin is essential to the development of ___ in humans
placenta
177
syncytin is required to make which layer of the placenta? what is its function?
syncytiotroplast layer; maintains semipermeable barrier between mother/fetus
178
T/F humans capture viral genes, but viruses also capture human genes
true
179
the circular shape of KSHV (a human herpesvirus) plays a role in its ability to __
replicate in a host cell
180
each mL of seawater has about how many virus particles?
10 million
181
T/F we carry viral genomes as part of our own genetic makeup
true
182
what is a zoonotic infection?
can cross species barriers
183
marine viruses affect the ___ cycle
carbon
184
T/F microbes represent a large majority of the ocean's biomass
true
185
what is the research of the Suttle lab at UBC based on?
ocean viruses
186
whales are often infected by what virus? What are the symptoms?
calci virus; rashes, blisters, diarrhea
187
what are the 8 human herpes viruses?
HSV-1, HSV2, HCMV, VZV, EBV, HHV-6, HHV-7, HHV-8
188
T/F human herpesvirus is a persistent lifelong infection that is typically asymptomatic
true
189
are there fossil records for viruses?
no
190
how are viruses detected from ancient remains?
found in the genomes of hosts
191
what are retroviruses?
RNA viruses that insert a copy of their DNA into the host genome
192
about ___% of the human genome consists of retrovirus-like sequences
10
193
how could retroviruses potentially affect human evolution?
by possibly turning other genes on/off
194
what is the only type of cell that can carry sequences down generations?
germ cells
195
T/F the koala retrovirus can be spread vertically or horizontally
true
196
do these ancient retroviruses do anything? why/why not
no; they are crippled in ways that make them poor at replication
197
syncytin is a viral gene belonging to ___ retrovirus
endogenous
198
what is syncytin?
ancient cell attachment protein
199
syncytin is located on human chromosome # __
7
200
syncytin is essential to the development of ___ in humans
placenta
201
syncytin is required to make which layer of the placenta? what is its function?
syncytiotroplast layer; maintains semipermeable barrier between mother/fetus
202
T/F humans capture viral genes, but viruses also capture human genes
true
203
the circular shape of KSHV (a human herpesvirus) plays a role in its ability to __
replicate in a host cell
204
each mL of seawater has about how many virus particles?
10 million
205
T/F we carry viral genomes as part of our own genetic makeup
true
206
what is a zoonotic infection?
can cross species barriers
207
marine viruses affect the ___ cycle
carbon
208
T/F microbes represent a large majority of the ocean's biomass
true
209
what is the research of the Suttle lab at UBC based on?
ocean viruses
210
whales are often infected by what virus? What are the symptoms?
calci virus; rashes, blisters, diarrhea
211
what are the 8 human herpes viruses?
HSV-1, HSV2, HCMV, VZV, EBV, HHV-6, HHV-7, HHV-8
212
T/F human herpesvirus is a persistent lifelong infection that is typically asymptomatic
true
213
are there fossil records for viruses?
no
214
how are viruses detected from ancient remains?
found in the genomes of hosts
215
what are retroviruses?
RNA viruses that insert a copy of their DNA into the host genome
216
about ___% of the human genome consists of retrovirus-like sequences
10
217
how could retroviruses potentially affect human evolution?
by possibly turning other genes on/off
218
what is the only type of cell that can carry sequences down generations?
germ cells
219
T/F the koala retrovirus can be spread vertically or horizontally
true
220
do these ancient retroviruses do anything? why/why not
no; they are crippled in ways that make them poor at replication
221
syncytin is a viral gene belonging to ___ retrovirus
endogenous
222
what is syncytin?
ancient cell attachment protein
223
syncytin is located on human chromosome # __
7
224
syncytin is essential to the development of ___ in humans
placenta
225
syncytin is required to make which layer of the placenta? what is its function?
syncytiotroplast layer; maintains semipermeable barrier between mother/fetus
226
T/F humans capture viral genes, but viruses also capture human genes
true
227
the circular shape of KSHV (a human herpesvirus) plays a role in its ability to __
replicate in a host cell
228
each mL of seawater has about how many virus particles?
10 million
229
T/F we carry viral genomes as part of our own genetic makeup
true
230
what is a zoonotic infection?
can cross species barriers
231
marine viruses affect the ___ cycle
carbon
232
T/F microbes represent a large majority of the ocean's biomass
true
233
what is the research of the Suttle lab at UBC based on?
ocean viruses
234
whales are often infected by what virus? What are the symptoms?
calci virus; rashes, blisters, diarrhea
235
what are the 8 human herpes viruses?
HSV-1, HSV2, HCMV, VZV, EBV, HHV-6, HHV-7, HHV-8
236
T/F human herpesvirus is a persistent lifelong infection that is typically asymptomatic
true
237
are there fossil records for viruses?
no
238
how are viruses detected from ancient remains?
found in the genomes of hosts
239
what are retroviruses?
RNA viruses that insert a copy of their DNA into the host genome
240
about ___% of the human genome consists of retrovirus-like sequences
10
241
how could retroviruses potentially affect human evolution?
by possibly turning other genes on/off
242
what is the only type of cell that can carry sequences down generations?
germ cells
243
T/F the koala retrovirus can be spread vertically or horizontally
true
244
do these ancient retroviruses do anything? why/why not
no; they are crippled in ways that make them poor at replication
245
syncytin is a viral gene belonging to ___ retrovirus
endogenous
246
what is syncytin?
ancient cell attachment protein
247
syncytin is located on human chromosome # __
7
248
syncytin is essential to the development of ___ in humans
placenta
249
syncytin is required to make which layer of the placenta? what is its function?
syncytiotroplast layer; maintains semipermeable barrier between mother/fetus
250
T/F humans capture viral genes, but viruses also capture human genes
true
251
the circular shape of KSHV (a human herpesvirus) plays a role in its ability to __
replicate in a host cell
252
each mL of seawater has about how many virus particles?
10 million
253
T/F we carry viral genomes as part of our own genetic makeup
true
254
what is a zoonotic infection?
can cross species barriers
255
marine viruses affect the ___ cycle
carbon
256
T/F microbes represent a large majority of the ocean's biomass
true
257
what is the research of the Suttle lab at UBC based on?
ocean viruses
258
whales are often infected by what virus? What are the symptoms?
calci virus; rashes, blisters, diarrhea
259
what are the 8 human herpes viruses?
HSV-1, HSV2, HCMV, VZV, EBV, HHV-6, HHV-7, HHV-8
260
T/F human herpesvirus is a persistent lifelong infection that is typically asymptomatic
true
261
are there fossil records for viruses?
no
262
how are viruses detected from ancient remains?
found in the genomes of hosts
263
what are retroviruses?
RNA viruses that insert a copy of their DNA into the host genome
264
about ___% of the human genome consists of retrovirus-like sequences
10
265
how could retroviruses potentially affect human evolution?
by possibly turning other genes on/off
266
what is the only type of cell that can carry sequences down generations?
germ cells
267
T/F the koala retrovirus can be spread vertically or horizontally
true
268
do these ancient retroviruses do anything? why/why not
no; they are crippled in ways that make them poor at replication
269
syncytin is a viral gene belonging to ___ retrovirus
endogenous
270
what is syncytin?
ancient cell attachment protein
271
syncytin is located on human chromosome # __
7
272
syncytin is essential to the development of ___ in humans
placenta
273
syncytin is required to make which layer of the placenta? what is its function?
syncytiotroplast layer; maintains semipermeable barrier between mother/fetus
274
T/F humans capture viral genes, but viruses also capture human genes
true
275
the circular shape of KSHV (a human herpesvirus) plays a role in its ability to __
replicate in a host cell
276
each mL of seawater has about how many virus particles?
10 million
277
T/F we carry viral genomes as part of our own genetic makeup
true
278
what is a zoonotic infection?
can cross species barriers
279
marine viruses affect the ___ cycle
carbon
280
T/F microbes represent a large majority of the ocean's biomass
true
281
what is the research of the Suttle lab at UBC based on?
ocean viruses
282
whales are often infected by what virus? What are the symptoms?
calci virus; rashes, blisters, diarrhea
283
what are the 8 human herpes viruses?
HSV-1, HSV2, HCMV, VZV, EBV, HHV-6, HHV-7, HHV-8
284
T/F human herpesvirus is a persistent lifelong infection that is typically asymptomatic
true
285
are there fossil records for viruses?
no
286
how are viruses detected from ancient remains?
found in the genomes of hosts
287
what are retroviruses?
RNA viruses that insert a copy of their DNA into the host genome
288
about ___% of the human genome consists of retrovirus-like sequences
10
289
how could retroviruses potentially affect human evolution?
by possibly turning other genes on/off
290
what is the only type of cell that can carry sequences down generations?
germ cells
291
T/F the koala retrovirus can be spread vertically or horizontally
true
292
do these ancient retroviruses do anything? why/why not
no; they are crippled in ways that make them poor at replication
293
syncytin is a viral gene belonging to ___ retrovirus
endogenous
294
what is syncytin?
ancient cell attachment protein
295
syncytin is located on human chromosome # __
7
296
syncytin is essential to the development of ___ in humans
placenta
297
syncytin is required to make which layer of the placenta? what is its function?
syncytiotroplast layer; maintains semipermeable barrier between mother/fetus
298
T/F humans capture viral genes, but viruses also capture human genes
true
299
the circular shape of KSHV (a human herpesvirus) plays a role in its ability to __
replicate in a host cell
300
each mL of seawater has about how many virus particles?
10 million
301
T/F we carry viral genomes as part of our own genetic makeup
true
302
what is a zoonotic infection?
can cross species barriers
303
marine viruses affect the ___ cycle
carbon
304
T/F microbes represent a large majority of the ocean's biomass
true
305
what is the research of the Suttle lab at UBC based on?
ocean viruses
306
whales are often infected by what virus? What are the symptoms?
calci virus; rashes, blisters, diarrhea
307
what are the 8 human herpes viruses?
HSV-1, HSV2, HCMV, VZV, EBV, HHV-6, HHV-7, HHV-8
308
T/F human herpesvirus is a persistent lifelong infection that is typically asymptomatic
true
309
are there fossil records for viruses?
no
310
how are viruses detected from ancient remains?
found in the genomes of hosts
311
what are retroviruses?
RNA viruses that insert a copy of their DNA into the host genome
312
about ___% of the human genome consists of retrovirus-like sequences
10
313
how could retroviruses potentially affect human evolution?
by possibly turning other genes on/off
314
what is the only type of cell that can carry sequences down generations?
germ cells
315
T/F the koala retrovirus can be spread vertically or horizontally
true
316
do these ancient retroviruses do anything? why/why not
no; they are crippled in ways that make them poor at replication
317
syncytin is a viral gene belonging to ___ retrovirus
endogenous
318
what is syncytin?
ancient cell attachment protein
319
syncytin is located on human chromosome # __
7
320
syncytin is essential to the development of ___ in humans
placenta
321
syncytin is required to make which layer of the placenta? what is its function?
syncytiotroplast layer; maintains semipermeable barrier between mother/fetus
322
T/F humans capture viral genes, but viruses also capture human genes
true
323
the circular shape of KSHV (a human herpesvirus) plays a role in its ability to __
replicate in a host cell
324
each mL of seawater has about how many virus particles?
10 million
325
T/F we carry viral genomes as part of our own genetic makeup
true
326
what is a zoonotic infection?
can cross species barriers
327
marine viruses affect the ___ cycle
carbon
328
T/F microbes represent a large majority of the ocean's biomass
true
329
what is the research of the Suttle lab at UBC based on?
ocean viruses
330
whales are often infected by what virus? What are the symptoms?
calci virus; rashes, blisters, diarrhea
331
what are the 8 human herpes viruses?
HSV-1, HSV2, HCMV, VZV, EBV, HHV-6, HHV-7, HHV-8
332
T/F human herpesvirus is a persistent lifelong infection that is typically asymptomatic
true
333
are there fossil records for viruses?
no
334
how are viruses detected from ancient remains?
found in the genomes of hosts
335
what are retroviruses?
RNA viruses that insert a copy of their DNA into the host genome
336
about ___% of the human genome consists of retrovirus-like sequences
10
337
how could retroviruses potentially affect human evolution?
by possibly turning other genes on/off
338
what is the only type of cell that can carry sequences down generations?
germ cells
339
T/F the koala retrovirus can be spread vertically or horizontally
true
340
do these ancient retroviruses do anything? why/why not
no; they are crippled in ways that make them poor at replication
341
syncytin is a viral gene belonging to ___ retrovirus
endogenous
342
what is syncytin?
ancient cell attachment protein
343
syncytin is located on human chromosome # __
7
344
syncytin is essential to the development of ___ in humans
placenta
345
syncytin is required to make which layer of the placenta? what is its function?
syncytiotroplast layer; maintains semipermeable barrier between mother/fetus
346
T/F humans capture viral genes, but viruses also capture human genes
true
347
the circular shape of KSHV (a human herpesvirus) plays a role in its ability to __
replicate in a host cell
348
each mL of seawater has about how many virus particles?
10 million
349
T/F we carry viral genomes as part of our own genetic makeup
true
350
what is a zoonotic infection?
can cross species barriers
351
marine viruses affect the ___ cycle
carbon
352
T/F microbes represent a large majority of the ocean's biomass
true
353
what is the research of the Suttle lab at UBC based on?
ocean viruses
354
whales are often infected by what virus? What are the symptoms?
calci virus; rashes, blisters, diarrhea
355
what are the 8 human herpes viruses?
HSV-1, HSV2, HCMV, VZV, EBV, HHV-6, HHV-7, HHV-8
356
T/F human herpesvirus is a persistent lifelong infection that is typically asymptomatic
true
357
are there fossil records for viruses?
no
358
how are viruses detected from ancient remains?
found in the genomes of hosts
359
what are retroviruses?
RNA viruses that insert a copy of their DNA into the host genome
360
about ___% of the human genome consists of retrovirus-like sequences
10
361
how could retroviruses potentially affect human evolution?
by possibly turning other genes on/off
362
what is the only type of cell that can carry sequences down generations?
germ cells
363
T/F the koala retrovirus can be spread vertically or horizontally
true
364
do these ancient retroviruses do anything? why/why not
no; they are crippled in ways that make them poor at replication
365
syncytin is a viral gene belonging to ___ retrovirus
endogenous
366
what is syncytin?
ancient cell attachment protein
367
syncytin is located on human chromosome # __
7
368
syncytin is essential to the development of ___ in humans
placenta
369
syncytin is required to make which layer of the placenta? what is its function?
syncytiotroplast layer; maintains semipermeable barrier between mother/fetus
370
T/F humans capture viral genes, but viruses also capture human genes
true
371
the circular shape of KSHV (a human herpesvirus) plays a role in its ability to __
replicate in a host cell
372
each mL of seawater has about how many virus particles?
10 million
373
T/F we carry viral genomes as part of our own genetic makeup
true
374
what is a zoonotic infection?
can cross species barriers
375
marine viruses affect the ___ cycle
carbon
376
T/F microbes represent a large majority of the ocean's biomass
true
377
what is the research of the Suttle lab at UBC based on?
ocean viruses
378
whales are often infected by what virus? What are the symptoms?
calci virus; rashes, blisters, diarrhea
379
what are the 8 human herpes viruses?
HSV-1, HSV2, HCMV, VZV, EBV, HHV-6, HHV-7, HHV-8
380
T/F human herpesvirus is a persistent lifelong infection that is typically asymptomatic
true
381
are there fossil records for viruses?
no
382
how are viruses detected from ancient remains?
found in the genomes of hosts
383
what are retroviruses?
RNA viruses that insert a copy of their DNA into the host genome
384
about ___% of the human genome consists of retrovirus-like sequences
10
385
how could retroviruses potentially affect human evolution?
by possibly turning other genes on/off
386
what is the only type of cell that can carry sequences down generations?
germ cells
387
T/F the koala retrovirus can be spread vertically or horizontally
true
388
do these ancient retroviruses do anything? why/why not
no; they are crippled in ways that make them poor at replication
389
syncytin is a viral gene belonging to ___ retrovirus
endogenous
390
what is syncytin?
ancient cell attachment protein
391
syncytin is located on human chromosome # __
7
392
syncytin is essential to the development of ___ in humans
placenta
393
syncytin is required to make which layer of the placenta? what is its function?
syncytiotroplast layer; maintains semipermeable barrier between mother/fetus
394
T/F humans capture viral genes, but viruses also capture human genes
true
395
the circular shape of KSHV (a human herpesvirus) plays a role in its ability to __
replicate in a host cell
396
each mL of seawater has about how many virus particles?
10 million
397
T/F we carry viral genomes as part of our own genetic makeup
true
398
what is a zoonotic infection?
can cross species barriers
399
marine viruses affect the ___ cycle
carbon
400
T/F microbes represent a large majority of the ocean's biomass
true
401
what is the research of the Suttle lab at UBC based on?
ocean viruses
402
whales are often infected by what virus? What are the symptoms?
calci virus; rashes, blisters, diarrhea
403
what are the 8 human herpes viruses?
HSV-1, HSV2, HCMV, VZV, EBV, HHV-6, HHV-7, HHV-8
404
T/F human herpesvirus is a persistent lifelong infection that is typically asymptomatic
true
405
are there fossil records for viruses?
no
406
how are viruses detected from ancient remains?
found in the genomes of hosts
407
what are retroviruses?
RNA viruses that insert a copy of their DNA into the host genome
408
about ___% of the human genome consists of retrovirus-like sequences
10
409
how could retroviruses potentially affect human evolution?
by possibly turning other genes on/off
410
what is the only type of cell that can carry sequences down generations?
germ cells
411
T/F the koala retrovirus can be spread vertically or horizontally
true
412
do these ancient retroviruses do anything? why/why not
no; they are crippled in ways that make them poor at replication
413
syncytin is a viral gene belonging to ___ retrovirus
endogenous
414
what is syncytin?
ancient cell attachment protein
415
syncytin is located on human chromosome # __
7
416
syncytin is essential to the development of ___ in humans
placenta
417
syncytin is required to make which layer of the placenta? what is its function?
syncytiotroplast layer; maintains semipermeable barrier between mother/fetus
418
T/F humans capture viral genes, but viruses also capture human genes
true
419
the circular shape of KSHV (a human herpesvirus) plays a role in its ability to __
replicate in a host cell
420
T/F KSHV contains genes from our primate ancestors
true
421
what is the role of human genes in a viral genome?
makes it easier for virus to infect and evade host immune system
422
each mL of seawater has about how many virus particles?
10 million
423
T/F we carry viral genomes as part of our own genetic makeup
true
424
what is a zoonotic infection?
can cross species barriers
425
marine viruses affect the ___ cycle
carbon
426
T/F microbes represent a large majority of the ocean's biomass
true
427
what is the research of the Suttle lab at UBC based on?
ocean viruses
428
whales are often infected by what virus? What are the symptoms?
calci virus; rashes, blisters, diarrhea
429
what are the 8 human herpes viruses?
HSV-1, HSV2, HCMV, VZV, EBV, HHV-6, HHV-7, HHV-8
430
T/F human herpesvirus is a persistent lifelong infection that is typically asymptomatic
true
431
are there fossil records for viruses?
no
432
how are viruses detected from ancient remains?
found in the genomes of hosts
433
what are retroviruses?
RNA viruses that insert a copy of their DNA into the host genome
434
about ___% of the human genome consists of retrovirus-like sequences
10
435
how could retroviruses potentially affect human evolution?
by possibly turning other genes on/off
436
what is the only type of cell that can carry sequences down generations?
germ cells
437
T/F the koala retrovirus can be spread vertically or horizontally
true
438
do these ancient retroviruses do anything? why/why not
no; they are crippled in ways that make them poor at replication
439
syncytin is a viral gene belonging to ___ retrovirus
endogenous
440
what is syncytin?
ancient cell attachment protein
441
syncytin is located on human chromosome # __
7
442
syncytin is essential to the development of ___ in humans
placenta
443
syncytin is required to make which layer of the placenta? what is its function?
syncytiotroplast layer; maintains semipermeable barrier between mother/fetus
444
T/F humans capture viral genes, but viruses also capture human genes
true
445
the circular shape of KSHV (a human herpesvirus) plays a role in its ability to __
replicate in a host cell
446
T/F KSHV contains genes from our primate ancestors
true
447
what is the role of human genes in a viral genome?
makes it easier for virus to infect and evade host immune system
448
each mL of seawater has about how many virus particles?
10 million
449
T/F we carry viral genomes as part of our own genetic makeup
true
450
what is a zoonotic infection?
can cross species barriers
451
marine viruses affect the ___ cycle
carbon
452
T/F microbes represent a large majority of the ocean's biomass
true
453
what is the research of the Suttle lab at UBC based on?
ocean viruses
454
whales are often infected by what virus? What are the symptoms?
calci virus; rashes, blisters, diarrhea
455
what are the 8 human herpes viruses?
HSV-1, HSV2, HCMV, VZV, EBV, HHV-6, HHV-7, HHV-8
456
T/F human herpesvirus is a persistent lifelong infection that is typically asymptomatic
true
457
are there fossil records for viruses?
no
458
how are viruses detected from ancient remains?
found in the genomes of hosts
459
what are retroviruses?
RNA viruses that insert a copy of their DNA into the host genome
460
about ___% of the human genome consists of retrovirus-like sequences
10
461
how could retroviruses potentially affect human evolution?
by possibly turning other genes on/off
462
what is the only type of cell that can carry sequences down generations?
germ cells
463
T/F the koala retrovirus can be spread vertically or horizontally
true
464
do these ancient retroviruses do anything? why/why not
no; they are crippled in ways that make them poor at replication
465
syncytin is a viral gene belonging to ___ retrovirus
endogenous
466
what is syncytin?
ancient cell attachment protein
467
syncytin is located on human chromosome # __
7
468
syncytin is essential to the development of ___ in humans
placenta
469
syncytin is required to make which layer of the placenta? what is its function?
syncytiotroplast layer; maintains semipermeable barrier between mother/fetus
470
T/F humans capture viral genes, but viruses also capture human genes
true
471
the circular shape of KSHV (a human herpesvirus) plays a role in its ability to __
replicate in a host cell
472
T/F KSHV contains genes from our primate ancestors
true
473
what is the role of human genes in a viral genome?
makes it easier for virus to infect and evade host immune system
474
what is the first written record of virus infection?
a hieroglyph in Memphis Egypt in 3700 BC of a priest with paralytic poliomyelitis
475
what two viruses have been identified in ancient depictions and remains?
polio and smallpox
476
what is the definition of "virus"?
submicroscopic obligate intracellular parasites
477
can viruses be detected by a light microscope?
no
478
virus is latin for __
poison/toxin
479
can viruses live independent of a host?
no
480
how are viruses produced?
they are assembled from pre-made components
481
do viruses divide?
no
482
what is the name for virus particles?
virions
483
do virions divide?
no
484
viruses lack the genetic information to perform what 2 functions that would be needed if it was not in a host?
1. metabolic activity
| 2. protein synthesis
485
each mL of seawater has about how many virus particles?
10 million
486
T/F we carry viral genomes as part of our own genetic makeup
true
487
what is a zoonotic infection?
can cross species barriers
488
marine viruses affect the ___ cycle
carbon
489
T/F microbes represent a large majority of the ocean's biomass
true
490
what is the research of the Suttle lab at UBC based on?
ocean viruses
491
whales are often infected by what virus? What are the symptoms?
calci virus; rashes, blisters, diarrhea
492
what are the 8 human herpes viruses?
HSV-1, HSV2, HCMV, VZV, EBV, HHV-6, HHV-7, HHV-8
493
T/F human herpesvirus is a persistent lifelong infection that is typically asymptomatic
true
494
are there fossil records for viruses?
no
495
how are viruses detected from ancient remains?
found in the genomes of hosts
496
what are retroviruses?
RNA viruses that insert a copy of their DNA into the host genome
497
about ___% of the human genome consists of retrovirus-like sequences
10
498
how could retroviruses potentially affect human evolution?
by possibly turning other genes on/off
499
what is the only type of cell that can carry sequences down generations?
germ cells
500
T/F the koala retrovirus can be spread vertically or horizontally
true
501
do these ancient retroviruses do anything? why/why not
no; they are crippled in ways that make them poor at replication
502
syncytin is a viral gene belonging to ___ retrovirus
endogenous
503
what is syncytin?
ancient cell attachment protein
504
syncytin is located on human chromosome # __
7
505
syncytin is essential to the development of ___ in humans
placenta
506
syncytin is required to make which layer of the placenta? what is its function?
syncytiotroplast layer; maintains semipermeable barrier between mother/fetus
507
T/F humans capture viral genes, but viruses also capture human genes
true
508
the circular shape of KSHV (a human herpesvirus) plays a role in its ability to __
replicate in a host cell
509
T/F KSHV contains genes from our primate ancestors
true
510
what is the role of human genes in a viral genome?
makes it easier for virus to infect and evade host immune system
511
what is the first written record of virus infection?
a hieroglyph in Memphis Egypt in 3700 BC of a priest with paralytic poliomyelitis
512
what two viruses have been identified in ancient depictions and remains?
polio and smallpox
513
what is the definition of "virus"?
submicroscopic obligate intracellular parasites
514
can viruses be detected by a light microscope?
no
515
virus is latin for __
poison/toxin
516
can viruses live independent of a host?
no
517
how are viruses produced?
they are assembled from pre-made components
518
do viruses divide?
no
519
what is the name for virus particles?
virions
520
do virions divide?
no
521
viruses lack the genetic information to perform what 2 functions that would be needed if it was not in a host?
1. metabolic activity
| 2. protein synthesis
522
each mL of seawater has about how many virus particles?
10 million
523
T/F we carry viral genomes as part of our own genetic makeup
true
524
what is a zoonotic infection?
can cross species barriers
525
marine viruses affect the ___ cycle
carbon
526
T/F microbes represent a large majority of the ocean's biomass
true
527
what is the research of the Suttle lab at UBC based on?
ocean viruses
528
whales are often infected by what virus? What are the symptoms?
calci virus; rashes, blisters, diarrhea
529
what are the 8 human herpes viruses?
HSV-1, HSV2, HCMV, VZV, EBV, HHV-6, HHV-7, HHV-8
530
T/F human herpesvirus is a persistent lifelong infection that is typically asymptomatic
true
531
are there fossil records for viruses?
no
532
how are viruses detected from ancient remains?
found in the genomes of hosts
533
what are retroviruses?
RNA viruses that insert a copy of their DNA into the host genome
534
about ___% of the human genome consists of retrovirus-like sequences
10
535
how could retroviruses potentially affect human evolution?
by possibly turning other genes on/off
536
what is the only type of cell that can carry sequences down generations?
germ cells
537
T/F the koala retrovirus can be spread vertically or horizontally
true
538
do these ancient retroviruses do anything? why/why not
no; they are crippled in ways that make them poor at replication
539
syncytin is a viral gene belonging to ___ retrovirus
endogenous
540
what is syncytin?
ancient cell attachment protein
541
syncytin is located on human chromosome # __
7
542
syncytin is essential to the development of ___ in humans
placenta
543
syncytin is required to make which layer of the placenta? what is its function?
syncytiotroplast layer; maintains semipermeable barrier between mother/fetus
544
T/F humans capture viral genes, but viruses also capture human genes
true
545
the circular shape of KSHV (a human herpesvirus) plays a role in its ability to __
replicate in a host cell
546
T/F KSHV contains genes from our primate ancestors
true
547
what is the role of human genes in a viral genome?
makes it easier for virus to infect and evade host immune system
548
what is the first written record of virus infection?
a hieroglyph in Memphis Egypt in 3700 BC of a priest with paralytic poliomyelitis
549
what two viruses have been identified in ancient depictions and remains?
polio and smallpox
550
what is the definition of "virus"?
submicroscopic obligate intracellular parasites
551
can viruses be detected by a light microscope?
no
552
virus is latin for __
poison/toxin
553
can viruses live independent of a host?
no
554
how are viruses produced?
they are assembled from pre-made components
555
do viruses divide?
no
556
what is the name for virus particles?
virions
557
do virions divide?
no
558
viruses lack the genetic information to perform what 2 functions that would be needed if it was not in a host?
1. metabolic activity
| 2. protein synthesis
559
each mL of seawater has about how many virus particles?
10 million
560
T/F we carry viral genomes as part of our own genetic makeup
true
561
what is a zoonotic infection?
can cross species barriers
562
marine viruses affect the ___ cycle
carbon
563
T/F microbes represent a large majority of the ocean's biomass
true
564
what is the research of the Suttle lab at UBC based on?
ocean viruses
565
whales are often infected by what virus? What are the symptoms?
calci virus; rashes, blisters, diarrhea
566
what are the 8 human herpes viruses?
HSV-1, HSV2, HCMV, VZV, EBV, HHV-6, HHV-7, HHV-8
567
T/F human herpesvirus is a persistent lifelong infection that is typically asymptomatic
true
568
are there fossil records for viruses?
no
569
how are viruses detected from ancient remains?
found in the genomes of hosts
570
what are retroviruses?
RNA viruses that insert a copy of their DNA into the host genome
571
about ___% of the human genome consists of retrovirus-like sequences
10
572
how could retroviruses potentially affect human evolution?
by possibly turning other genes on/off
573
what is the only type of cell that can carry sequences down generations?
germ cells
574
T/F the koala retrovirus can be spread vertically or horizontally
true
575
do these ancient retroviruses do anything? why/why not
no; they are crippled in ways that make them poor at replication
576
syncytin is a viral gene belonging to ___ retrovirus
endogenous
577
what is syncytin?
ancient cell attachment protein
578
syncytin is located on human chromosome # __
7
579
syncytin is essential to the development of ___ in humans
placenta
580
syncytin is required to make which layer of the placenta? what is its function?
syncytiotroplast layer; maintains semipermeable barrier between mother/fetus
581
T/F humans capture viral genes, but viruses also capture human genes
true
582
the circular shape of KSHV (a human herpesvirus) plays a role in its ability to __
replicate in a host cell
583
T/F KSHV contains genes from our primate ancestors
true
584
what is the role of human genes in a viral genome?
makes it easier for virus to infect and evade host immune system
585
what is the first written record of virus infection?
a hieroglyph in Memphis Egypt in 3700 BC of a priest with paralytic poliomyelitis
586
what two viruses have been identified in ancient depictions and remains?
polio and smallpox
587
what is the definition of "virus"?
submicroscopic obligate intracellular parasites
588
can viruses be detected by a light microscope?
no
589
virus is latin for __
poison/toxin
590
can viruses live independent of a host?
no
591
how are viruses produced?
they are assembled from pre-made components
592
do viruses divide?
no
593
what is the name for virus particles?
virions
594
do virions divide?
no
595
viruses lack the genetic information to perform what 2 functions that would be needed if it was not in a host?
1. metabolic activity
| 2. protein synthesis
596
each mL of seawater has about how many virus particles?
10 million
597
T/F we carry viral genomes as part of our own genetic makeup
true
598
what is a zoonotic infection?
can cross species barriers
599
marine viruses affect the ___ cycle
carbon
600
T/F microbes represent a large majority of the ocean's biomass
true
601
what is the research of the Suttle lab at UBC based on?
ocean viruses
602
whales are often infected by what virus? What are the symptoms?
calci virus; rashes, blisters, diarrhea
603
what are the 8 human herpes viruses?
HSV-1, HSV2, HCMV, VZV, EBV, HHV-6, HHV-7, HHV-8
604
T/F human herpesvirus is a persistent lifelong infection that is typically asymptomatic
true
605
are there fossil records for viruses?
no
606
how are viruses detected from ancient remains?
found in the genomes of hosts
607
what are retroviruses?
RNA viruses that insert a copy of their DNA into the host genome
608
about ___% of the human genome consists of retrovirus-like sequences
10
609
how could retroviruses potentially affect human evolution?
by possibly turning other genes on/off
610
what is the only type of cell that can carry sequences down generations?
germ cells
611
T/F the koala retrovirus can be spread vertically or horizontally
true
612
do these ancient retroviruses do anything? why/why not
no; they are crippled in ways that make them poor at replication
613
syncytin is a viral gene belonging to ___ retrovirus
endogenous
614
what is syncytin?
ancient cell attachment protein
615
syncytin is located on human chromosome # __
7
616
syncytin is essential to the development of ___ in humans
placenta
617
syncytin is required to make which layer of the placenta? what is its function?
syncytiotroplast layer; maintains semipermeable barrier between mother/fetus
618
T/F humans capture viral genes, but viruses also capture human genes
true
619
the circular shape of KSHV (a human herpesvirus) plays a role in its ability to __
replicate in a host cell
620
T/F KSHV contains genes from our primate ancestors
true
621
what is the role of human genes in a viral genome?
makes it easier for virus to infect and evade host immune system
622
what is the first written record of virus infection?
a hieroglyph in Memphis Egypt in 3700 BC of a priest with paralytic poliomyelitis
623
what two viruses have been identified in ancient depictions and remains?
polio and smallpox
624
what is the definition of "virus"?
submicroscopic obligate intracellular parasites
625
can viruses be detected by a light microscope?
no
626
virus is latin for __
poison/toxin
627
can viruses live independent of a host?
no
628
how are viruses produced?
they are assembled from pre-made components
629
do viruses divide?
no
630
what is the name for virus particles?
virions
631
do virions divide?
no
632
viruses lack the genetic information to perform what 2 functions that would be needed if it was not in a host?
1. metabolic activity
| 2. protein synthesis
633
viruses can be described as simple Darwinian ___s
machines
634
T/F viruses target a specific host
true
635
T/F viruses multiply but do not grow
true
636
outside of a host cell, viruses are ___
complex assemblies of metabolically inert chemicals
637
inside a host cell viruses can be thought of as alive (T/F)
true
638
each mL of seawater has about how many virus particles?
10 million
639
T/F we carry viral genomes as part of our own genetic makeup
true
640
what is a zoonotic infection?
can cross species barriers
641
marine viruses affect the ___ cycle
carbon
642
T/F microbes represent a large majority of the ocean's biomass
true
643
what is the research of the Suttle lab at UBC based on?
ocean viruses
644
whales are often infected by what virus? What are the symptoms?
calci virus; rashes, blisters, diarrhea
645
what are the 8 human herpes viruses?
HSV-1, HSV2, HCMV, VZV, EBV, HHV-6, HHV-7, HHV-8
646
T/F human herpesvirus is a persistent lifelong infection that is typically asymptomatic
true
647
are there fossil records for viruses?
no
648
how are viruses detected from ancient remains?
found in the genomes of hosts
649
what are retroviruses?
RNA viruses that insert a copy of their DNA into the host genome
650
about ___% of the human genome consists of retrovirus-like sequences
10
651
how could retroviruses potentially affect human evolution?
by possibly turning other genes on/off
652
what is the only type of cell that can carry sequences down generations?
germ cells
653
T/F the koala retrovirus can be spread vertically or horizontally
true
654
do these ancient retroviruses do anything? why/why not
no; they are crippled in ways that make them poor at replication
655
syncytin is a viral gene belonging to ___ retrovirus
endogenous
656
what is syncytin?
ancient cell attachment protein
657
syncytin is located on human chromosome # __
7
658
syncytin is essential to the development of ___ in humans
placenta
659
syncytin is required to make which layer of the placenta? what is its function?
syncytiotroplast layer; maintains semipermeable barrier between mother/fetus
660
T/F humans capture viral genes, but viruses also capture human genes
true
661
the circular shape of KSHV (a human herpesvirus) plays a role in its ability to __
replicate in a host cell
662
T/F KSHV contains genes from our primate ancestors
true
663
what is the role of human genes in a viral genome?
makes it easier for virus to infect and evade host immune system
664
what is the first written record of virus infection?
a hieroglyph in Memphis Egypt in 3700 BC of a priest with paralytic poliomyelitis
665
what two viruses have been identified in ancient depictions and remains?
polio and smallpox
666
what is the definition of "virus"?
submicroscopic obligate intracellular parasites
667
can viruses be detected by a light microscope?
no
668
virus is latin for __
poison/toxin
669
can viruses live independent of a host?
no
670
how are viruses produced?
they are assembled from pre-made components
671
do viruses divide?
no
672
what is the name for virus particles?
virions
673
do virions divide?
no
674
viruses lack the genetic information to perform what 2 functions that would be needed if it was not in a host?
1. metabolic activity
| 2. protein synthesis
675
viruses can be described as simple Darwinian ___s
machines
676
T/F viruses target a specific host
true
677
T/F viruses multiply but do not grow
true
678
outside of a host cell, viruses are ___
complex assemblies of metabolically inert chemicals
679
inside a host cell viruses can be thought of as alive (T/F)
true
680
each mL of seawater has about how many virus particles?
10 million
681
T/F we carry viral genomes as part of our own genetic makeup
true
682
what is a zoonotic infection?
can cross species barriers
683
marine viruses affect the ___ cycle
carbon
684
T/F microbes represent a large majority of the ocean's biomass
true
685
what is the research of the Suttle lab at UBC based on?
ocean viruses
686
whales are often infected by what virus? What are the symptoms?
calci virus; rashes, blisters, diarrhea
687
what are the 8 human herpes viruses?
HSV-1, HSV2, HCMV, VZV, EBV, HHV-6, HHV-7, HHV-8
688
T/F human herpesvirus is a persistent lifelong infection that is typically asymptomatic
true
689
are there fossil records for viruses?
no
690
how are viruses detected from ancient remains?
found in the genomes of hosts
691
what are retroviruses?
RNA viruses that insert a copy of their DNA into the host genome
692
about ___% of the human genome consists of retrovirus-like sequences
10
693
how could retroviruses potentially affect human evolution?
by possibly turning other genes on/off
694
what is the only type of cell that can carry sequences down generations?
germ cells
695
T/F the koala retrovirus can be spread vertically or horizontally
true
696
do these ancient retroviruses do anything? why/why not
no; they are crippled in ways that make them poor at replication
697
syncytin is a viral gene belonging to ___ retrovirus
endogenous
698
what is syncytin?
ancient cell attachment protein
699
syncytin is located on human chromosome # __
7
700
syncytin is essential to the development of ___ in humans
placenta
701
syncytin is required to make which layer of the placenta? what is its function?
syncytiotroplast layer; maintains semipermeable barrier between mother/fetus
702
T/F humans capture viral genes, but viruses also capture human genes
true
703
the circular shape of KSHV (a human herpesvirus) plays a role in its ability to __
replicate in a host cell
704
T/F KSHV contains genes from our primate ancestors
true
705
what is the role of human genes in a viral genome?
makes it easier for virus to infect and evade host immune system
706
what is the first written record of virus infection?
a hieroglyph in Memphis Egypt in 3700 BC of a priest with paralytic poliomyelitis
707
what two viruses have been identified in ancient depictions and remains?
polio and smallpox
708
what is the definition of "virus"?
submicroscopic obligate intracellular parasites
709
can viruses be detected by a light microscope?
no
710
virus is latin for __
poison/toxin
711
can viruses live independent of a host?
no
712
how are viruses produced?
they are assembled from pre-made components
713
do viruses divide?
no
714
what is the name for virus particles?
virions
715
do virions divide?
no
716
viruses lack the genetic information to perform what 2 functions that would be needed if it was not in a host?
1. metabolic activity
| 2. protein synthesis
717
viruses can be described as simple Darwinian ___s
machines
718
T/F viruses target a specific host
true
719
T/F viruses multiply but do not grow
true
720
outside of a host cell, viruses are ___
complex assemblies of metabolically inert chemicals
721
inside a host cell viruses can be thought of as alive (T/F)
true
722
each mL of seawater has about how many virus particles?
10 million
723
T/F we carry viral genomes as part of our own genetic makeup
true
724
what is a zoonotic infection?
can cross species barriers
725
marine viruses affect the ___ cycle
carbon
726
T/F microbes represent a large majority of the ocean's biomass
true
727
what is the research of the Suttle lab at UBC based on?
ocean viruses
728
whales are often infected by what virus? What are the symptoms?
calci virus; rashes, blisters, diarrhea
729
what are the 8 human herpes viruses?
HSV-1, HSV2, HCMV, VZV, EBV, HHV-6, HHV-7, HHV-8
730
T/F human herpesvirus is a persistent lifelong infection that is typically asymptomatic
true
731
are there fossil records for viruses?
no
732
how are viruses detected from ancient remains?
found in the genomes of hosts
733
what are retroviruses?
RNA viruses that insert a copy of their DNA into the host genome
734
about ___% of the human genome consists of retrovirus-like sequences
10
735
how could retroviruses potentially affect human evolution?
by possibly turning other genes on/off
736
what is the only type of cell that can carry sequences down generations?
germ cells
737
T/F the koala retrovirus can be spread vertically or horizontally
true
738
do these ancient retroviruses do anything? why/why not
no; they are crippled in ways that make them poor at replication
739
syncytin is a viral gene belonging to ___ retrovirus
endogenous
740
what is syncytin?
ancient cell attachment protein
741
syncytin is located on human chromosome # __
7
742
syncytin is essential to the development of ___ in humans
placenta
743
syncytin is required to make which layer of the placenta? what is its function?
syncytiotroplast layer; maintains semipermeable barrier between mother/fetus
744
T/F humans capture viral genes, but viruses also capture human genes
true
745
the circular shape of KSHV (a human herpesvirus) plays a role in its ability to __
replicate in a host cell
746
T/F KSHV contains genes from our primate ancestors
true
747
what is the role of human genes in a viral genome?
makes it easier for virus to infect and evade host immune system
748
what is the first written record of virus infection?
a hieroglyph in Memphis Egypt in 3700 BC of a priest with paralytic poliomyelitis
749
what two viruses have been identified in ancient depictions and remains?
polio and smallpox
750
what is the definition of "virus"?
submicroscopic obligate intracellular parasites
751
can viruses be detected by a light microscope?
no
752
virus is latin for __
poison/toxin
753
can viruses live independent of a host?
no
754
how are viruses produced?
they are assembled from pre-made components
755
do viruses divide?
no
756
what is the name for virus particles?
virions
757
do virions divide?
no
758
viruses lack the genetic information to perform what 2 functions that would be needed if it was not in a host?
1. metabolic activity
| 2. protein synthesis
759
viruses can be described as simple Darwinian ___s
machines
760
T/F viruses target a specific host
true
761
T/F viruses multiply but do not grow
true
762
outside of a host cell, viruses are ___
complex assemblies of metabolically inert chemicals
763
inside a host cell viruses can be thought of as alive (T/F)
true
764
what are three shapes of viruses?
1. filamentous
2. bacteriophage
3. surrounded by lipid envelope
765
compare the size of viruses to bacteria
viruses are smaller
766
in electron microscopy, the sample is placed on what type of grid? (chemical composition)
copper
767
what is the purpose of staining with heavy atoms in electron microscopy?
allows for enough diffraction of electrons so the sample structures can be seen
768
what are the 3 physical properties of viruses?
1. capsid
2. genome
3. optional components (tegument and envelopes)
769
what is a capsid?
a protein shell
770
what are the 4 types of possible genomes for viruses?
ds/ss DNA, dsRNA, +ssRNA and -ssRNA
771
what is the role of a virus particle?
package viral genomes in infected cells and transmit them to new host cells
772
are virus particles infectious?
np
773
what is a virion?
a complete infectious virus particle
774
in order to be successful, a virion must do what 5 things?
1. be correctly made
2. escape the cell
3. survive the extracellular environment
4. attach and enter another host
5. release viral genome
775
what is a virus capsid?
symmetrical protein container for the viral genome
776
the virus capsid protects the genome from what 3 things? Give an example for each
1. physical damage (mechanical force)
2. chemical damage (UV)
3. enzymatic damge (nucleases/defense)
777
protein subunits in a virus capsid are multiply redundant, which means ___
they are present in many copies
778
what are capsomeres?
protein subunits that make up a capsid
779
T/F damage to 1/more capsid subunits destroys the infectivity of the whole viral particle
false
780
T/F capsid can take damage without destroying the virion
true
781
what are the 4 morphologies of virus capsids?
1. helical
2. icosahedral
3. enveloped
4. complex
782
a tobacco mosaic virus is an example of what morphology?
helical
783
what is the simplest type of capsid morphology?
helical
784
describe the structure of helical capsids
single type of capsomer stacked around axis making a helical shape and a hollow center
785
where is the genome housed in a helical capsid?
in the hollow center
786
what type of genome do most helical capsids have?
ssRNA
787
how do capsomers bind to the genome in a helical capsid? Are they species specific?
by charge interactions (therefor not species specific)
788
what determines the length / diameter of helix in helical capsids
number of nucleotides in genome
789
if tabacco mosaic RNA and coat protein are put together, will virus particles form spontaneously?
yes
790
helical viruses are in what free energy state?
minimum
791
T/F human viruses show helical structures
false
792
many animal viruses take on what capsid morphology?
icosahedral
793
poliovirus, adenovirus and Hep A all have what type of capsid morphology?
icosahedral
794
what are the 4 benefits of the icosahedral shape of viruses?
1. strength
2. resistance to force
3. tight packing of viral genome
3. genetically inexpensive ( can be made from a few repeating subunits)
795
each mL of seawater has about how many virus particles?
10 million
796
T/F we carry viral genomes as part of our own genetic makeup
true
797
what is a zoonotic infection?
can cross species barriers
798
marine viruses affect the ___ cycle
carbon
799
T/F microbes represent a large majority of the ocean's biomass
true
800
what is the research of the Suttle lab at UBC based on?
ocean viruses
801
whales are often infected by what virus? What are the symptoms?
calci virus; rashes, blisters, diarrhea
802
what are the 8 human herpes viruses?
HSV-1, HSV2, HCMV, VZV, EBV, HHV-6, HHV-7, HHV-8
803
T/F human herpesvirus is a persistent lifelong infection that is typically asymptomatic
true
804
are there fossil records for viruses?
no
805
how are viruses detected from ancient remains?
found in the genomes of hosts
806
what are retroviruses?
RNA viruses that insert a copy of their DNA into the host genome
807
about ___% of the human genome consists of retrovirus-like sequences
10
808
how could retroviruses potentially affect human evolution?
by possibly turning other genes on/off
809
what is the only type of cell that can carry sequences down generations?
germ cells
810
T/F the koala retrovirus can be spread vertically or horizontally
true
811
do these ancient retroviruses do anything? why/why not
no; they are crippled in ways that make them poor at replication
812
syncytin is a viral gene belonging to ___ retrovirus
endogenous
813
what is syncytin?
ancient cell attachment protein
814
syncytin is located on human chromosome # __
7
815
syncytin is essential to the development of ___ in humans
placenta
816
syncytin is required to make which layer of the placenta? what is its function?
syncytiotroplast layer; maintains semipermeable barrier between mother/fetus
817
T/F humans capture viral genes, but viruses also capture human genes
true
818
the circular shape of KSHV (a human herpesvirus) plays a role in its ability to __
replicate in a host cell
819
T/F KSHV contains genes from our primate ancestors
true
820
what is the role of human genes in a viral genome?
makes it easier for virus to infect and evade host immune system
821
what is the first written record of virus infection?
a hieroglyph in Memphis Egypt in 3700 BC of a priest with paralytic poliomyelitis
822
what two viruses have been identified in ancient depictions and remains?
polio and smallpox
823
what is the definition of "virus"?
submicroscopic obligate intracellular parasites
824
can viruses be detected by a light microscope?
no
825
virus is latin for __
poison/toxin
826
can viruses live independent of a host?
no
827
how are viruses produced?
they are assembled from pre-made components
828
do viruses divide?
no
829
what is the name for virus particles?
virions
830
do virions divide?
no
831
viruses lack the genetic information to perform what 2 functions that would be needed if it was not in a host?
1. metabolic activity
| 2. protein synthesis
832
viruses can be described as simple Darwinian ___s
machines
833
T/F viruses target a specific host
true
834
T/F viruses multiply but do not grow
true
835
outside of a host cell, viruses are ___
complex assemblies of metabolically inert chemicals
836
inside a host cell viruses can be thought of as alive (T/F)
true
837
what are three shapes of viruses?
1. filamentous
2. bacteriophage
3. surrounded by lipid envelope
838
compare the size of viruses to bacteria
viruses are smaller
839
in electron microscopy, the sample is placed on what type of grid? (chemical composition)
copper
840
what is the purpose of staining with heavy atoms in electron microscopy?
allows for enough diffraction of electrons so the sample structures can be seen
841
what are the 3 physical properties of viruses?
1. capsid
2. genome
3. optional components (tegument and envelopes)
842
what is a capsid?
a protein shell
843
what are the 4 types of possible genomes for viruses?
ds/ss DNA, dsRNA, +ssRNA and -ssRNA
844
what is the role of a virus particle?
package viral genomes in infected cells and transmit them to new host cells
845
are virus particles infectious?
np
846
what is a virion?
a complete infectious virus particle
847
in order to be successful, a virion must do what 5 things?
1. be correctly made
2. escape the cell
3. survive the extracellular environment
4. attach and enter another host
5. release viral genome
848
what is a virus capsid?
symmetrical protein container for the viral genome
849
the virus capsid protects the genome from what 3 things? Give an example for each
1. physical damage (mechanical force)
2. chemical damage (UV)
3. enzymatic damge (nucleases/defense)
850
protein subunits in a virus capsid are multiply redundant, which means ___
they are present in many copies
851
what are capsomeres?
protein subunits that make up a capsid
852
T/F damage to 1/more capsid subunits destroys the infectivity of the whole viral particle
false
853
T/F capsid can take damage without destroying the virion
true
854
what are the 4 morphologies of virus capsids?
1. helical
2. icosahedral
3. enveloped
4. complex
855
a tobacco mosaic virus is an example of what morphology?
helical
856
what is the simplest type of capsid morphology?
helical
857
describe the structure of helical capsids
single type of capsomer stacked around axis making a helical shape and a hollow center
858
where is the genome housed in a helical capsid?
in the hollow center
859
what type of genome do most helical capsids have?
ssRNA
860
how do capsomers bind to the genome in a helical capsid? Are they species specific?
by charge interactions (therefor not species specific)
861
what determines the length / diameter of helix in helical capsids
number of nucleotides in genome
862
if tabacco mosaic RNA and coat protein are put together, will virus particles form spontaneously?
yes
863
helical viruses are in what free energy state?
minimum
864
T/F human viruses show helical structures
false
865
many animal viruses take on what capsid morphology?
icosahedral
866
poliovirus, adenovirus and Hep A all have what type of capsid morphology?
icosahedral
867
what are the 4 benefits of the icosahedral shape of viruses?
1. strength
2. resistance to force
3. tight packing of viral genome
3. genetically inexpensive ( can be made from a few repeating subunits)
868
each mL of seawater has about how many virus particles?
10 million
869
T/F we carry viral genomes as part of our own genetic makeup
true
870
what is a zoonotic infection?
can cross species barriers
871
marine viruses affect the ___ cycle
carbon
872
T/F microbes represent a large majority of the ocean's biomass
true
873
what is the research of the Suttle lab at UBC based on?
ocean viruses
874
whales are often infected by what virus? What are the symptoms?
calci virus; rashes, blisters, diarrhea
875
what are the 8 human herpes viruses?
HSV-1, HSV2, HCMV, VZV, EBV, HHV-6, HHV-7, HHV-8
876
T/F human herpesvirus is a persistent lifelong infection that is typically asymptomatic
true
877
are there fossil records for viruses?
no
878
how are viruses detected from ancient remains?
found in the genomes of hosts
879
what are retroviruses?
RNA viruses that insert a copy of their DNA into the host genome
880
about ___% of the human genome consists of retrovirus-like sequences
10
881
how could retroviruses potentially affect human evolution?
by possibly turning other genes on/off
882
what is the only type of cell that can carry sequences down generations?
germ cells
883
T/F the koala retrovirus can be spread vertically or horizontally
true
884
do these ancient retroviruses do anything? why/why not
no; they are crippled in ways that make them poor at replication
885
syncytin is a viral gene belonging to ___ retrovirus
endogenous
886
what is syncytin?
ancient cell attachment protein
887
syncytin is located on human chromosome # __
7
888
syncytin is essential to the development of ___ in humans
placenta
889
syncytin is required to make which layer of the placenta? what is its function?
syncytiotroplast layer; maintains semipermeable barrier between mother/fetus
890
T/F humans capture viral genes, but viruses also capture human genes
true
891
the circular shape of KSHV (a human herpesvirus) plays a role in its ability to __
replicate in a host cell
892
T/F KSHV contains genes from our primate ancestors
true
893
what is the role of human genes in a viral genome?
makes it easier for virus to infect and evade host immune system
894
what is the first written record of virus infection?
a hieroglyph in Memphis Egypt in 3700 BC of a priest with paralytic poliomyelitis
895
what two viruses have been identified in ancient depictions and remains?
polio and smallpox
896
what is the definition of "virus"?
submicroscopic obligate intracellular parasites
897
can viruses be detected by a light microscope?
no
898
virus is latin for __
poison/toxin
899
can viruses live independent of a host?
no
900
how are viruses produced?
they are assembled from pre-made components
901
do viruses divide?
no
902
what is the name for virus particles?
virions
903
do virions divide?
no
904
viruses lack the genetic information to perform what 2 functions that would be needed if it was not in a host?
1. metabolic activity
| 2. protein synthesis
905
viruses can be described as simple Darwinian ___s
machines
906
T/F viruses target a specific host
true
907
T/F viruses multiply but do not grow
true
908
outside of a host cell, viruses are ___
complex assemblies of metabolically inert chemicals
909
inside a host cell viruses can be thought of as alive (T/F)
true
910
what are three shapes of viruses?
1. filamentous
2. bacteriophage
3. surrounded by lipid envelope
911
compare the size of viruses to bacteria
viruses are smaller
912
in electron microscopy, the sample is placed on what type of grid? (chemical composition)
copper
913
what is the purpose of staining with heavy atoms in electron microscopy?
allows for enough diffraction of electrons so the sample structures can be seen
914
what are the 3 physical properties of viruses?
1. capsid
2. genome
3. optional components (tegument and envelopes)
915
what is a capsid?
a protein shell
916
what are the 4 types of possible genomes for viruses?
ds/ss DNA, dsRNA, +ssRNA and -ssRNA
917
what is the role of a virus particle?
package viral genomes in infected cells and transmit them to new host cells
918
are virus particles infectious?
np
919
what is a virion?
a complete infectious virus particle
920
in order to be successful, a virion must do what 5 things?
1. be correctly made
2. escape the cell
3. survive the extracellular environment
4. attach and enter another host
5. release viral genome
921
what is a virus capsid?
symmetrical protein container for the viral genome
922
the virus capsid protects the genome from what 3 things? Give an example for each
1. physical damage (mechanical force)
2. chemical damage (UV)
3. enzymatic damge (nucleases/defense)
923
protein subunits in a virus capsid are multiply redundant, which means ___
they are present in many copies
924
what are capsomeres?
protein subunits that make up a capsid
925
T/F damage to 1/more capsid subunits destroys the infectivity of the whole viral particle
false
926
T/F capsid can take damage without destroying the virion
true
927
what are the 4 morphologies of virus capsids?
1. helical
2. icosahedral
3. enveloped
4. complex
928
a tobacco mosaic virus is an example of what morphology?
helical
929
what is the simplest type of capsid morphology?
helical
930
describe the structure of helical capsids
single type of capsomer stacked around axis making a helical shape and a hollow center
931
where is the genome housed in a helical capsid?
in the hollow center
932
what type of genome do most helical capsids have?
ssRNA
933
how do capsomers bind to the genome in a helical capsid? Are they species specific?
by charge interactions (therefor not species specific)
934
what determines the length / diameter of helix in helical capsids
number of nucleotides in genome
935
if tabacco mosaic RNA and coat protein are put together, will virus particles form spontaneously?
yes
936
helical viruses are in what free energy state?
minimum
937
T/F human viruses show helical structures
false
938
many animal viruses take on what capsid morphology?
icosahedral
939
poliovirus, adenovirus and Hep A all have what type of capsid morphology?
icosahedral
940
what are the 4 benefits of the icosahedral shape of viruses?
1. strength
2. resistance to force
3. tight packing of viral genome
3. genetically inexpensive ( can be made from a few repeating subunits)
941
each mL of seawater has about how many virus particles?
10 million
942
T/F we carry viral genomes as part of our own genetic makeup
true
943
what is a zoonotic infection?
can cross species barriers
944
marine viruses affect the ___ cycle
carbon
945
T/F microbes represent a large majority of the ocean's biomass
true
946
what is the research of the Suttle lab at UBC based on?
ocean viruses
947
whales are often infected by what virus? What are the symptoms?
calci virus; rashes, blisters, diarrhea
948
what are the 8 human herpes viruses?
HSV-1, HSV2, HCMV, VZV, EBV, HHV-6, HHV-7, HHV-8
949
T/F human herpesvirus is a persistent lifelong infection that is typically asymptomatic
true
950
are there fossil records for viruses?
no
951
how are viruses detected from ancient remains?
found in the genomes of hosts
952
what are retroviruses?
RNA viruses that insert a copy of their DNA into the host genome
953
about ___% of the human genome consists of retrovirus-like sequences
10
954
how could retroviruses potentially affect human evolution?
by possibly turning other genes on/off
955
what is the only type of cell that can carry sequences down generations?
germ cells
956
T/F the koala retrovirus can be spread vertically or horizontally
true
957
do these ancient retroviruses do anything? why/why not
no; they are crippled in ways that make them poor at replication
958
syncytin is a viral gene belonging to ___ retrovirus
endogenous
959
what is syncytin?
ancient cell attachment protein
960
syncytin is located on human chromosome # __
7
961
syncytin is essential to the development of ___ in humans
placenta
962
syncytin is required to make which layer of the placenta? what is its function?
syncytiotroplast layer; maintains semipermeable barrier between mother/fetus
963
T/F humans capture viral genes, but viruses also capture human genes
true
964
the circular shape of KSHV (a human herpesvirus) plays a role in its ability to __
replicate in a host cell
965
T/F KSHV contains genes from our primate ancestors
true
966
what is the role of human genes in a viral genome?
makes it easier for virus to infect and evade host immune system
967
what is the first written record of virus infection?
a hieroglyph in Memphis Egypt in 3700 BC of a priest with paralytic poliomyelitis
968
what two viruses have been identified in ancient depictions and remains?
polio and smallpox
969
what is the definition of "virus"?
submicroscopic obligate intracellular parasites
970
can viruses be detected by a light microscope?
no
971
virus is latin for __
poison/toxin
972
can viruses live independent of a host?
no
973
how are viruses produced?
they are assembled from pre-made components
974
do viruses divide?
no
975
what is the name for virus particles?
virions
976
do virions divide?
no
977
viruses lack the genetic information to perform what 2 functions that would be needed if it was not in a host?
1. metabolic activity
| 2. protein synthesis
978
viruses can be described as simple Darwinian ___s
machines
979
T/F viruses target a specific host
true
980
T/F viruses multiply but do not grow
true
981
outside of a host cell, viruses are ___
complex assemblies of metabolically inert chemicals
982
inside a host cell viruses can be thought of as alive (T/F)
true
983
what are three shapes of viruses?
1. filamentous
2. bacteriophage
3. surrounded by lipid envelope
984
compare the size of viruses to bacteria
viruses are smaller
985
in electron microscopy, the sample is placed on what type of grid? (chemical composition)
copper
986
what is the purpose of staining with heavy atoms in electron microscopy?
allows for enough diffraction of electrons so the sample structures can be seen
987
what are the 3 physical properties of viruses?
1. capsid
2. genome
3. optional components (tegument and envelopes)
988
what is a capsid?
a protein shell
989
what are the 4 types of possible genomes for viruses?
ds/ss DNA, dsRNA, +ssRNA and -ssRNA
990
what is the role of a virus particle?
package viral genomes in infected cells and transmit them to new host cells
991
are virus particles infectious?
np
992
what is a virion?
a complete infectious virus particle
993
in order to be successful, a virion must do what 5 things?
1. be correctly made
2. escape the cell
3. survive the extracellular environment
4. attach and enter another host
5. release viral genome
994
what is a virus capsid?
symmetrical protein container for the viral genome
995
the virus capsid protects the genome from what 3 things? Give an example for each
1. physical damage (mechanical force)
2. chemical damage (UV)
3. enzymatic damge (nucleases/defense)
996
protein subunits in a virus capsid are multiply redundant, which means ___
they are present in many copies
997
what are capsomeres?
protein subunits that make up a capsid
998
T/F damage to 1/more capsid subunits destroys the infectivity of the whole viral particle
false
999
T/F capsid can take damage without destroying the virion
true
1000
what are the 4 morphologies of virus capsids?
1. helical
2. icosahedral
3. enveloped
4. complex
1001
a tobacco mosaic virus is an example of what morphology?
helical
1002
what is the simplest type of capsid morphology?
helical
1003
describe the structure of helical capsids
single type of capsomer stacked around axis making a helical shape and a hollow center
1004
where is the genome housed in a helical capsid?
in the hollow center
1005
what type of genome do most helical capsids have?
ssRNA
1006
how do capsomers bind to the genome in a helical capsid? Are they species specific?
by charge interactions (therefor not species specific)
1007
what determines the length / diameter of helix in helical capsids
number of nucleotides in genome
1008
if tabacco mosaic RNA and coat protein are put together, will virus particles form spontaneously?
yes
1009
helical viruses are in what free energy state?
minimum
1010
T/F human viruses show helical structures
false
1011
many animal viruses take on what capsid morphology?
icosahedral
1012
poliovirus, adenovirus and Hep A all have what type of capsid morphology?
icosahedral
1013
what are the 4 benefits of the icosahedral shape of viruses?
1. strength
2. resistance to force
3. tight packing of viral genome
3. genetically inexpensive ( can be made from a few repeating subunits)
1014
T/F icoashedral capsids usually accomodate all types of viral genome
true
1015
many icosahedral viruses are enteric which is __
naked icosahedral
1016
what part of the body is most commonly infected by enteric icosahedral viruses?
GI tract
1017
how is the shape of an icosahedral capsid advantageous for the GI tract?
it gives it the strength to survive the harsh conditions
1018
in enveloped viruses, the space between the envelope and the capsid has ___
viral tegument
1019
what is viral tegument?
made of protein and RNA
1020
KSHV-8, influenza and HIV are examples of what type of virus morphology?
enveloped
1021
some viruses envelope themselves in host membranes derived from ____ (2)
1. plamsa membrane
| 2. internal membranes (nuc, ER etc)
1022
a viral envelope is studded with ___ (2)
1. virus encoded glycoproteins
| 2. captured host proteins
1023
how are viral proteins glycosylated?
with host sugars in ER and golgi aparatus
1024
what are the 2 types of viral glycosylation?
1. N--glycosylation
| 2. O--glycosylation
1025
what is N--glycosylation?
addition of sugar on amide of asparagine
1026
what is O--glycosylation?
addition of sugar to serine /threonine
1027
sugar decorations on the surface of viruses are often critical to what process?
protein function
1028
each mL of seawater has about how many virus particles?
10 million
1029
T/F we carry viral genomes as part of our own genetic makeup
true
1030
what is a zoonotic infection?
can cross species barriers
1031
marine viruses affect the ___ cycle
carbon
1032
T/F microbes represent a large majority of the ocean's biomass
true
1033
what is the research of the Suttle lab at UBC based on?
ocean viruses
1034
whales are often infected by what virus? What are the symptoms?
calci virus; rashes, blisters, diarrhea
1035
what are the 8 human herpes viruses?
HSV-1, HSV2, HCMV, VZV, EBV, HHV-6, HHV-7, HHV-8
1036
T/F human herpesvirus is a persistent lifelong infection that is typically asymptomatic
true
1037
are there fossil records for viruses?
no
1038
how are viruses detected from ancient remains?
found in the genomes of hosts
1039
what are retroviruses?
RNA viruses that insert a copy of their DNA into the host genome
1040
about ___% of the human genome consists of retrovirus-like sequences
10
1041
how could retroviruses potentially affect human evolution?
by possibly turning other genes on/off
1042
what is the only type of cell that can carry sequences down generations?
germ cells
1043
T/F the koala retrovirus can be spread vertically or horizontally
true
1044
do these ancient retroviruses do anything? why/why not
no; they are crippled in ways that make them poor at replication
1045
syncytin is a viral gene belonging to ___ retrovirus
endogenous
1046
what is syncytin?
ancient cell attachment protein
1047
syncytin is located on human chromosome # __
7
1048
syncytin is essential to the development of ___ in humans
placenta
1049
syncytin is required to make which layer of the placenta? what is its function?
syncytiotroplast layer; maintains semipermeable barrier between mother/fetus
1050
T/F humans capture viral genes, but viruses also capture human genes
true
1051
the circular shape of KSHV (a human herpesvirus) plays a role in its ability to __
replicate in a host cell
1052
T/F KSHV contains genes from our primate ancestors
true
1053
what is the role of human genes in a viral genome?
makes it easier for virus to infect and evade host immune system
1054
what is the first written record of virus infection?
a hieroglyph in Memphis Egypt in 3700 BC of a priest with paralytic poliomyelitis
1055
what two viruses have been identified in ancient depictions and remains?
polio and smallpox
1056
what is the definition of "virus"?
submicroscopic obligate intracellular parasites
1057
can viruses be detected by a light microscope?
no
1058
virus is latin for __
poison/toxin
1059
can viruses live independent of a host?
no
1060
how are viruses produced?
they are assembled from pre-made components
1061
do viruses divide?
no
1062
what is the name for virus particles?
virions
1063
do virions divide?
no
1064
viruses lack the genetic information to perform what 2 functions that would be needed if it was not in a host?
1. metabolic activity
| 2. protein synthesis
1065
viruses can be described as simple Darwinian ___s
machines
1066
T/F viruses target a specific host
true
1067
T/F viruses multiply but do not grow
true
1068
outside of a host cell, viruses are ___
complex assemblies of metabolically inert chemicals
1069
inside a host cell viruses can be thought of as alive (T/F)
true
1070
what are three shapes of viruses?
1. filamentous
2. bacteriophage
3. surrounded by lipid envelope
1071
compare the size of viruses to bacteria
viruses are smaller
1072
in electron microscopy, the sample is placed on what type of grid? (chemical composition)
copper
1073
what is the purpose of staining with heavy atoms in electron microscopy?
allows for enough diffraction of electrons so the sample structures can be seen
1074
what are the 3 physical properties of viruses?
1. capsid
2. genome
3. optional components (tegument and envelopes)
1075
what is a capsid?
a protein shell
1076
what are the 4 types of possible genomes for viruses?
ds/ss DNA, dsRNA, +ssRNA and -ssRNA
1077
what is the role of a virus particle?
package viral genomes in infected cells and transmit them to new host cells
1078
are virus particles infectious?
np
1079
what is a virion?
a complete infectious virus particle
1080
in order to be successful, a virion must do what 5 things?
1. be correctly made
2. escape the cell
3. survive the extracellular environment
4. attach and enter another host
5. release viral genome
1081
what is a virus capsid?
symmetrical protein container for the viral genome
1082
the virus capsid protects the genome from what 3 things? Give an example for each
1. physical damage (mechanical force)
2. chemical damage (UV)
3. enzymatic damge (nucleases/defense)
1083
protein subunits in a virus capsid are multiply redundant, which means ___
they are present in many copies
1084
what are capsomeres?
protein subunits that make up a capsid
1085
T/F damage to 1/more capsid subunits destroys the infectivity of the whole viral particle
false
1086
T/F capsid can take damage without destroying the virion
true
1087
what are the 4 morphologies of virus capsids?
1. helical
2. icosahedral
3. enveloped
4. complex
1088
a tobacco mosaic virus is an example of what morphology?
helical
1089
what is the simplest type of capsid morphology?
helical
1090
describe the structure of helical capsids
single type of capsomer stacked around axis making a helical shape and a hollow center
1091
where is the genome housed in a helical capsid?
in the hollow center
1092
what type of genome do most helical capsids have?
ssRNA
1093
how do capsomers bind to the genome in a helical capsid? Are they species specific?
by charge interactions (therefor not species specific)
1094
what determines the length / diameter of helix in helical capsids
number of nucleotides in genome
1095
if tabacco mosaic RNA and coat protein are put together, will virus particles form spontaneously?
yes
1096
helical viruses are in what free energy state?
minimum
1097
T/F human viruses show helical structures
false
1098
many animal viruses take on what capsid morphology?
icosahedral
1099
poliovirus, adenovirus and Hep A all have what type of capsid morphology?
icosahedral
1100
what are the 4 benefits of the icosahedral shape of viruses?
1. strength
2. resistance to force
3. tight packing of viral genome
3. genetically inexpensive ( can be made from a few repeating subunits)
1101
T/F icoashedral capsids usually accomodate all types of viral genome
true
1102
many icosahedral viruses are enteric which is __
naked icosahedral
1103
what part of the body is most commonly infected by enteric icosahedral viruses?
GI tract
1104
how is the shape of an icosahedral capsid advantageous for the GI tract?
it gives it the strength to survive the harsh conditions
1105
in enveloped viruses, the space between the envelope and the capsid has ___
viral tegument
1106
what is viral tegument?
made of protein and RNA
1107
KSHV-8, influenza and HIV are examples of what type of virus morphology?
enveloped
1108
some viruses envelope themselves in host membranes derived from ____ (2)
1. plamsa membrane
| 2. internal membranes (nuc, ER etc)
1109
a viral envelope is studded with ___ (2)
1. virus encoded glycoproteins
| 2. captured host proteins
1110
how are viral proteins glycosylated?
with host sugars in ER and golgi aparatus
1111
what are the 2 types of viral glycosylation?
1. N--glycosylation
| 2. O--glycosylation
1112
what is N--glycosylation?
addition of sugar on amide of asparagine
1113
what is O--glycosylation?
addition of sugar to serine /threonine
1114
sugar decorations on the surface of viruses are often critical to what process?
protein function
1115
each mL of seawater has about how many virus particles?
10 million
1116
T/F we carry viral genomes as part of our own genetic makeup
true
1117
what is a zoonotic infection?
can cross species barriers
1118
marine viruses affect the ___ cycle
carbon
1119
T/F microbes represent a large majority of the ocean's biomass
true
1120
what is the research of the Suttle lab at UBC based on?
ocean viruses
1121
whales are often infected by what virus? What are the symptoms?
calci virus; rashes, blisters, diarrhea
1122
what are the 8 human herpes viruses?
HSV-1, HSV2, HCMV, VZV, EBV, HHV-6, HHV-7, HHV-8
1123
T/F human herpesvirus is a persistent lifelong infection that is typically asymptomatic
true
1124
are there fossil records for viruses?
no
1125
how are viruses detected from ancient remains?
found in the genomes of hosts
1126
what are retroviruses?
RNA viruses that insert a copy of their DNA into the host genome
1127
about ___% of the human genome consists of retrovirus-like sequences
10
1128
how could retroviruses potentially affect human evolution?
by possibly turning other genes on/off
1129
what is the only type of cell that can carry sequences down generations?
germ cells
1130
T/F the koala retrovirus can be spread vertically or horizontally
true
1131
do these ancient retroviruses do anything? why/why not
no; they are crippled in ways that make them poor at replication
1132
syncytin is a viral gene belonging to ___ retrovirus
endogenous
1133
what is syncytin?
ancient cell attachment protein
1134
syncytin is located on human chromosome # __
7
1135
syncytin is essential to the development of ___ in humans
placenta
1136
syncytin is required to make which layer of the placenta? what is its function?
syncytiotroplast layer; maintains semipermeable barrier between mother/fetus
1137
T/F humans capture viral genes, but viruses also capture human genes
true
1138
the circular shape of KSHV (a human herpesvirus) plays a role in its ability to __
replicate in a host cell
1139
T/F KSHV contains genes from our primate ancestors
true
1140
what is the role of human genes in a viral genome?
makes it easier for virus to infect and evade host immune system
1141
what is the first written record of virus infection?
a hieroglyph in Memphis Egypt in 3700 BC of a priest with paralytic poliomyelitis
1142
what two viruses have been identified in ancient depictions and remains?
polio and smallpox
1143
what is the definition of "virus"?
submicroscopic obligate intracellular parasites
1144
can viruses be detected by a light microscope?
no
1145
virus is latin for __
poison/toxin
1146
can viruses live independent of a host?
no
1147
how are viruses produced?
they are assembled from pre-made components
1148
do viruses divide?
no
1149
what is the name for virus particles?
virions
1150
do virions divide?
no
1151
viruses lack the genetic information to perform what 2 functions that would be needed if it was not in a host?
1. metabolic activity
| 2. protein synthesis
1152
viruses can be described as simple Darwinian ___s
machines
1153
T/F viruses target a specific host
true
1154
T/F viruses multiply but do not grow
true
1155
outside of a host cell, viruses are ___
complex assemblies of metabolically inert chemicals
1156
inside a host cell viruses can be thought of as alive (T/F)
true
1157
what are three shapes of viruses?
1. filamentous
2. bacteriophage
3. surrounded by lipid envelope
1158
compare the size of viruses to bacteria
viruses are smaller
1159
in electron microscopy, the sample is placed on what type of grid? (chemical composition)
copper
1160
what is the purpose of staining with heavy atoms in electron microscopy?
allows for enough diffraction of electrons so the sample structures can be seen
1161
what are the 3 physical properties of viruses?
1. capsid
2. genome
3. optional components (tegument and envelopes)
1162
what is a capsid?
a protein shell
1163
what are the 4 types of possible genomes for viruses?
ds/ss DNA, dsRNA, +ssRNA and -ssRNA
1164
what is the role of a virus particle?
package viral genomes in infected cells and transmit them to new host cells
1165
are virus particles infectious?
np
1166
what is a virion?
a complete infectious virus particle
1167
in order to be successful, a virion must do what 5 things?
1. be correctly made
2. escape the cell
3. survive the extracellular environment
4. attach and enter another host
5. release viral genome
1168
what is a virus capsid?
symmetrical protein container for the viral genome
1169
the virus capsid protects the genome from what 3 things? Give an example for each
1. physical damage (mechanical force)
2. chemical damage (UV)
3. enzymatic damge (nucleases/defense)
1170
protein subunits in a virus capsid are multiply redundant, which means ___
they are present in many copies
1171
what are capsomeres?
protein subunits that make up a capsid
1172
T/F damage to 1/more capsid subunits destroys the infectivity of the whole viral particle
false
1173
T/F capsid can take damage without destroying the virion
true
1174
what are the 4 morphologies of virus capsids?
1. helical
2. icosahedral
3. enveloped
4. complex
1175
a tobacco mosaic virus is an example of what morphology?
helical
1176
what is the simplest type of capsid morphology?
helical
1177
describe the structure of helical capsids
single type of capsomer stacked around axis making a helical shape and a hollow center
1178
where is the genome housed in a helical capsid?
in the hollow center
1179
what type of genome do most helical capsids have?
ssRNA
1180
how do capsomers bind to the genome in a helical capsid? Are they species specific?
by charge interactions (therefor not species specific)
1181
what determines the length / diameter of helix in helical capsids
number of nucleotides in genome
1182
if tabacco mosaic RNA and coat protein are put together, will virus particles form spontaneously?
yes
1183
helical viruses are in what free energy state?
minimum
1184
T/F human viruses show helical structures
false
1185
many animal viruses take on what capsid morphology?
icosahedral
1186
poliovirus, adenovirus and Hep A all have what type of capsid morphology?
icosahedral
1187
what are the 4 benefits of the icosahedral shape of viruses?
1. strength
2. resistance to force
3. tight packing of viral genome
3. genetically inexpensive ( can be made from a few repeating subunits)
1188
T/F icoashedral capsids usually accomodate all types of viral genome
true
1189
many icosahedral viruses are enteric which is __
naked icosahedral
1190
what part of the body is most commonly infected by enteric icosahedral viruses?
GI tract
1191
how is the shape of an icosahedral capsid advantageous for the GI tract?
it gives it the strength to survive the harsh conditions
1192
in enveloped viruses, the space between the envelope and the capsid has ___
viral tegument
1193
what is viral tegument?
made of protein and RNA
1194
KSHV-8, influenza and HIV are examples of what type of virus morphology?
enveloped
1195
some viruses envelope themselves in host membranes derived from ____ (2)
1. plamsa membrane
| 2. internal membranes (nuc, ER etc)
1196
a viral envelope is studded with ___ (2)
1. virus encoded glycoproteins
| 2. captured host proteins
1197
how are viral proteins glycosylated?
with host sugars in ER and golgi aparatus
1198
what are the 2 types of viral glycosylation?
1. N--glycosylation
| 2. O--glycosylation
1199
what is N--glycosylation?
addition of sugar on amide of asparagine
1200
what is O--glycosylation?
addition of sugar to serine /threonine
1201
sugar decorations on the surface of viruses are often critical to what process?
protein function
1202
influenza has 2 main glycoproteins__
1. hemaglutinin (HA)
| 2. neuramidase (NA)
1203
what is hemaglutinin (HA)?
a lectin that binds siallic acid receptor on cell surface, allowing binding and entry
1204
what is neuramidase (NA)?
enzyme that cleaves silalic acid, allowing progeny to be released from host
1205
describe the structure of capsid in complex virus
not purely icosohedral or helical, may have extra structures such as protein tail and complex out wall
1206
describe the structure of bacteriophage T4 (4)
1. dsDNA
2. helical tail
3. hexagonal base
4. protein tail
1207
each mL of seawater has about how many virus particles?
10 million
1208
T/F we carry viral genomes as part of our own genetic makeup
true
1209
what is a zoonotic infection?
can cross species barriers
1210
marine viruses affect the ___ cycle
carbon
1211
T/F microbes represent a large majority of the ocean's biomass
true
1212
what is the research of the Suttle lab at UBC based on?
ocean viruses
1213
whales are often infected by what virus? What are the symptoms?
calci virus; rashes, blisters, diarrhea
1214
what are the 8 human herpes viruses?
HSV-1, HSV2, HCMV, VZV, EBV, HHV-6, HHV-7, HHV-8
1215
T/F human herpesvirus is a persistent lifelong infection that is typically asymptomatic
true
1216
are there fossil records for viruses?
no
1217
how are viruses detected from ancient remains?
found in the genomes of hosts
1218
what are retroviruses?
RNA viruses that insert a copy of their DNA into the host genome
1219
about ___% of the human genome consists of retrovirus-like sequences
10
1220
how could retroviruses potentially affect human evolution?
by possibly turning other genes on/off
1221
what is the only type of cell that can carry sequences down generations?
germ cells
1222
T/F the koala retrovirus can be spread vertically or horizontally
true
1223
do these ancient retroviruses do anything? why/why not
no; they are crippled in ways that make them poor at replication
1224
syncytin is a viral gene belonging to ___ retrovirus
endogenous
1225
what is syncytin?
ancient cell attachment protein
1226
syncytin is located on human chromosome # __
7
1227
syncytin is essential to the development of ___ in humans
placenta
1228
syncytin is required to make which layer of the placenta? what is its function?
syncytiotroplast layer; maintains semipermeable barrier between mother/fetus
1229
T/F humans capture viral genes, but viruses also capture human genes
true
1230
the circular shape of KSHV (a human herpesvirus) plays a role in its ability to __
replicate in a host cell
1231
T/F KSHV contains genes from our primate ancestors
true
1232
what is the role of human genes in a viral genome?
makes it easier for virus to infect and evade host immune system
1233
what is the first written record of virus infection?
a hieroglyph in Memphis Egypt in 3700 BC of a priest with paralytic poliomyelitis
1234
what two viruses have been identified in ancient depictions and remains?
polio and smallpox
1235
what is the definition of "virus"?
submicroscopic obligate intracellular parasites
1236
can viruses be detected by a light microscope?
no
1237
virus is latin for __
poison/toxin
1238
can viruses live independent of a host?
no
1239
how are viruses produced?
they are assembled from pre-made components
1240
do viruses divide?
no
1241
what is the name for virus particles?
virions
1242
do virions divide?
no
1243
viruses lack the genetic information to perform what 2 functions that would be needed if it was not in a host?
1. metabolic activity
| 2. protein synthesis
1244
viruses can be described as simple Darwinian ___s
machines
1245
T/F viruses target a specific host
true
1246
T/F viruses multiply but do not grow
true
1247
outside of a host cell, viruses are ___
complex assemblies of metabolically inert chemicals
1248
inside a host cell viruses can be thought of as alive (T/F)
true
1249
what are three shapes of viruses?
1. filamentous
2. bacteriophage
3. surrounded by lipid envelope
1250
compare the size of viruses to bacteria
viruses are smaller
1251
in electron microscopy, the sample is placed on what type of grid? (chemical composition)
copper
1252
what is the purpose of staining with heavy atoms in electron microscopy?
allows for enough diffraction of electrons so the sample structures can be seen
1253
what are the 3 physical properties of viruses?
1. capsid
2. genome
3. optional components (tegument and envelopes)
1254
what is a capsid?
a protein shell
1255
what are the 4 types of possible genomes for viruses?
ds/ss DNA, dsRNA, +ssRNA and -ssRNA
1256
what is the role of a virus particle?
package viral genomes in infected cells and transmit them to new host cells
1257
are virus particles infectious?
np
1258
what is a virion?
a complete infectious virus particle
1259
in order to be successful, a virion must do what 5 things?
1. be correctly made
2. escape the cell
3. survive the extracellular environment
4. attach and enter another host
5. release viral genome
1260
what is a virus capsid?
symmetrical protein container for the viral genome
1261
the virus capsid protects the genome from what 3 things? Give an example for each
1. physical damage (mechanical force)
2. chemical damage (UV)
3. enzymatic damge (nucleases/defense)
1262
protein subunits in a virus capsid are multiply redundant, which means ___
they are present in many copies
1263
what are capsomeres?
protein subunits that make up a capsid
1264
T/F damage to 1/more capsid subunits destroys the infectivity of the whole viral particle
false
1265
T/F capsid can take damage without destroying the virion
true
1266
what are the 4 morphologies of virus capsids?
1. helical
2. icosahedral
3. enveloped
4. complex
1267
a tobacco mosaic virus is an example of what morphology?
helical
1268
what is the simplest type of capsid morphology?
helical
1269
describe the structure of helical capsids
single type of capsomer stacked around axis making a helical shape and a hollow center
1270
where is the genome housed in a helical capsid?
in the hollow center
1271
what type of genome do most helical capsids have?
ssRNA
1272
how do capsomers bind to the genome in a helical capsid? Are they species specific?
by charge interactions (therefor not species specific)
1273
what determines the length / diameter of helix in helical capsids
number of nucleotides in genome
1274
if tabacco mosaic RNA and coat protein are put together, will virus particles form spontaneously?
yes
1275
helical viruses are in what free energy state?
minimum
1276
T/F human viruses show helical structures
false
1277
many animal viruses take on what capsid morphology?
icosahedral
1278
poliovirus, adenovirus and Hep A all have what type of capsid morphology?
icosahedral
1279
what are the 4 benefits of the icosahedral shape of viruses?
1. strength
2. resistance to force
3. tight packing of viral genome
3. genetically inexpensive ( can be made from a few repeating subunits)
1280
T/F icoashedral capsids usually accomodate all types of viral genome
true
1281
many icosahedral viruses are enteric which is __
naked icosahedral
1282
what part of the body is most commonly infected by enteric icosahedral viruses?
GI tract
1283
how is the shape of an icosahedral capsid advantageous for the GI tract?
it gives it the strength to survive the harsh conditions
1284
in enveloped viruses, the space between the envelope and the capsid has ___
viral tegument
1285
what is viral tegument?
made of protein and RNA
1286
KSHV-8, influenza and HIV are examples of what type of virus morphology?
enveloped
1287
some viruses envelope themselves in host membranes derived from ____ (2)
1. plamsa membrane
| 2. internal membranes (nuc, ER etc)
1288
a viral envelope is studded with ___ (2)
1. virus encoded glycoproteins
| 2. captured host proteins
1289
how are viral proteins glycosylated?
with host sugars in ER and golgi aparatus
1290
what are the 2 types of viral glycosylation?
1. N--glycosylation
| 2. O--glycosylation
1291
what is N--glycosylation?
addition of sugar on amide of asparagine
1292
what is O--glycosylation?
addition of sugar to serine /threonine
1293
sugar decorations on the surface of viruses are often critical to what process?
protein function
1294
influenza has 2 main glycoproteins__
1. hemaglutinin (HA)
| 2. neuramidase (NA)
1295
what is hemaglutinin (HA)?
a lectin that binds siallic acid receptor on cell surface, allowing binding and entry
1296
what is neuramidase (NA)?
enzyme that cleaves silalic acid, allowing progeny to be released from host
1297
describe the structure of capsid in complex virus
not purely icosohedral or helical, may have extra structures such as protein tail and complex out wall
1298
describe the structure of bacteriophage T4 (4)
1. dsDNA
2. helical tail
3. hexagonal base
4. protein tail
1299
each mL of seawater has about how many virus particles?
10 million
1300
T/F we carry viral genomes as part of our own genetic makeup
true
1301
what is a zoonotic infection?
can cross species barriers
1302
marine viruses affect the ___ cycle
carbon
1303
T/F microbes represent a large majority of the ocean's biomass
true
1304
what is the research of the Suttle lab at UBC based on?
ocean viruses
1305
whales are often infected by what virus? What are the symptoms?
calci virus; rashes, blisters, diarrhea
1306
what are the 8 human herpes viruses?
HSV-1, HSV2, HCMV, VZV, EBV, HHV-6, HHV-7, HHV-8
1307
T/F human herpesvirus is a persistent lifelong infection that is typically asymptomatic
true
1308
are there fossil records for viruses?
no
1309
how are viruses detected from ancient remains?
found in the genomes of hosts
1310
what are retroviruses?
RNA viruses that insert a copy of their DNA into the host genome
1311
about ___% of the human genome consists of retrovirus-like sequences
10
1312
how could retroviruses potentially affect human evolution?
by possibly turning other genes on/off
1313
what is the only type of cell that can carry sequences down generations?
germ cells
1314
T/F the koala retrovirus can be spread vertically or horizontally
true
1315
do these ancient retroviruses do anything? why/why not
no; they are crippled in ways that make them poor at replication
1316
syncytin is a viral gene belonging to ___ retrovirus
endogenous
1317
what is syncytin?
ancient cell attachment protein
1318
syncytin is located on human chromosome # __
7
1319
syncytin is essential to the development of ___ in humans
placenta
1320
syncytin is required to make which layer of the placenta? what is its function?
syncytiotroplast layer; maintains semipermeable barrier between mother/fetus
1321
T/F humans capture viral genes, but viruses also capture human genes
true
1322
the circular shape of KSHV (a human herpesvirus) plays a role in its ability to __
replicate in a host cell
1323
T/F KSHV contains genes from our primate ancestors
true
1324
what is the role of human genes in a viral genome?
makes it easier for virus to infect and evade host immune system
1325
what is the first written record of virus infection?
a hieroglyph in Memphis Egypt in 3700 BC of a priest with paralytic poliomyelitis
1326
what two viruses have been identified in ancient depictions and remains?
polio and smallpox
1327
what is the definition of "virus"?
submicroscopic obligate intracellular parasites
1328
can viruses be detected by a light microscope?
no
1329
virus is latin for __
poison/toxin
1330
can viruses live independent of a host?
no
1331
how are viruses produced?
they are assembled from pre-made components
1332
do viruses divide?
no
1333
what is the name for virus particles?
virions
1334
do virions divide?
no
1335
viruses lack the genetic information to perform what 2 functions that would be needed if it was not in a host?
1. metabolic activity
| 2. protein synthesis
1336
viruses can be described as simple Darwinian ___s
machines
1337
T/F viruses target a specific host
true
1338
T/F viruses multiply but do not grow
true
1339
outside of a host cell, viruses are ___
complex assemblies of metabolically inert chemicals
1340
inside a host cell viruses can be thought of as alive (T/F)
true
1341
what are three shapes of viruses?
1. filamentous
2. bacteriophage
3. surrounded by lipid envelope
1342
compare the size of viruses to bacteria
viruses are smaller
1343
in electron microscopy, the sample is placed on what type of grid? (chemical composition)
copper
1344
what is the purpose of staining with heavy atoms in electron microscopy?
allows for enough diffraction of electrons so the sample structures can be seen
1345
what are the 3 physical properties of viruses?
1. capsid
2. genome
3. optional components (tegument and envelopes)
1346
what is a capsid?
a protein shell
1347
what are the 4 types of possible genomes for viruses?
ds/ss DNA, dsRNA, +ssRNA and -ssRNA
1348
what is the role of a virus particle?
package viral genomes in infected cells and transmit them to new host cells
1349
are virus particles infectious?
np
1350
what is a virion?
a complete infectious virus particle
1351
in order to be successful, a virion must do what 5 things?
1. be correctly made
2. escape the cell
3. survive the extracellular environment
4. attach and enter another host
5. release viral genome
1352
what is a virus capsid?
symmetrical protein container for the viral genome
1353
the virus capsid protects the genome from what 3 things? Give an example for each
1. physical damage (mechanical force)
2. chemical damage (UV)
3. enzymatic damge (nucleases/defense)
1354
protein subunits in a virus capsid are multiply redundant, which means ___
they are present in many copies
1355
what are capsomeres?
protein subunits that make up a capsid
1356
T/F damage to 1/more capsid subunits destroys the infectivity of the whole viral particle
false
1357
T/F capsid can take damage without destroying the virion
true
1358
what are the 4 morphologies of virus capsids?
1. helical
2. icosahedral
3. enveloped
4. complex
1359
a tobacco mosaic virus is an example of what morphology?
helical
1360
what is the simplest type of capsid morphology?
helical
1361
describe the structure of helical capsids
single type of capsomer stacked around axis making a helical shape and a hollow center
1362
where is the genome housed in a helical capsid?
in the hollow center
1363
what type of genome do most helical capsids have?
ssRNA
1364
how do capsomers bind to the genome in a helical capsid? Are they species specific?
by charge interactions (therefor not species specific)
1365
what determines the length / diameter of helix in helical capsids
number of nucleotides in genome
1366
if tabacco mosaic RNA and coat protein are put together, will virus particles form spontaneously?
yes
1367
helical viruses are in what free energy state?
minimum
1368
T/F human viruses show helical structures
false
1369
many animal viruses take on what capsid morphology?
icosahedral
1370
poliovirus, adenovirus and Hep A all have what type of capsid morphology?
icosahedral
1371
what are the 4 benefits of the icosahedral shape of viruses?
1. strength
2. resistance to force
3. tight packing of viral genome
3. genetically inexpensive ( can be made from a few repeating subunits)
1372
T/F icoashedral capsids usually accomodate all types of viral genome
true
1373
many icosahedral viruses are enteric which is __
naked icosahedral
1374
what part of the body is most commonly infected by enteric icosahedral viruses?
GI tract
1375
how is the shape of an icosahedral capsid advantageous for the GI tract?
it gives it the strength to survive the harsh conditions
1376
in enveloped viruses, the space between the envelope and the capsid has ___
viral tegument
1377
what is viral tegument?
made of protein and RNA
1378
KSHV-8, influenza and HIV are examples of what type of virus morphology?
enveloped
1379
some viruses envelope themselves in host membranes derived from ____ (2)
1. plamsa membrane
| 2. internal membranes (nuc, ER etc)
1380
a viral envelope is studded with ___ (2)
1. virus encoded glycoproteins
| 2. captured host proteins
1381
how are viral proteins glycosylated?
with host sugars in ER and golgi aparatus
1382
what are the 2 types of viral glycosylation?
1. N--glycosylation
| 2. O--glycosylation
1383
what is N--glycosylation?
addition of sugar on amide of asparagine
1384
what is O--glycosylation?
addition of sugar to serine /threonine
1385
sugar decorations on the surface of viruses are often critical to what process?
protein function
1386
influenza has 2 main glycoproteins__
1. hemaglutinin (HA)
| 2. neuramidase (NA)
1387
what is hemaglutinin (HA)?
a lectin that binds siallic acid receptor on cell surface, allowing binding and entry
1388
what is neuramidase (NA)?
enzyme that cleaves silalic acid, allowing progeny to be released from host
1389
describe the structure of capsid in complex virus
not purely icosohedral or helical, may have extra structures such as protein tail and complex out wall
1390
describe the structure of bacteriophage T4 (4)
1. dsDNA
2. helical tail
3. hexagonal base
4. protein tail
1391
each mL of seawater has about how many virus particles?
10 million
1392
T/F we carry viral genomes as part of our own genetic makeup
true
1393
what is a zoonotic infection?
can cross species barriers
1394
marine viruses affect the ___ cycle
carbon
1395
T/F microbes represent a large majority of the ocean's biomass
true
1396
what is the research of the Suttle lab at UBC based on?
ocean viruses
1397
whales are often infected by what virus? What are the symptoms?
calci virus; rashes, blisters, diarrhea
1398
what are the 8 human herpes viruses?
HSV-1, HSV2, HCMV, VZV, EBV, HHV-6, HHV-7, HHV-8
1399
T/F human herpesvirus is a persistent lifelong infection that is typically asymptomatic
true
1400
are there fossil records for viruses?
no
1401
how are viruses detected from ancient remains?
found in the genomes of hosts
1402
what are retroviruses?
RNA viruses that insert a copy of their DNA into the host genome
1403
about ___% of the human genome consists of retrovirus-like sequences
10
1404
how could retroviruses potentially affect human evolution?
by possibly turning other genes on/off
1405
what is the only type of cell that can carry sequences down generations?
germ cells
1406
T/F the koala retrovirus can be spread vertically or horizontally
true
1407
do these ancient retroviruses do anything? why/why not
no; they are crippled in ways that make them poor at replication
1408
syncytin is a viral gene belonging to ___ retrovirus
endogenous
1409
what is syncytin?
ancient cell attachment protein
1410
syncytin is located on human chromosome # __
7
1411
syncytin is essential to the development of ___ in humans
placenta
1412
syncytin is required to make which layer of the placenta? what is its function?
syncytiotroplast layer; maintains semipermeable barrier between mother/fetus
1413
T/F humans capture viral genes, but viruses also capture human genes
true
1414
the circular shape of KSHV (a human herpesvirus) plays a role in its ability to __
replicate in a host cell
1415
T/F KSHV contains genes from our primate ancestors
true
1416
what is the role of human genes in a viral genome?
makes it easier for virus to infect and evade host immune system
1417
what is the first written record of virus infection?
a hieroglyph in Memphis Egypt in 3700 BC of a priest with paralytic poliomyelitis
1418
what two viruses have been identified in ancient depictions and remains?
polio and smallpox
1419
what is the definition of "virus"?
submicroscopic obligate intracellular parasites
1420
can viruses be detected by a light microscope?
no
1421
virus is latin for __
poison/toxin
1422
can viruses live independent of a host?
no
1423
how are viruses produced?
they are assembled from pre-made components
1424
do viruses divide?
no
1425
what is the name for virus particles?
virions
1426
do virions divide?
no
1427
viruses lack the genetic information to perform what 2 functions that would be needed if it was not in a host?
1. metabolic activity
| 2. protein synthesis
1428
viruses can be described as simple Darwinian ___s
machines
1429
T/F viruses target a specific host
true
1430
T/F viruses multiply but do not grow
true
1431
outside of a host cell, viruses are ___
complex assemblies of metabolically inert chemicals
1432
inside a host cell viruses can be thought of as alive (T/F)
true
1433
what are three shapes of viruses?
1. filamentous
2. bacteriophage
3. surrounded by lipid envelope
1434
compare the size of viruses to bacteria
viruses are smaller
1435
in electron microscopy, the sample is placed on what type of grid? (chemical composition)
copper
1436
what is the purpose of staining with heavy atoms in electron microscopy?
allows for enough diffraction of electrons so the sample structures can be seen
1437
what are the 3 physical properties of viruses?
1. capsid
2. genome
3. optional components (tegument and envelopes)
1438
what is a capsid?
a protein shell
1439
what are the 4 types of possible genomes for viruses?
ds/ss DNA, dsRNA, +ssRNA and -ssRNA
1440
what is the role of a virus particle?
package viral genomes in infected cells and transmit them to new host cells
1441
are virus particles infectious?
np
1442
what is a virion?
a complete infectious virus particle
1443
in order to be successful, a virion must do what 5 things?
1. be correctly made
2. escape the cell
3. survive the extracellular environment
4. attach and enter another host
5. release viral genome
1444
what is a virus capsid?
symmetrical protein container for the viral genome
1445
the virus capsid protects the genome from what 3 things? Give an example for each
1. physical damage (mechanical force)
2. chemical damage (UV)
3. enzymatic damge (nucleases/defense)
1446
protein subunits in a virus capsid are multiply redundant, which means ___
they are present in many copies
1447
what are capsomeres?
protein subunits that make up a capsid
1448
T/F damage to 1/more capsid subunits destroys the infectivity of the whole viral particle
false
1449
T/F capsid can take damage without destroying the virion
true
1450
what are the 4 morphologies of virus capsids?
1. helical
2. icosahedral
3. enveloped
4. complex
1451
a tobacco mosaic virus is an example of what morphology?
helical
1452
what is the simplest type of capsid morphology?
helical
1453
describe the structure of helical capsids
single type of capsomer stacked around axis making a helical shape and a hollow center
1454
where is the genome housed in a helical capsid?
in the hollow center
1455
what type of genome do most helical capsids have?
ssRNA
1456
how do capsomers bind to the genome in a helical capsid? Are they species specific?
by charge interactions (therefor not species specific)
1457
what determines the length / diameter of helix in helical capsids
number of nucleotides in genome
1458
if tabacco mosaic RNA and coat protein are put together, will virus particles form spontaneously?
yes
1459
helical viruses are in what free energy state?
minimum
1460
T/F human viruses show helical structures
false
1461
many animal viruses take on what capsid morphology?
icosahedral
1462
poliovirus, adenovirus and Hep A all have what type of capsid morphology?
icosahedral
1463
what are the 4 benefits of the icosahedral shape of viruses?
1. strength
2. resistance to force
3. tight packing of viral genome
3. genetically inexpensive ( can be made from a few repeating subunits)
1464
T/F icoashedral capsids usually accomodate all types of viral genome
true
1465
many icosahedral viruses are enteric which is __
naked icosahedral
1466
what part of the body is most commonly infected by enteric icosahedral viruses?
GI tract
1467
how is the shape of an icosahedral capsid advantageous for the GI tract?
it gives it the strength to survive the harsh conditions
1468
in enveloped viruses, the space between the envelope and the capsid has ___
viral tegument
1469
what is viral tegument?
made of protein and RNA
1470
KSHV-8, influenza and HIV are examples of what type of virus morphology?
enveloped
1471
some viruses envelope themselves in host membranes derived from ____ (2)
1. plamsa membrane
| 2. internal membranes (nuc, ER etc)
1472
a viral envelope is studded with ___ (2)
1. virus encoded glycoproteins
| 2. captured host proteins
1473
how are viral proteins glycosylated?
with host sugars in ER and golgi aparatus
1474
what are the 2 types of viral glycosylation?
1. N--glycosylation
| 2. O--glycosylation
1475
what is N--glycosylation?
addition of sugar on amide of asparagine
1476
what is O--glycosylation?
addition of sugar to serine /threonine
1477
sugar decorations on the surface of viruses are often critical to what process?
protein function
1478
influenza has 2 main glycoproteins__
1. hemaglutinin (HA)
| 2. neuramidase (NA)
1479
what is hemaglutinin (HA)?
a lectin that binds siallic acid receptor on cell surface, allowing binding and entry
1480
what is neuramidase (NA)?
enzyme that cleaves silalic acid, allowing progeny to be released from host
1481
describe the structure of capsid in complex virus
not purely icosohedral or helical, may have extra structures such as protein tail and complex out wall
1482
describe the structure of bacteriophage T4 (4)
1. dsDNA
2. helical tail
3. hexagonal base
4. protein tail
1483
each mL of seawater has about how many virus particles?
10 million
1484
T/F we carry viral genomes as part of our own genetic makeup
true
1485
what is a zoonotic infection?
can cross species barriers
1486
marine viruses affect the ___ cycle
carbon
1487
T/F microbes represent a large majority of the ocean's biomass
true
1488
what is the research of the Suttle lab at UBC based on?
ocean viruses
1489
whales are often infected by what virus? What are the symptoms?
calci virus; rashes, blisters, diarrhea
1490
what are the 8 human herpes viruses?
HSV-1, HSV2, HCMV, VZV, EBV, HHV-6, HHV-7, HHV-8
1491
T/F human herpesvirus is a persistent lifelong infection that is typically asymptomatic
true
1492
are there fossil records for viruses?
no
1493
how are viruses detected from ancient remains?
found in the genomes of hosts
1494
what are retroviruses?
RNA viruses that insert a copy of their DNA into the host genome
1495
about ___% of the human genome consists of retrovirus-like sequences
10
1496
how could retroviruses potentially affect human evolution?
by possibly turning other genes on/off
1497
what is the only type of cell that can carry sequences down generations?
germ cells
1498
T/F the koala retrovirus can be spread vertically or horizontally
true
1499
do these ancient retroviruses do anything? why/why not
no; they are crippled in ways that make them poor at replication
1500
syncytin is a viral gene belonging to ___ retrovirus
endogenous
1501
what is syncytin?
ancient cell attachment protein
1502
syncytin is located on human chromosome # __
7
1503
syncytin is essential to the development of ___ in humans
placenta
1504
syncytin is required to make which layer of the placenta? what is its function?
syncytiotroplast layer; maintains semipermeable barrier between mother/fetus
1505
T/F humans capture viral genes, but viruses also capture human genes
true
1506
the circular shape of KSHV (a human herpesvirus) plays a role in its ability to __
replicate in a host cell
1507
T/F KSHV contains genes from our primate ancestors
true
1508
what is the role of human genes in a viral genome?
makes it easier for virus to infect and evade host immune system
1509
what is the first written record of virus infection?
a hieroglyph in Memphis Egypt in 3700 BC of a priest with paralytic poliomyelitis
1510
what two viruses have been identified in ancient depictions and remains?
polio and smallpox
1511
what is the definition of "virus"?
submicroscopic obligate intracellular parasites
1512
can viruses be detected by a light microscope?
no
1513
virus is latin for __
poison/toxin
1514
can viruses live independent of a host?
no
1515
how are viruses produced?
they are assembled from pre-made components
1516
do viruses divide?
no
1517
what is the name for virus particles?
virions
1518
do virions divide?
no
1519
viruses lack the genetic information to perform what 2 functions that would be needed if it was not in a host?
1. metabolic activity
| 2. protein synthesis
1520
viruses can be described as simple Darwinian ___s
machines
1521
T/F viruses target a specific host
true
1522
T/F viruses multiply but do not grow
true
1523
outside of a host cell, viruses are ___
complex assemblies of metabolically inert chemicals
1524
inside a host cell viruses can be thought of as alive (T/F)
true
1525
what are three shapes of viruses?
1. filamentous
2. bacteriophage
3. surrounded by lipid envelope
1526
compare the size of viruses to bacteria
viruses are smaller
1527
in electron microscopy, the sample is placed on what type of grid? (chemical composition)
copper
1528
what is the purpose of staining with heavy atoms in electron microscopy?
allows for enough diffraction of electrons so the sample structures can be seen
1529
what are the 3 physical properties of viruses?
1. capsid
2. genome
3. optional components (tegument and envelopes)
1530
what is a capsid?
a protein shell
1531
what are the 4 types of possible genomes for viruses?
ds/ss DNA, dsRNA, +ssRNA and -ssRNA
1532
what is the role of a virus particle?
package viral genomes in infected cells and transmit them to new host cells
1533
are virus particles infectious?
np
1534
what is a virion?
a complete infectious virus particle
1535
in order to be successful, a virion must do what 5 things?
1. be correctly made
2. escape the cell
3. survive the extracellular environment
4. attach and enter another host
5. release viral genome
1536
what is a virus capsid?
symmetrical protein container for the viral genome
1537
the virus capsid protects the genome from what 3 things? Give an example for each
1. physical damage (mechanical force)
2. chemical damage (UV)
3. enzymatic damge (nucleases/defense)
1538
protein subunits in a virus capsid are multiply redundant, which means ___
they are present in many copies
1539
what are capsomeres?
protein subunits that make up a capsid
1540
T/F damage to 1/more capsid subunits destroys the infectivity of the whole viral particle
false
1541
T/F capsid can take damage without destroying the virion
true
1542
what are the 4 morphologies of virus capsids?
1. helical
2. icosahedral
3. enveloped
4. complex
1543
a tobacco mosaic virus is an example of what morphology?
helical
1544
what is the simplest type of capsid morphology?
helical
1545
describe the structure of helical capsids
single type of capsomer stacked around axis making a helical shape and a hollow center
1546
where is the genome housed in a helical capsid?
in the hollow center
1547
what type of genome do most helical capsids have?
ssRNA
1548
how do capsomers bind to the genome in a helical capsid? Are they species specific?
by charge interactions (therefor not species specific)
1549
what determines the length / diameter of helix in helical capsids
number of nucleotides in genome
1550
if tabacco mosaic RNA and coat protein are put together, will virus particles form spontaneously?
yes
1551
helical viruses are in what free energy state?
minimum
1552
T/F human viruses show helical structures
false
1553
many animal viruses take on what capsid morphology?
icosahedral
1554
poliovirus, adenovirus and Hep A all have what type of capsid morphology?
icosahedral
1555
what are the 4 benefits of the icosahedral shape of viruses?
1. strength
2. resistance to force
3. tight packing of viral genome
3. genetically inexpensive ( can be made from a few repeating subunits)
1556
T/F icoashedral capsids usually accomodate all types of viral genome
true
1557
many icosahedral viruses are enteric which is __
naked icosahedral
1558
what part of the body is most commonly infected by enteric icosahedral viruses?
GI tract
1559
how is the shape of an icosahedral capsid advantageous for the GI tract?
it gives it the strength to survive the harsh conditions
1560
in enveloped viruses, the space between the envelope and the capsid has ___
viral tegument
1561
what is viral tegument?
made of protein and RNA
1562
KSHV-8, influenza and HIV are examples of what type of virus morphology?
enveloped
1563
some viruses envelope themselves in host membranes derived from ____ (2)
1. plamsa membrane
| 2. internal membranes (nuc, ER etc)
1564
a viral envelope is studded with ___ (2)
1. virus encoded glycoproteins
| 2. captured host proteins
1565
how are viral proteins glycosylated?
with host sugars in ER and golgi aparatus
1566
what are the 2 types of viral glycosylation?
1. N--glycosylation
| 2. O--glycosylation
1567
what is N--glycosylation?
addition of sugar on amide of asparagine
1568
what is O--glycosylation?
addition of sugar to serine /threonine
1569
sugar decorations on the surface of viruses are often critical to what process?
protein function
1570
influenza has 2 main glycoproteins__
1. hemaglutinin (HA)
| 2. neuramidase (NA)
1571
what is hemaglutinin (HA)?
a lectin that binds siallic acid receptor on cell surface, allowing binding and entry
1572
what is neuramidase (NA)?
enzyme that cleaves silalic acid, allowing progeny to be released from host
1573
describe the structure of capsid in complex virus
not purely icosohedral or helical, may have extra structures such as protein tail and complex out wall
1574
describe the structure of bacteriophage T4 (4)
1. dsDNA
2. helical tail
3. hexagonal base
4. protein tail
1575
each mL of seawater has about how many virus particles?
10 million
1576
T/F we carry viral genomes as part of our own genetic makeup
true
1577
what is a zoonotic infection?
can cross species barriers
1578
marine viruses affect the ___ cycle
carbon
1579
T/F microbes represent a large majority of the ocean's biomass
true
1580
what is the research of the Suttle lab at UBC based on?
ocean viruses
1581
whales are often infected by what virus? What are the symptoms?
calci virus; rashes, blisters, diarrhea
1582
what are the 8 human herpes viruses?
HSV-1, HSV2, HCMV, VZV, EBV, HHV-6, HHV-7, HHV-8
1583
T/F human herpesvirus is a persistent lifelong infection that is typically asymptomatic
true
1584
are there fossil records for viruses?
no
1585
how are viruses detected from ancient remains?
found in the genomes of hosts
1586
what are retroviruses?
RNA viruses that insert a copy of their DNA into the host genome
1587
about ___% of the human genome consists of retrovirus-like sequences
10
1588
how could retroviruses potentially affect human evolution?
by possibly turning other genes on/off
1589
what is the only type of cell that can carry sequences down generations?
germ cells
1590
T/F the koala retrovirus can be spread vertically or horizontally
true
1591
do these ancient retroviruses do anything? why/why not
no; they are crippled in ways that make them poor at replication
1592
syncytin is a viral gene belonging to ___ retrovirus
endogenous
1593
what is syncytin?
ancient cell attachment protein
1594
syncytin is located on human chromosome # __
7
1595
syncytin is essential to the development of ___ in humans
placenta
1596
syncytin is required to make which layer of the placenta? what is its function?
syncytiotroplast layer; maintains semipermeable barrier between mother/fetus
1597
T/F humans capture viral genes, but viruses also capture human genes
true
1598
the circular shape of KSHV (a human herpesvirus) plays a role in its ability to __
replicate in a host cell
1599
T/F KSHV contains genes from our primate ancestors
true
1600
what is the role of human genes in a viral genome?
makes it easier for virus to infect and evade host immune system
1601
what is the first written record of virus infection?
a hieroglyph in Memphis Egypt in 3700 BC of a priest with paralytic poliomyelitis
1602
what two viruses have been identified in ancient depictions and remains?
polio and smallpox
1603
what is the definition of "virus"?
submicroscopic obligate intracellular parasites
1604
can viruses be detected by a light microscope?
no
1605
virus is latin for __
poison/toxin
1606
can viruses live independent of a host?
no
1607
how are viruses produced?
they are assembled from pre-made components
1608
do viruses divide?
no
1609
what is the name for virus particles?
virions
1610
do virions divide?
no
1611
viruses lack the genetic information to perform what 2 functions that would be needed if it was not in a host?
1. metabolic activity
| 2. protein synthesis
1612
viruses can be described as simple Darwinian ___s
machines
1613
T/F viruses target a specific host
true
1614
T/F viruses multiply but do not grow
true
1615
outside of a host cell, viruses are ___
complex assemblies of metabolically inert chemicals
1616
inside a host cell viruses can be thought of as alive (T/F)
true
1617
what are three shapes of viruses?
1. filamentous
2. bacteriophage
3. surrounded by lipid envelope
1618
compare the size of viruses to bacteria
viruses are smaller
1619
in electron microscopy, the sample is placed on what type of grid? (chemical composition)
copper
1620
what is the purpose of staining with heavy atoms in electron microscopy?
allows for enough diffraction of electrons so the sample structures can be seen
1621
what are the 3 physical properties of viruses?
1. capsid
2. genome
3. optional components (tegument and envelopes)
1622
what is a capsid?
a protein shell
1623
what are the 4 types of possible genomes for viruses?
ds/ss DNA, dsRNA, +ssRNA and -ssRNA
1624
what is the role of a virus particle?
package viral genomes in infected cells and transmit them to new host cells
1625
are virus particles infectious?
np
1626
what is a virion?
a complete infectious virus particle
1627
in order to be successful, a virion must do what 5 things?
1. be correctly made
2. escape the cell
3. survive the extracellular environment
4. attach and enter another host
5. release viral genome
1628
what is a virus capsid?
symmetrical protein container for the viral genome
1629
the virus capsid protects the genome from what 3 things? Give an example for each
1. physical damage (mechanical force)
2. chemical damage (UV)
3. enzymatic damge (nucleases/defense)
1630
protein subunits in a virus capsid are multiply redundant, which means ___
they are present in many copies
1631
what are capsomeres?
protein subunits that make up a capsid
1632
T/F damage to 1/more capsid subunits destroys the infectivity of the whole viral particle
false
1633
T/F capsid can take damage without destroying the virion
true
1634
what are the 4 morphologies of virus capsids?
1. helical
2. icosahedral
3. enveloped
4. complex
1635
a tobacco mosaic virus is an example of what morphology?
helical
1636
what is the simplest type of capsid morphology?
helical
1637
describe the structure of helical capsids
single type of capsomer stacked around axis making a helical shape and a hollow center
1638
where is the genome housed in a helical capsid?
in the hollow center
1639
what type of genome do most helical capsids have?
ssRNA
1640
how do capsomers bind to the genome in a helical capsid? Are they species specific?
by charge interactions (therefor not species specific)
1641
what determines the length / diameter of helix in helical capsids
number of nucleotides in genome
1642
if tabacco mosaic RNA and coat protein are put together, will virus particles form spontaneously?
yes
1643
helical viruses are in what free energy state?
minimum
1644
T/F human viruses show helical structures
false
1645
many animal viruses take on what capsid morphology?
icosahedral
1646
poliovirus, adenovirus and Hep A all have what type of capsid morphology?
icosahedral
1647
what are the 4 benefits of the icosahedral shape of viruses?
1. strength
2. resistance to force
3. tight packing of viral genome
3. genetically inexpensive ( can be made from a few repeating subunits)
1648
T/F icoashedral capsids usually accomodate all types of viral genome
true
1649
many icosahedral viruses are enteric which is __
naked icosahedral
1650
what part of the body is most commonly infected by enteric icosahedral viruses?
GI tract
1651
how is the shape of an icosahedral capsid advantageous for the GI tract?
it gives it the strength to survive the harsh conditions
1652
in enveloped viruses, the space between the envelope and the capsid has ___
viral tegument
1653
what is viral tegument?
made of protein and RNA
1654
KSHV-8, influenza and HIV are examples of what type of virus morphology?
enveloped
1655
some viruses envelope themselves in host membranes derived from ____ (2)
1. plamsa membrane
| 2. internal membranes (nuc, ER etc)
1656
a viral envelope is studded with ___ (2)
1. virus encoded glycoproteins
| 2. captured host proteins
1657
how are viral proteins glycosylated?
with host sugars in ER and golgi aparatus
1658
what are the 2 types of viral glycosylation?
1. N--glycosylation
| 2. O--glycosylation
1659
what is N--glycosylation?
addition of sugar on amide of asparagine
1660
what is O--glycosylation?
addition of sugar to serine /threonine
1661
sugar decorations on the surface of viruses are often critical to what process?
protein function
1662
influenza has 2 main glycoproteins__
1. hemaglutinin (HA)
| 2. neuramidase (NA)
1663
what is hemaglutinin (HA)?
a lectin that binds siallic acid receptor on cell surface, allowing binding and entry
1664
what is neuramidase (NA)?
enzyme that cleaves silalic acid, allowing progeny to be released from host
1665
describe the structure of capsid in complex virus
not purely icosohedral or helical, may have extra structures such as protein tail and complex out wall
1666
describe the structure of bacteriophage T4 (4)
1. dsDNA
2. helical tail
3. hexagonal base
4. protein tail
1667
each mL of seawater has about how many virus particles?
10 million
1668
T/F we carry viral genomes as part of our own genetic makeup
true
1669
what is a zoonotic infection?
can cross species barriers
1670
marine viruses affect the ___ cycle
carbon
1671
T/F microbes represent a large majority of the ocean's biomass
true
1672
what is the research of the Suttle lab at UBC based on?
ocean viruses
1673
whales are often infected by what virus? What are the symptoms?
calci virus; rashes, blisters, diarrhea
1674
what are the 8 human herpes viruses?
HSV-1, HSV2, HCMV, VZV, EBV, HHV-6, HHV-7, HHV-8
1675
T/F human herpesvirus is a persistent lifelong infection that is typically asymptomatic
true
1676
are there fossil records for viruses?
no
1677
how are viruses detected from ancient remains?
found in the genomes of hosts
1678
what are retroviruses?
RNA viruses that insert a copy of their DNA into the host genome
1679
about ___% of the human genome consists of retrovirus-like sequences
10
1680
how could retroviruses potentially affect human evolution?
by possibly turning other genes on/off
1681
what is the only type of cell that can carry sequences down generations?
germ cells
1682
T/F the koala retrovirus can be spread vertically or horizontally
true
1683
do these ancient retroviruses do anything? why/why not
no; they are crippled in ways that make them poor at replication
1684
syncytin is a viral gene belonging to ___ retrovirus
endogenous
1685
what is syncytin?
ancient cell attachment protein
1686
syncytin is located on human chromosome # __
7
1687
syncytin is essential to the development of ___ in humans
placenta
1688
syncytin is required to make which layer of the placenta? what is its function?
syncytiotroplast layer; maintains semipermeable barrier between mother/fetus
1689
T/F humans capture viral genes, but viruses also capture human genes
true
1690
the circular shape of KSHV (a human herpesvirus) plays a role in its ability to __
replicate in a host cell
1691
T/F KSHV contains genes from our primate ancestors
true
1692
what is the role of human genes in a viral genome?
makes it easier for virus to infect and evade host immune system
1693
what is the first written record of virus infection?
a hieroglyph in Memphis Egypt in 3700 BC of a priest with paralytic poliomyelitis
1694
what two viruses have been identified in ancient depictions and remains?
polio and smallpox
1695
what is the definition of "virus"?
submicroscopic obligate intracellular parasites
1696
can viruses be detected by a light microscope?
no
1697
virus is latin for __
poison/toxin
1698
can viruses live independent of a host?
no
1699
how are viruses produced?
they are assembled from pre-made components
1700
do viruses divide?
no
1701
what is the name for virus particles?
virions
1702
do virions divide?
no
1703
viruses lack the genetic information to perform what 2 functions that would be needed if it was not in a host?
1. metabolic activity
| 2. protein synthesis
1704
viruses can be described as simple Darwinian ___s
machines
1705
T/F viruses target a specific host
true
1706
T/F viruses multiply but do not grow
true
1707
outside of a host cell, viruses are ___
complex assemblies of metabolically inert chemicals
1708
inside a host cell viruses can be thought of as alive (T/F)
true
1709
what are three shapes of viruses?
1. filamentous
2. bacteriophage
3. surrounded by lipid envelope
1710
compare the size of viruses to bacteria
viruses are smaller
1711
in electron microscopy, the sample is placed on what type of grid? (chemical composition)
copper
1712
what is the purpose of staining with heavy atoms in electron microscopy?
allows for enough diffraction of electrons so the sample structures can be seen
1713
what are the 3 physical properties of viruses?
1. capsid
2. genome
3. optional components (tegument and envelopes)
1714
what is a capsid?
a protein shell
1715
what are the 4 types of possible genomes for viruses?
ds/ss DNA, dsRNA, +ssRNA and -ssRNA
1716
what is the role of a virus particle?
package viral genomes in infected cells and transmit them to new host cells
1717
are virus particles infectious?
np
1718
what is a virion?
a complete infectious virus particle
1719
in order to be successful, a virion must do what 5 things?
1. be correctly made
2. escape the cell
3. survive the extracellular environment
4. attach and enter another host
5. release viral genome
1720
what is a virus capsid?
symmetrical protein container for the viral genome
1721
the virus capsid protects the genome from what 3 things? Give an example for each
1. physical damage (mechanical force)
2. chemical damage (UV)
3. enzymatic damge (nucleases/defense)
1722
protein subunits in a virus capsid are multiply redundant, which means ___
they are present in many copies
1723
what are capsomeres?
protein subunits that make up a capsid
1724
T/F damage to 1/more capsid subunits destroys the infectivity of the whole viral particle
false
1725
T/F capsid can take damage without destroying the virion
true
1726
what are the 4 morphologies of virus capsids?
1. helical
2. icosahedral
3. enveloped
4. complex
1727
a tobacco mosaic virus is an example of what morphology?
helical
1728
what is the simplest type of capsid morphology?
helical
1729
describe the structure of helical capsids
single type of capsomer stacked around axis making a helical shape and a hollow center
1730
where is the genome housed in a helical capsid?
in the hollow center
1731
what type of genome do most helical capsids have?
ssRNA
1732
how do capsomers bind to the genome in a helical capsid? Are they species specific?
by charge interactions (therefor not species specific)
1733
what determines the length / diameter of helix in helical capsids
number of nucleotides in genome
1734
if tabacco mosaic RNA and coat protein are put together, will virus particles form spontaneously?
yes
1735
helical viruses are in what free energy state?
minimum
1736
T/F human viruses show helical structures
false
1737
many animal viruses take on what capsid morphology?
icosahedral
1738
poliovirus, adenovirus and Hep A all have what type of capsid morphology?
icosahedral
1739
what are the 4 benefits of the icosahedral shape of viruses?
1. strength
2. resistance to force
3. tight packing of viral genome
3. genetically inexpensive ( can be made from a few repeating subunits)
1740
T/F icoashedral capsids usually accomodate all types of viral genome
true
1741
many icosahedral viruses are enteric which is __
naked icosahedral
1742
what part of the body is most commonly infected by enteric icosahedral viruses?
GI tract
1743
how is the shape of an icosahedral capsid advantageous for the GI tract?
it gives it the strength to survive the harsh conditions
1744
in enveloped viruses, the space between the envelope and the capsid has ___
viral tegument
1745
what is viral tegument?
made of protein and RNA
1746
KSHV-8, influenza and HIV are examples of what type of virus morphology?
enveloped
1747
some viruses envelope themselves in host membranes derived from ____ (2)
1. plamsa membrane
| 2. internal membranes (nuc, ER etc)
1748
a viral envelope is studded with ___ (2)
1. virus encoded glycoproteins
| 2. captured host proteins
1749
how are viral proteins glycosylated?
with host sugars in ER and golgi aparatus
1750
what are the 2 types of viral glycosylation?
1. N--glycosylation
| 2. O--glycosylation
1751
what is N--glycosylation?
addition of sugar on amide of asparagine
1752
what is O--glycosylation?
addition of sugar to serine /threonine
1753
sugar decorations on the surface of viruses are often critical to what process?
protein function
1754
influenza has 2 main glycoproteins__
1. hemaglutinin (HA)
| 2. neuramidase (NA)
1755
what is hemaglutinin (HA)?
a lectin that binds siallic acid receptor on cell surface, allowing binding and entry
1756
what is neuramidase (NA)?
enzyme that cleaves silalic acid, allowing progeny to be released from host
1757
describe the structure of capsid in complex virus
not purely icosohedral or helical, may have extra structures such as protein tail and complex out wall
1758
describe the structure of bacteriophage T4 (4)
1. dsDNA
2. helical tail
3. hexagonal base
4. protein tail
1759
each mL of seawater has about how many virus particles?
10 million
1760
T/F we carry viral genomes as part of our own genetic makeup
true
1761
what is a zoonotic infection?
can cross species barriers
1762
marine viruses affect the ___ cycle
carbon
1763
T/F microbes represent a large majority of the ocean's biomass
true
1764
what is the research of the Suttle lab at UBC based on?
ocean viruses
1765
whales are often infected by what virus? What are the symptoms?
calci virus; rashes, blisters, diarrhea
1766
what are the 8 human herpes viruses?
HSV-1, HSV2, HCMV, VZV, EBV, HHV-6, HHV-7, HHV-8
1767
T/F human herpesvirus is a persistent lifelong infection that is typically asymptomatic
true
1768
are there fossil records for viruses?
no
1769
how are viruses detected from ancient remains?
found in the genomes of hosts
1770
what are retroviruses?
RNA viruses that insert a copy of their DNA into the host genome
1771
about ___% of the human genome consists of retrovirus-like sequences
10
1772
how could retroviruses potentially affect human evolution?
by possibly turning other genes on/off
1773
what is the only type of cell that can carry sequences down generations?
germ cells
1774
T/F the koala retrovirus can be spread vertically or horizontally
true
1775
do these ancient retroviruses do anything? why/why not
no; they are crippled in ways that make them poor at replication
1776
syncytin is a viral gene belonging to ___ retrovirus
endogenous
1777
what is syncytin?
ancient cell attachment protein
1778
syncytin is located on human chromosome # __
7
1779
syncytin is essential to the development of ___ in humans
placenta
1780
syncytin is required to make which layer of the placenta? what is its function?
syncytiotroplast layer; maintains semipermeable barrier between mother/fetus
1781
T/F humans capture viral genes, but viruses also capture human genes
true
1782
the circular shape of KSHV (a human herpesvirus) plays a role in its ability to __
replicate in a host cell
1783
T/F KSHV contains genes from our primate ancestors
true
1784
what is the role of human genes in a viral genome?
makes it easier for virus to infect and evade host immune system
1785
what is the first written record of virus infection?
a hieroglyph in Memphis Egypt in 3700 BC of a priest with paralytic poliomyelitis
1786
what two viruses have been identified in ancient depictions and remains?
polio and smallpox
1787
what is the definition of "virus"?
submicroscopic obligate intracellular parasites
1788
can viruses be detected by a light microscope?
no
1789
virus is latin for __
poison/toxin
1790
can viruses live independent of a host?
no
1791
how are viruses produced?
they are assembled from pre-made components
1792
do viruses divide?
no
1793
what is the name for virus particles?
virions
1794
do virions divide?
no
1795
viruses lack the genetic information to perform what 2 functions that would be needed if it was not in a host?
1. metabolic activity
| 2. protein synthesis
1796
viruses can be described as simple Darwinian ___s
machines
1797
T/F viruses target a specific host
true
1798
T/F viruses multiply but do not grow
true
1799
outside of a host cell, viruses are ___
complex assemblies of metabolically inert chemicals
1800
inside a host cell viruses can be thought of as alive (T/F)
true
1801
what are three shapes of viruses?
1. filamentous
2. bacteriophage
3. surrounded by lipid envelope
1802
compare the size of viruses to bacteria
viruses are smaller
1803
in electron microscopy, the sample is placed on what type of grid? (chemical composition)
copper
1804
what is the purpose of staining with heavy atoms in electron microscopy?
allows for enough diffraction of electrons so the sample structures can be seen
1805
what are the 3 physical properties of viruses?
1. capsid
2. genome
3. optional components (tegument and envelopes)
1806
what is a capsid?
a protein shell
1807
what are the 4 types of possible genomes for viruses?
ds/ss DNA, dsRNA, +ssRNA and -ssRNA
1808
what is the role of a virus particle?
package viral genomes in infected cells and transmit them to new host cells
1809
are virus particles infectious?
np
1810
what is a virion?
a complete infectious virus particle
1811
in order to be successful, a virion must do what 5 things?
1. be correctly made
2. escape the cell
3. survive the extracellular environment
4. attach and enter another host
5. release viral genome
1812
what is a virus capsid?
symmetrical protein container for the viral genome
1813
the virus capsid protects the genome from what 3 things? Give an example for each
1. physical damage (mechanical force)
2. chemical damage (UV)
3. enzymatic damge (nucleases/defense)
1814
protein subunits in a virus capsid are multiply redundant, which means ___
they are present in many copies
1815
what are capsomeres?
protein subunits that make up a capsid
1816
T/F damage to 1/more capsid subunits destroys the infectivity of the whole viral particle
false
1817
T/F capsid can take damage without destroying the virion
true
1818
what are the 4 morphologies of virus capsids?
1. helical
2. icosahedral
3. enveloped
4. complex
1819
a tobacco mosaic virus is an example of what morphology?
helical
1820
what is the simplest type of capsid morphology?
helical
1821
describe the structure of helical capsids
single type of capsomer stacked around axis making a helical shape and a hollow center
1822
where is the genome housed in a helical capsid?
in the hollow center
1823
what type of genome do most helical capsids have?
ssRNA
1824
how do capsomers bind to the genome in a helical capsid? Are they species specific?
by charge interactions (therefor not species specific)
1825
what determines the length / diameter of helix in helical capsids
number of nucleotides in genome
1826
if tabacco mosaic RNA and coat protein are put together, will virus particles form spontaneously?
yes
1827
helical viruses are in what free energy state?
minimum
1828
T/F human viruses show helical structures
false
1829
many animal viruses take on what capsid morphology?
icosahedral
1830
poliovirus, adenovirus and Hep A all have what type of capsid morphology?
icosahedral
1831
what are the 4 benefits of the icosahedral shape of viruses?
1. strength
2. resistance to force
3. tight packing of viral genome
3. genetically inexpensive ( can be made from a few repeating subunits)
1832
T/F icoashedral capsids usually accomodate all types of viral genome
true
1833
many icosahedral viruses are enteric which is __
naked icosahedral
1834
what part of the body is most commonly infected by enteric icosahedral viruses?
GI tract
1835
how is the shape of an icosahedral capsid advantageous for the GI tract?
it gives it the strength to survive the harsh conditions
1836
in enveloped viruses, the space between the envelope and the capsid has ___
viral tegument
1837
what is viral tegument?
made of protein and RNA
1838
KSHV-8, influenza and HIV are examples of what type of virus morphology?
enveloped
1839
some viruses envelope themselves in host membranes derived from ____ (2)
1. plamsa membrane
| 2. internal membranes (nuc, ER etc)
1840
a viral envelope is studded with ___ (2)
1. virus encoded glycoproteins
| 2. captured host proteins
1841
how are viral proteins glycosylated?
with host sugars in ER and golgi aparatus
1842
what are the 2 types of viral glycosylation?
1. N--glycosylation
| 2. O--glycosylation
1843
what is N--glycosylation?
addition of sugar on amide of asparagine
1844
what is O--glycosylation?
addition of sugar to serine /threonine
1845
sugar decorations on the surface of viruses are often critical to what process?
protein function
1846
influenza has 2 main glycoproteins__
1. hemaglutinin (HA)
| 2. neuramidase (NA)
1847
what is hemaglutinin (HA)?
a lectin that binds siallic acid receptor on cell surface, allowing binding and entry
1848
what is neuramidase (NA)?
enzyme that cleaves silalic acid, allowing progeny to be released from host
1849
describe the structure of capsid in complex virus
not purely icosohedral or helical, may have extra structures such as protein tail and complex out wall
1850
describe the structure of bacteriophage T4 (4)
1. dsDNA
2. helical tail
3. hexagonal base
4. protein tail
1851
each mL of seawater has about how many virus particles?
10 million
1852
T/F we carry viral genomes as part of our own genetic makeup
true
1853
what is a zoonotic infection?
can cross species barriers
1854
marine viruses affect the ___ cycle
carbon
1855
T/F microbes represent a large majority of the ocean's biomass
true
1856
what is the research of the Suttle lab at UBC based on?
ocean viruses
1857
whales are often infected by what virus? What are the symptoms?
calci virus; rashes, blisters, diarrhea
1858
what are the 8 human herpes viruses?
HSV-1, HSV2, HCMV, VZV, EBV, HHV-6, HHV-7, HHV-8
1859
T/F human herpesvirus is a persistent lifelong infection that is typically asymptomatic
true
1860
are there fossil records for viruses?
no
1861
how are viruses detected from ancient remains?
found in the genomes of hosts
1862
what are retroviruses?
RNA viruses that insert a copy of their DNA into the host genome
1863
about ___% of the human genome consists of retrovirus-like sequences
10
1864
how could retroviruses potentially affect human evolution?
by possibly turning other genes on/off
1865
what is the only type of cell that can carry sequences down generations?
germ cells
1866
T/F the koala retrovirus can be spread vertically or horizontally
true
1867
do these ancient retroviruses do anything? why/why not
no; they are crippled in ways that make them poor at replication
1868
syncytin is a viral gene belonging to ___ retrovirus
endogenous
1869
what is syncytin?
ancient cell attachment protein
1870
syncytin is located on human chromosome # __
7
1871
syncytin is essential to the development of ___ in humans
placenta
1872
syncytin is required to make which layer of the placenta? what is its function?
syncytiotroplast layer; maintains semipermeable barrier between mother/fetus
1873
T/F humans capture viral genes, but viruses also capture human genes
true
1874
the circular shape of KSHV (a human herpesvirus) plays a role in its ability to __
replicate in a host cell
1875
T/F KSHV contains genes from our primate ancestors
true
1876
what is the role of human genes in a viral genome?
makes it easier for virus to infect and evade host immune system
1877
what is the first written record of virus infection?
a hieroglyph in Memphis Egypt in 3700 BC of a priest with paralytic poliomyelitis
1878
what two viruses have been identified in ancient depictions and remains?
polio and smallpox
1879
what is the definition of "virus"?
submicroscopic obligate intracellular parasites
1880
can viruses be detected by a light microscope?
no
1881
virus is latin for __
poison/toxin
1882
can viruses live independent of a host?
no
1883
how are viruses produced?
they are assembled from pre-made components
1884
do viruses divide?
no
1885
what is the name for virus particles?
virions
1886
do virions divide?
no
1887
viruses lack the genetic information to perform what 2 functions that would be needed if it was not in a host?
1. metabolic activity
| 2. protein synthesis
1888
viruses can be described as simple Darwinian ___s
machines
1889
T/F viruses target a specific host
true
1890
T/F viruses multiply but do not grow
true
1891
outside of a host cell, viruses are ___
complex assemblies of metabolically inert chemicals
1892
inside a host cell viruses can be thought of as alive (T/F)
true
1893
what are three shapes of viruses?
1. filamentous
2. bacteriophage
3. surrounded by lipid envelope
1894
compare the size of viruses to bacteria
viruses are smaller
1895
in electron microscopy, the sample is placed on what type of grid? (chemical composition)
copper
1896
what is the purpose of staining with heavy atoms in electron microscopy?
allows for enough diffraction of electrons so the sample structures can be seen
1897
what are the 3 physical properties of viruses?
1. capsid
2. genome
3. optional components (tegument and envelopes)
1898
what is a capsid?
a protein shell
1899
what are the 4 types of possible genomes for viruses?
ds/ss DNA, dsRNA, +ssRNA and -ssRNA
1900
what is the role of a virus particle?
package viral genomes in infected cells and transmit them to new host cells
1901
are virus particles infectious?
np
1902
what is a virion?
a complete infectious virus particle
1903
in order to be successful, a virion must do what 5 things?
1. be correctly made
2. escape the cell
3. survive the extracellular environment
4. attach and enter another host
5. release viral genome
1904
what is a virus capsid?
symmetrical protein container for the viral genome
1905
the virus capsid protects the genome from what 3 things? Give an example for each
1. physical damage (mechanical force)
2. chemical damage (UV)
3. enzymatic damge (nucleases/defense)
1906
protein subunits in a virus capsid are multiply redundant, which means ___
they are present in many copies
1907
what are capsomeres?
protein subunits that make up a capsid
1908
T/F damage to 1/more capsid subunits destroys the infectivity of the whole viral particle
false
1909
T/F capsid can take damage without destroying the virion
true
1910
what are the 4 morphologies of virus capsids?
1. helical
2. icosahedral
3. enveloped
4. complex
1911
a tobacco mosaic virus is an example of what morphology?
helical
1912
what is the simplest type of capsid morphology?
helical
1913
describe the structure of helical capsids
single type of capsomer stacked around axis making a helical shape and a hollow center
1914
where is the genome housed in a helical capsid?
in the hollow center
1915
what type of genome do most helical capsids have?
ssRNA
1916
how do capsomers bind to the genome in a helical capsid? Are they species specific?
by charge interactions (therefor not species specific)
1917
what determines the length / diameter of helix in helical capsids
number of nucleotides in genome
1918
if tabacco mosaic RNA and coat protein are put together, will virus particles form spontaneously?
yes
1919
helical viruses are in what free energy state?
minimum
1920
T/F human viruses show helical structures
false
1921
many animal viruses take on what capsid morphology?
icosahedral
1922
poliovirus, adenovirus and Hep A all have what type of capsid morphology?
icosahedral
1923
what are the 4 benefits of the icosahedral shape of viruses?
1. strength
2. resistance to force
3. tight packing of viral genome
3. genetically inexpensive ( can be made from a few repeating subunits)
1924
T/F icoashedral capsids usually accomodate all types of viral genome
true
1925
many icosahedral viruses are enteric which is __
naked icosahedral
1926
what part of the body is most commonly infected by enteric icosahedral viruses?
GI tract
1927
how is the shape of an icosahedral capsid advantageous for the GI tract?
it gives it the strength to survive the harsh conditions
1928
in enveloped viruses, the space between the envelope and the capsid has ___
viral tegument
1929
what is viral tegument?
made of protein and RNA
1930
KSHV-8, influenza and HIV are examples of what type of virus morphology?
enveloped
1931
some viruses envelope themselves in host membranes derived from ____ (2)
1. plamsa membrane
| 2. internal membranes (nuc, ER etc)
1932
a viral envelope is studded with ___ (2)
1. virus encoded glycoproteins
| 2. captured host proteins
1933
how are viral proteins glycosylated?
with host sugars in ER and golgi aparatus
1934
what are the 2 types of viral glycosylation?
1. N--glycosylation
| 2. O--glycosylation
1935
what is N--glycosylation?
addition of sugar on amide of asparagine
1936
what is O--glycosylation?
addition of sugar to serine /threonine
1937
sugar decorations on the surface of viruses are often critical to what process?
protein function
1938
influenza has 2 main glycoproteins__
1. hemaglutinin (HA)
| 2. neuramidase (NA)
1939
what is hemaglutinin (HA)?
a lectin that binds siallic acid receptor on cell surface, allowing binding and entry
1940
what is neuramidase (NA)?
enzyme that cleaves silalic acid, allowing progeny to be released from host
1941
describe the structure of capsid in complex virus
not purely icosohedral or helical, may have extra structures such as protein tail and complex out wall
1942
describe the structure of bacteriophage T4 (4)
1. dsDNA
2. helical tail
3. hexagonal base
4. protein tail
1943
each mL of seawater has about how many virus particles?
10 million
1944
T/F we carry viral genomes as part of our own genetic makeup
true
1945
what is a zoonotic infection?
can cross species barriers
1946
marine viruses affect the ___ cycle
carbon
1947
T/F microbes represent a large majority of the ocean's biomass
true
1948
what is the research of the Suttle lab at UBC based on?
ocean viruses
1949
whales are often infected by what virus? What are the symptoms?
calci virus; rashes, blisters, diarrhea
1950
what are the 8 human herpes viruses?
HSV-1, HSV2, HCMV, VZV, EBV, HHV-6, HHV-7, HHV-8
1951
T/F human herpesvirus is a persistent lifelong infection that is typically asymptomatic
true
1952
are there fossil records for viruses?
no
1953
how are viruses detected from ancient remains?
found in the genomes of hosts
1954
what are retroviruses?
RNA viruses that insert a copy of their DNA into the host genome
1955
about ___% of the human genome consists of retrovirus-like sequences
10
1956
how could retroviruses potentially affect human evolution?
by possibly turning other genes on/off
1957
what is the only type of cell that can carry sequences down generations?
germ cells
1958
T/F the koala retrovirus can be spread vertically or horizontally
true
1959
do these ancient retroviruses do anything? why/why not
no; they are crippled in ways that make them poor at replication
1960
syncytin is a viral gene belonging to ___ retrovirus
endogenous
1961
what is syncytin?
ancient cell attachment protein
1962
syncytin is located on human chromosome # __
7
1963
syncytin is essential to the development of ___ in humans
placenta
1964
syncytin is required to make which layer of the placenta? what is its function?
syncytiotroplast layer; maintains semipermeable barrier between mother/fetus
1965
T/F humans capture viral genes, but viruses also capture human genes
true
1966
the circular shape of KSHV (a human herpesvirus) plays a role in its ability to __
replicate in a host cell
1967
T/F KSHV contains genes from our primate ancestors
true
1968
what is the role of human genes in a viral genome?
makes it easier for virus to infect and evade host immune system
1969
what is the first written record of virus infection?
a hieroglyph in Memphis Egypt in 3700 BC of a priest with paralytic poliomyelitis
1970
what two viruses have been identified in ancient depictions and remains?
polio and smallpox
1971
what is the definition of "virus"?
submicroscopic obligate intracellular parasites
1972
can viruses be detected by a light microscope?
no
1973
virus is latin for __
poison/toxin
1974
can viruses live independent of a host?
no
1975
how are viruses produced?
they are assembled from pre-made components
1976
do viruses divide?
no
1977
what is the name for virus particles?
virions
1978
do virions divide?
no
1979
viruses lack the genetic information to perform what 2 functions that would be needed if it was not in a host?
1. metabolic activity
| 2. protein synthesis
1980
viruses can be described as simple Darwinian ___s
machines
1981
T/F viruses target a specific host
true
1982
T/F viruses multiply but do not grow
true
1983
outside of a host cell, viruses are ___
complex assemblies of metabolically inert chemicals
1984
inside a host cell viruses can be thought of as alive (T/F)
true
1985
what are three shapes of viruses?
1. filamentous
2. bacteriophage
3. surrounded by lipid envelope
1986
compare the size of viruses to bacteria
viruses are smaller
1987
in electron microscopy, the sample is placed on what type of grid? (chemical composition)
copper
1988
what is the purpose of staining with heavy atoms in electron microscopy?
allows for enough diffraction of electrons so the sample structures can be seen
1989
what are the 3 physical properties of viruses?
1. capsid
2. genome
3. optional components (tegument and envelopes)
1990
what is a capsid?
a protein shell
1991
what are the 4 types of possible genomes for viruses?
ds/ss DNA, dsRNA, +ssRNA and -ssRNA
1992
what is the role of a virus particle?
package viral genomes in infected cells and transmit them to new host cells
1993
are virus particles infectious?
np
1994
what is a virion?
a complete infectious virus particle
1995
in order to be successful, a virion must do what 5 things?
1. be correctly made
2. escape the cell
3. survive the extracellular environment
4. attach and enter another host
5. release viral genome
1996
what is a virus capsid?
symmetrical protein container for the viral genome
1997
the virus capsid protects the genome from what 3 things? Give an example for each
1. physical damage (mechanical force)
2. chemical damage (UV)
3. enzymatic damge (nucleases/defense)
1998
protein subunits in a virus capsid are multiply redundant, which means ___
they are present in many copies
1999
what are capsomeres?
protein subunits that make up a capsid
2000
T/F damage to 1/more capsid subunits destroys the infectivity of the whole viral particle
false
2001
T/F capsid can take damage without destroying the virion
true
2002
what are the 4 morphologies of virus capsids?
1. helical
2. icosahedral
3. enveloped
4. complex
2003
a tobacco mosaic virus is an example of what morphology?
helical
2004
what is the simplest type of capsid morphology?
helical
2005
describe the structure of helical capsids
single type of capsomer stacked around axis making a helical shape and a hollow center
2006
where is the genome housed in a helical capsid?
in the hollow center
2007
what type of genome do most helical capsids have?
ssRNA
2008
how do capsomers bind to the genome in a helical capsid? Are they species specific?
by charge interactions (therefor not species specific)
2009
what determines the length / diameter of helix in helical capsids
number of nucleotides in genome
2010
if tabacco mosaic RNA and coat protein are put together, will virus particles form spontaneously?
yes
2011
helical viruses are in what free energy state?
minimum
2012
T/F human viruses show helical structures
false
2013
many animal viruses take on what capsid morphology?
icosahedral
2014
poliovirus, adenovirus and Hep A all have what type of capsid morphology?
icosahedral
2015
what are the 4 benefits of the icosahedral shape of viruses?
1. strength
2. resistance to force
3. tight packing of viral genome
3. genetically inexpensive ( can be made from a few repeating subunits)
2016
T/F icoashedral capsids usually accomodate all types of viral genome
true
2017
many icosahedral viruses are enteric which is __
naked icosahedral
2018
what part of the body is most commonly infected by enteric icosahedral viruses?
GI tract
2019
how is the shape of an icosahedral capsid advantageous for the GI tract?
it gives it the strength to survive the harsh conditions
2020
in enveloped viruses, the space between the envelope and the capsid has ___
viral tegument
2021
what is viral tegument?
made of protein and RNA
2022
KSHV-8, influenza and HIV are examples of what type of virus morphology?
enveloped
2023
some viruses envelope themselves in host membranes derived from ____ (2)
1. plamsa membrane
| 2. internal membranes (nuc, ER etc)
2024
a viral envelope is studded with ___ (2)
1. virus encoded glycoproteins
| 2. captured host proteins
2025
how are viral proteins glycosylated?
with host sugars in ER and golgi aparatus
2026
what are the 2 types of viral glycosylation?
1. N--glycosylation
| 2. O--glycosylation
2027
what is N--glycosylation?
addition of sugar on amide of asparagine
2028
what is O--glycosylation?
addition of sugar to serine /threonine
2029
sugar decorations on the surface of viruses are often critical to what process?
protein function
2030
influenza has 2 main glycoproteins__
1. hemaglutinin (HA)
| 2. neuramidase (NA)
2031
what is hemaglutinin (HA)?
a lectin that binds siallic acid receptor on cell surface, allowing binding and entry
2032
what is neuramidase (NA)?
enzyme that cleaves silalic acid, allowing progeny to be released from host
2033
describe the structure of capsid in complex virus
not purely icosohedral or helical, may have extra structures such as protein tail and complex out wall
2034
describe the structure of bacteriophage T4 (4)
1. dsDNA
2. helical tail
3. hexagonal base
4. protein tail
2035
each mL of seawater has about how many virus particles?
10 million
2036
T/F we carry viral genomes as part of our own genetic makeup
true
2037
what is a zoonotic infection?
can cross species barriers
2038
marine viruses affect the ___ cycle
carbon
2039
T/F microbes represent a large majority of the ocean's biomass
true
2040
what is the research of the Suttle lab at UBC based on?
ocean viruses
2041
whales are often infected by what virus? What are the symptoms?
calci virus; rashes, blisters, diarrhea
2042
what are the 8 human herpes viruses?
HSV-1, HSV2, HCMV, VZV, EBV, HHV-6, HHV-7, HHV-8
2043
T/F human herpesvirus is a persistent lifelong infection that is typically asymptomatic
true
2044
are there fossil records for viruses?
no
2045
how are viruses detected from ancient remains?
found in the genomes of hosts
2046
what are retroviruses?
RNA viruses that insert a copy of their DNA into the host genome
2047
about ___% of the human genome consists of retrovirus-like sequences
10
2048
how could retroviruses potentially affect human evolution?
by possibly turning other genes on/off
2049
what is the only type of cell that can carry sequences down generations?
germ cells
2050
T/F the koala retrovirus can be spread vertically or horizontally
true
2051
do these ancient retroviruses do anything? why/why not
no; they are crippled in ways that make them poor at replication
2052
syncytin is a viral gene belonging to ___ retrovirus
endogenous
2053
what is syncytin?
ancient cell attachment protein
2054
syncytin is located on human chromosome # __
7
2055
syncytin is essential to the development of ___ in humans
placenta
2056
syncytin is required to make which layer of the placenta? what is its function?
syncytiotroplast layer; maintains semipermeable barrier between mother/fetus
2057
T/F humans capture viral genes, but viruses also capture human genes
true
2058
the circular shape of KSHV (a human herpesvirus) plays a role in its ability to __
replicate in a host cell
2059
T/F KSHV contains genes from our primate ancestors
true
2060
what is the role of human genes in a viral genome?
makes it easier for virus to infect and evade host immune system
2061
what is the first written record of virus infection?
a hieroglyph in Memphis Egypt in 3700 BC of a priest with paralytic poliomyelitis
2062
what two viruses have been identified in ancient depictions and remains?
polio and smallpox
2063
what is the definition of "virus"?
submicroscopic obligate intracellular parasites
2064
can viruses be detected by a light microscope?
no
2065
virus is latin for __
poison/toxin
2066
can viruses live independent of a host?
no
2067
how are viruses produced?
they are assembled from pre-made components
2068
do viruses divide?
no
2069
what is the name for virus particles?
virions
2070
do virions divide?
no
2071
viruses lack the genetic information to perform what 2 functions that would be needed if it was not in a host?
1. metabolic activity
| 2. protein synthesis
2072
viruses can be described as simple Darwinian ___s
machines
2073
T/F viruses target a specific host
true
2074
T/F viruses multiply but do not grow
true
2075
outside of a host cell, viruses are ___
complex assemblies of metabolically inert chemicals
2076
inside a host cell viruses can be thought of as alive (T/F)
true
2077
what are three shapes of viruses?
1. filamentous
2. bacteriophage
3. surrounded by lipid envelope
2078
compare the size of viruses to bacteria
viruses are smaller
2079
in electron microscopy, the sample is placed on what type of grid? (chemical composition)
copper
2080
what is the purpose of staining with heavy atoms in electron microscopy?
allows for enough diffraction of electrons so the sample structures can be seen
2081
what are the 3 physical properties of viruses?
1. capsid
2. genome
3. optional components (tegument and envelopes)
2082
what is a capsid?
a protein shell
2083
what are the 4 types of possible genomes for viruses?
ds/ss DNA, dsRNA, +ssRNA and -ssRNA
2084
what is the role of a virus particle?
package viral genomes in infected cells and transmit them to new host cells
2085
are virus particles infectious?
np
2086
what is a virion?
a complete infectious virus particle
2087
in order to be successful, a virion must do what 5 things?
1. be correctly made
2. escape the cell
3. survive the extracellular environment
4. attach and enter another host
5. release viral genome
2088
what is a virus capsid?
symmetrical protein container for the viral genome
2089
the virus capsid protects the genome from what 3 things? Give an example for each
1. physical damage (mechanical force)
2. chemical damage (UV)
3. enzymatic damge (nucleases/defense)
2090
protein subunits in a virus capsid are multiply redundant, which means ___
they are present in many copies
2091
what are capsomeres?
protein subunits that make up a capsid
2092
T/F damage to 1/more capsid subunits destroys the infectivity of the whole viral particle
false
2093
T/F capsid can take damage without destroying the virion
true
2094
what are the 4 morphologies of virus capsids?
1. helical
2. icosahedral
3. enveloped
4. complex
2095
a tobacco mosaic virus is an example of what morphology?
helical
2096
what is the simplest type of capsid morphology?
helical
2097
describe the structure of helical capsids
single type of capsomer stacked around axis making a helical shape and a hollow center
2098
where is the genome housed in a helical capsid?
in the hollow center
2099
what type of genome do most helical capsids have?
ssRNA
2100
how do capsomers bind to the genome in a helical capsid? Are they species specific?
by charge interactions (therefor not species specific)
2101
what determines the length / diameter of helix in helical capsids
number of nucleotides in genome
2102
if tabacco mosaic RNA and coat protein are put together, will virus particles form spontaneously?
yes
2103
helical viruses are in what free energy state?
minimum
2104
T/F human viruses show helical structures
false
2105
many animal viruses take on what capsid morphology?
icosahedral
2106
poliovirus, adenovirus and Hep A all have what type of capsid morphology?
icosahedral
2107
what are the 4 benefits of the icosahedral shape of viruses?
1. strength
2. resistance to force
3. tight packing of viral genome
3. genetically inexpensive ( can be made from a few repeating subunits)
2108
T/F icoashedral capsids usually accomodate all types of viral genome
true
2109
many icosahedral viruses are enteric which is __
naked icosahedral
2110
what part of the body is most commonly infected by enteric icosahedral viruses?
GI tract
2111
how is the shape of an icosahedral capsid advantageous for the GI tract?
it gives it the strength to survive the harsh conditions
2112
in enveloped viruses, the space between the envelope and the capsid has ___
viral tegument
2113
what is viral tegument?
made of protein and RNA
2114
KSHV-8, influenza and HIV are examples of what type of virus morphology?
enveloped
2115
some viruses envelope themselves in host membranes derived from ____ (2)
1. plamsa membrane
| 2. internal membranes (nuc, ER etc)
2116
a viral envelope is studded with ___ (2)
1. virus encoded glycoproteins
| 2. captured host proteins
2117
how are viral proteins glycosylated?
with host sugars in ER and golgi aparatus
2118
what are the 2 types of viral glycosylation?
1. N--glycosylation
| 2. O--glycosylation
2119
what is N--glycosylation?
addition of sugar on amide of asparagine
2120
what is O--glycosylation?
addition of sugar to serine /threonine
2121
sugar decorations on the surface of viruses are often critical to what process?
protein function
2122
influenza has 2 main glycoproteins__
1. hemaglutinin (HA)
| 2. neuramidase (NA)
2123
what is hemaglutinin (HA)?
a lectin that binds siallic acid receptor on cell surface, allowing binding and entry
2124
what is neuramidase (NA)?
enzyme that cleaves silalic acid, allowing progeny to be released from host
2125
describe the structure of capsid in complex virus
not purely icosohedral or helical, may have extra structures such as protein tail and complex out wall
2126
describe the structure of bacteriophage T4 (4)
1. dsDNA
2. helical tail
3. hexagonal base
4. protein tail
2127
each mL of seawater has about how many virus particles?
10 million
2128
T/F we carry viral genomes as part of our own genetic makeup
true
2129
what is a zoonotic infection?
can cross species barriers
2130
marine viruses affect the ___ cycle
carbon
2131
T/F microbes represent a large majority of the ocean's biomass
true
2132
what is the research of the Suttle lab at UBC based on?
ocean viruses
2133
whales are often infected by what virus? What are the symptoms?
calci virus; rashes, blisters, diarrhea
2134
what are the 8 human herpes viruses?
HSV-1, HSV2, HCMV, VZV, EBV, HHV-6, HHV-7, HHV-8
2135
T/F human herpesvirus is a persistent lifelong infection that is typically asymptomatic
true
2136
are there fossil records for viruses?
no
2137
how are viruses detected from ancient remains?
found in the genomes of hosts
2138
what are retroviruses?
RNA viruses that insert a copy of their DNA into the host genome
2139
about ___% of the human genome consists of retrovirus-like sequences
10
2140
how could retroviruses potentially affect human evolution?
by possibly turning other genes on/off
2141
what is the only type of cell that can carry sequences down generations?
germ cells
2142
T/F the koala retrovirus can be spread vertically or horizontally
true
2143
do these ancient retroviruses do anything? why/why not
no; they are crippled in ways that make them poor at replication
2144
syncytin is a viral gene belonging to ___ retrovirus
endogenous
2145
what is syncytin?
ancient cell attachment protein
2146
syncytin is located on human chromosome # __
7
2147
syncytin is essential to the development of ___ in humans
placenta
2148
syncytin is required to make which layer of the placenta? what is its function?
syncytiotroplast layer; maintains semipermeable barrier between mother/fetus
2149
T/F humans capture viral genes, but viruses also capture human genes
true
2150
the circular shape of KSHV (a human herpesvirus) plays a role in its ability to __
replicate in a host cell
2151
T/F KSHV contains genes from our primate ancestors
true
2152
what is the role of human genes in a viral genome?
makes it easier for virus to infect and evade host immune system
2153
what is the first written record of virus infection?
a hieroglyph in Memphis Egypt in 3700 BC of a priest with paralytic poliomyelitis
2154
what two viruses have been identified in ancient depictions and remains?
polio and smallpox
2155
what is the definition of "virus"?
submicroscopic obligate intracellular parasites
2156
can viruses be detected by a light microscope?
no
2157
virus is latin for __
poison/toxin
2158
can viruses live independent of a host?
no
2159
how are viruses produced?
they are assembled from pre-made components
2160
do viruses divide?
no
2161
what is the name for virus particles?
virions
2162
do virions divide?
no
2163
viruses lack the genetic information to perform what 2 functions that would be needed if it was not in a host?
1. metabolic activity
| 2. protein synthesis
2164
viruses can be described as simple Darwinian ___s
machines
2165
T/F viruses target a specific host
true
2166
T/F viruses multiply but do not grow
true
2167
outside of a host cell, viruses are ___
complex assemblies of metabolically inert chemicals
2168
inside a host cell viruses can be thought of as alive (T/F)
true
2169
what are three shapes of viruses?
1. filamentous
2. bacteriophage
3. surrounded by lipid envelope
2170
compare the size of viruses to bacteria
viruses are smaller
2171
in electron microscopy, the sample is placed on what type of grid? (chemical composition)
copper
2172
what is the purpose of staining with heavy atoms in electron microscopy?
allows for enough diffraction of electrons so the sample structures can be seen
2173
what are the 3 physical properties of viruses?
1. capsid
2. genome
3. optional components (tegument and envelopes)
2174
what is a capsid?
a protein shell
2175
what are the 4 types of possible genomes for viruses?
ds/ss DNA, dsRNA, +ssRNA and -ssRNA
2176
what is the role of a virus particle?
package viral genomes in infected cells and transmit them to new host cells
2177
are virus particles infectious?
np
2178
what is a virion?
a complete infectious virus particle
2179
in order to be successful, a virion must do what 5 things?
1. be correctly made
2. escape the cell
3. survive the extracellular environment
4. attach and enter another host
5. release viral genome
2180
what is a virus capsid?
symmetrical protein container for the viral genome
2181
the virus capsid protects the genome from what 3 things? Give an example for each
1. physical damage (mechanical force)
2. chemical damage (UV)
3. enzymatic damge (nucleases/defense)
2182
protein subunits in a virus capsid are multiply redundant, which means ___
they are present in many copies
2183
what are capsomeres?
protein subunits that make up a capsid
2184
T/F damage to 1/more capsid subunits destroys the infectivity of the whole viral particle
false
2185
T/F capsid can take damage without destroying the virion
true
2186
what are the 4 morphologies of virus capsids?
1. helical
2. icosahedral
3. enveloped
4. complex
2187
a tobacco mosaic virus is an example of what morphology?
helical
2188
what is the simplest type of capsid morphology?
helical
2189
describe the structure of helical capsids
single type of capsomer stacked around axis making a helical shape and a hollow center
2190
where is the genome housed in a helical capsid?
in the hollow center
2191
what type of genome do most helical capsids have?
ssRNA
2192
how do capsomers bind to the genome in a helical capsid? Are they species specific?
by charge interactions (therefor not species specific)
2193
what determines the length / diameter of helix in helical capsids
number of nucleotides in genome
2194
if tabacco mosaic RNA and coat protein are put together, will virus particles form spontaneously?
yes
2195
helical viruses are in what free energy state?
minimum
2196
T/F human viruses show helical structures
false
2197
many animal viruses take on what capsid morphology?
icosahedral
2198
poliovirus, adenovirus and Hep A all have what type of capsid morphology?
icosahedral
2199
what are the 4 benefits of the icosahedral shape of viruses?
1. strength
2. resistance to force
3. tight packing of viral genome
3. genetically inexpensive ( can be made from a few repeating subunits)
2200
T/F icoashedral capsids usually accomodate all types of viral genome
true
2201
many icosahedral viruses are enteric which is __
naked icosahedral
2202
what part of the body is most commonly infected by enteric icosahedral viruses?
GI tract
2203
how is the shape of an icosahedral capsid advantageous for the GI tract?
it gives it the strength to survive the harsh conditions
2204
in enveloped viruses, the space between the envelope and the capsid has ___
viral tegument
2205
what is viral tegument?
made of protein and RNA
2206
KSHV-8, influenza and HIV are examples of what type of virus morphology?
enveloped
2207
some viruses envelope themselves in host membranes derived from ____ (2)
1. plamsa membrane
| 2. internal membranes (nuc, ER etc)
2208
a viral envelope is studded with ___ (2)
1. virus encoded glycoproteins
| 2. captured host proteins
2209
how are viral proteins glycosylated?
with host sugars in ER and golgi aparatus
2210
what are the 2 types of viral glycosylation?
1. N--glycosylation
| 2. O--glycosylation
2211
what is N--glycosylation?
addition of sugar on amide of asparagine
2212
what is O--glycosylation?
addition of sugar to serine /threonine
2213
sugar decorations on the surface of viruses are often critical to what process?
protein function
2214
influenza has 2 main glycoproteins__
1. hemaglutinin (HA)
| 2. neuramidase (NA)
2215
what is hemaglutinin (HA)?
a lectin that binds siallic acid receptor on cell surface, allowing binding and entry
2216
what is neuramidase (NA)?
enzyme that cleaves silalic acid, allowing progeny to be released from host
2217
describe the structure of capsid in complex virus
not purely icosohedral or helical, may have extra structures such as protein tail and complex out wall
2218
describe the structure of bacteriophage T4 (4)
1. dsDNA
2. helical tail
3. hexagonal base
4. protein tail
2219
each mL of seawater has about how many virus particles?
10 million
2220
T/F we carry viral genomes as part of our own genetic makeup
true
2221
what is a zoonotic infection?
can cross species barriers
2222
marine viruses affect the ___ cycle
carbon
2223
T/F microbes represent a large majority of the ocean's biomass
true
2224
what is the research of the Suttle lab at UBC based on?
ocean viruses
2225
whales are often infected by what virus? What are the symptoms?
calci virus; rashes, blisters, diarrhea
2226
what are the 8 human herpes viruses?
HSV-1, HSV2, HCMV, VZV, EBV, HHV-6, HHV-7, HHV-8
2227
T/F human herpesvirus is a persistent lifelong infection that is typically asymptomatic
true
2228
are there fossil records for viruses?
no
2229
how are viruses detected from ancient remains?
found in the genomes of hosts
2230
what are retroviruses?
RNA viruses that insert a copy of their DNA into the host genome
2231
about ___% of the human genome consists of retrovirus-like sequences
10
2232
how could retroviruses potentially affect human evolution?
by possibly turning other genes on/off
2233
what is the only type of cell that can carry sequences down generations?
germ cells
2234
T/F the koala retrovirus can be spread vertically or horizontally
true
2235
do these ancient retroviruses do anything? why/why not
no; they are crippled in ways that make them poor at replication
2236
syncytin is a viral gene belonging to ___ retrovirus
endogenous
2237
what is syncytin?
ancient cell attachment protein
2238
syncytin is located on human chromosome # __
7
2239
syncytin is essential to the development of ___ in humans
placenta
2240
syncytin is required to make which layer of the placenta? what is its function?
syncytiotroplast layer; maintains semipermeable barrier between mother/fetus
2241
T/F humans capture viral genes, but viruses also capture human genes
true
2242
the circular shape of KSHV (a human herpesvirus) plays a role in its ability to __
replicate in a host cell
2243
T/F KSHV contains genes from our primate ancestors
true
2244
what is the role of human genes in a viral genome?
makes it easier for virus to infect and evade host immune system
2245
what is the first written record of virus infection?
a hieroglyph in Memphis Egypt in 3700 BC of a priest with paralytic poliomyelitis
2246
what two viruses have been identified in ancient depictions and remains?
polio and smallpox
2247
what is the definition of "virus"?
submicroscopic obligate intracellular parasites
2248
can viruses be detected by a light microscope?
no
2249
virus is latin for __
poison/toxin
2250
can viruses live independent of a host?
no
2251
how are viruses produced?
they are assembled from pre-made components
2252
do viruses divide?
no
2253
what is the name for virus particles?
virions
2254
do virions divide?
no
2255
viruses lack the genetic information to perform what 2 functions that would be needed if it was not in a host?
1. metabolic activity
| 2. protein synthesis
2256
viruses can be described as simple Darwinian ___s
machines
2257
T/F viruses target a specific host
true
2258
T/F viruses multiply but do not grow
true
2259
outside of a host cell, viruses are ___
complex assemblies of metabolically inert chemicals
2260
inside a host cell viruses can be thought of as alive (T/F)
true
2261
what are three shapes of viruses?
1. filamentous
2. bacteriophage
3. surrounded by lipid envelope
2262
compare the size of viruses to bacteria
viruses are smaller
2263
in electron microscopy, the sample is placed on what type of grid? (chemical composition)
copper
2264
what is the purpose of staining with heavy atoms in electron microscopy?
allows for enough diffraction of electrons so the sample structures can be seen
2265
what are the 3 physical properties of viruses?
1. capsid
2. genome
3. optional components (tegument and envelopes)
2266
what is a capsid?
a protein shell
2267
what are the 4 types of possible genomes for viruses?
ds/ss DNA, dsRNA, +ssRNA and -ssRNA
2268
what is the role of a virus particle?
package viral genomes in infected cells and transmit them to new host cells
2269
are virus particles infectious?
np
2270
what is a virion?
a complete infectious virus particle
2271
in order to be successful, a virion must do what 5 things?
1. be correctly made
2. escape the cell
3. survive the extracellular environment
4. attach and enter another host
5. release viral genome
2272
what is a virus capsid?
symmetrical protein container for the viral genome
2273
the virus capsid protects the genome from what 3 things? Give an example for each
1. physical damage (mechanical force)
2. chemical damage (UV)
3. enzymatic damge (nucleases/defense)
2274
protein subunits in a virus capsid are multiply redundant, which means ___
they are present in many copies
2275
what are capsomeres?
protein subunits that make up a capsid
2276
T/F damage to 1/more capsid subunits destroys the infectivity of the whole viral particle
false
2277
T/F capsid can take damage without destroying the virion
true
2278
what are the 4 morphologies of virus capsids?
1. helical
2. icosahedral
3. enveloped
4. complex
2279
a tobacco mosaic virus is an example of what morphology?
helical
2280
what is the simplest type of capsid morphology?
helical
2281
describe the structure of helical capsids
single type of capsomer stacked around axis making a helical shape and a hollow center
2282
where is the genome housed in a helical capsid?
in the hollow center
2283
what type of genome do most helical capsids have?
ssRNA
2284
how do capsomers bind to the genome in a helical capsid? Are they species specific?
by charge interactions (therefor not species specific)
2285
what determines the length / diameter of helix in helical capsids
number of nucleotides in genome
2286
if tabacco mosaic RNA and coat protein are put together, will virus particles form spontaneously?
yes
2287
helical viruses are in what free energy state?
minimum
2288
T/F human viruses show helical structures
false
2289
many animal viruses take on what capsid morphology?
icosahedral
2290
poliovirus, adenovirus and Hep A all have what type of capsid morphology?
icosahedral
2291
what are the 4 benefits of the icosahedral shape of viruses?
1. strength
2. resistance to force
3. tight packing of viral genome
3. genetically inexpensive ( can be made from a few repeating subunits)
2292
T/F icoashedral capsids usually accomodate all types of viral genome
true
2293
many icosahedral viruses are enteric which is __
naked icosahedral
2294
what part of the body is most commonly infected by enteric icosahedral viruses?
GI tract
2295
how is the shape of an icosahedral capsid advantageous for the GI tract?
it gives it the strength to survive the harsh conditions
2296
in enveloped viruses, the space between the envelope and the capsid has ___
viral tegument
2297
what is viral tegument?
made of protein and RNA
2298
KSHV-8, influenza and HIV are examples of what type of virus morphology?
enveloped
2299
some viruses envelope themselves in host membranes derived from ____ (2)
1. plamsa membrane
| 2. internal membranes (nuc, ER etc)
2300
a viral envelope is studded with ___ (2)
1. virus encoded glycoproteins
| 2. captured host proteins
2301
how are viral proteins glycosylated?
with host sugars in ER and golgi aparatus
2302
what are the 2 types of viral glycosylation?
1. N--glycosylation
| 2. O--glycosylation
2303
what is N--glycosylation?
addition of sugar on amide of asparagine
2304
what is O--glycosylation?
addition of sugar to serine /threonine
2305
sugar decorations on the surface of viruses are often critical to what process?
protein function
2306
influenza has 2 main glycoproteins__
1. hemaglutinin (HA)
| 2. neuramidase (NA)
2307
what is hemaglutinin (HA)?
a lectin that binds siallic acid receptor on cell surface, allowing binding and entry
2308
what is neuramidase (NA)?
enzyme that cleaves silalic acid, allowing progeny to be released from host
2309
describe the structure of capsid in complex virus
not purely icosohedral or helical, may have extra structures such as protein tail and complex out wall
2310
describe the structure of bacteriophage T4 (4)
1. dsDNA
2. helical tail
3. hexagonal base
4. protein tail
2311
each mL of seawater has about how many virus particles?
10 million
2312
T/F we carry viral genomes as part of our own genetic makeup
true
2313
what is a zoonotic infection?
can cross species barriers
2314
marine viruses affect the ___ cycle
carbon
2315
T/F microbes represent a large majority of the ocean's biomass
true
2316
what is the research of the Suttle lab at UBC based on?
ocean viruses
2317
whales are often infected by what virus? What are the symptoms?
calci virus; rashes, blisters, diarrhea
2318
what are the 8 human herpes viruses?
HSV-1, HSV2, HCMV, VZV, EBV, HHV-6, HHV-7, HHV-8
2319
T/F human herpesvirus is a persistent lifelong infection that is typically asymptomatic
true
2320
are there fossil records for viruses?
no
2321
how are viruses detected from ancient remains?
found in the genomes of hosts
2322
what are retroviruses?
RNA viruses that insert a copy of their DNA into the host genome
2323
about ___% of the human genome consists of retrovirus-like sequences
10
2324
how could retroviruses potentially affect human evolution?
by possibly turning other genes on/off
2325
what is the only type of cell that can carry sequences down generations?
germ cells
2326
T/F the koala retrovirus can be spread vertically or horizontally
true
2327
do these ancient retroviruses do anything? why/why not
no; they are crippled in ways that make them poor at replication
2328
syncytin is a viral gene belonging to ___ retrovirus
endogenous
2329
what is syncytin?
ancient cell attachment protein
2330
syncytin is located on human chromosome # __
7
2331
syncytin is essential to the development of ___ in humans
placenta
2332
syncytin is required to make which layer of the placenta? what is its function?
syncytiotroplast layer; maintains semipermeable barrier between mother/fetus
2333
T/F humans capture viral genes, but viruses also capture human genes
true
2334
the circular shape of KSHV (a human herpesvirus) plays a role in its ability to __
replicate in a host cell
2335
T/F KSHV contains genes from our primate ancestors
true
2336
what is the role of human genes in a viral genome?
makes it easier for virus to infect and evade host immune system
2337
what is the first written record of virus infection?
a hieroglyph in Memphis Egypt in 3700 BC of a priest with paralytic poliomyelitis
2338
what two viruses have been identified in ancient depictions and remains?
polio and smallpox
2339
what is the definition of "virus"?
submicroscopic obligate intracellular parasites
2340
can viruses be detected by a light microscope?
no
2341
virus is latin for __
poison/toxin
2342
can viruses live independent of a host?
no
2343
how are viruses produced?
they are assembled from pre-made components
2344
do viruses divide?
no
2345
what is the name for virus particles?
virions
2346
do virions divide?
no
2347
viruses lack the genetic information to perform what 2 functions that would be needed if it was not in a host?
1. metabolic activity
| 2. protein synthesis
2348
viruses can be described as simple Darwinian ___s
machines
2349
T/F viruses target a specific host
true
2350
T/F viruses multiply but do not grow
true
2351
outside of a host cell, viruses are ___
complex assemblies of metabolically inert chemicals
2352
inside a host cell viruses can be thought of as alive (T/F)
true
2353
what are three shapes of viruses?
1. filamentous
2. bacteriophage
3. surrounded by lipid envelope
2354
compare the size of viruses to bacteria
viruses are smaller
2355
in electron microscopy, the sample is placed on what type of grid? (chemical composition)
copper
2356
what is the purpose of staining with heavy atoms in electron microscopy?
allows for enough diffraction of electrons so the sample structures can be seen
2357
what are the 3 physical properties of viruses?
1. capsid
2. genome
3. optional components (tegument and envelopes)
2358
what is a capsid?
a protein shell
2359
what are the 4 types of possible genomes for viruses?
ds/ss DNA, dsRNA, +ssRNA and -ssRNA
2360
what is the role of a virus particle?
package viral genomes in infected cells and transmit them to new host cells
2361
are virus particles infectious?
np
2362
what is a virion?
a complete infectious virus particle
2363
in order to be successful, a virion must do what 5 things?
1. be correctly made
2. escape the cell
3. survive the extracellular environment
4. attach and enter another host
5. release viral genome
2364
what is a virus capsid?
symmetrical protein container for the viral genome
2365
the virus capsid protects the genome from what 3 things? Give an example for each
1. physical damage (mechanical force)
2. chemical damage (UV)
3. enzymatic damge (nucleases/defense)
2366
protein subunits in a virus capsid are multiply redundant, which means ___
they are present in many copies
2367
what are capsomeres?
protein subunits that make up a capsid
2368
T/F damage to 1/more capsid subunits destroys the infectivity of the whole viral particle
false
2369
T/F capsid can take damage without destroying the virion
true
2370
what are the 4 morphologies of virus capsids?
1. helical
2. icosahedral
3. enveloped
4. complex
2371
a tobacco mosaic virus is an example of what morphology?
helical
2372
what is the simplest type of capsid morphology?
helical
2373
describe the structure of helical capsids
single type of capsomer stacked around axis making a helical shape and a hollow center
2374
where is the genome housed in a helical capsid?
in the hollow center
2375
what type of genome do most helical capsids have?
ssRNA
2376
how do capsomers bind to the genome in a helical capsid? Are they species specific?
by charge interactions (therefor not species specific)
2377
what determines the length / diameter of helix in helical capsids
number of nucleotides in genome
2378
if tabacco mosaic RNA and coat protein are put together, will virus particles form spontaneously?
yes
2379
helical viruses are in what free energy state?
minimum
2380
T/F human viruses show helical structures
false
2381
many animal viruses take on what capsid morphology?
icosahedral
2382
poliovirus, adenovirus and Hep A all have what type of capsid morphology?
icosahedral
2383
what are the 4 benefits of the icosahedral shape of viruses?
1. strength
2. resistance to force
3. tight packing of viral genome
3. genetically inexpensive ( can be made from a few repeating subunits)
2384
T/F icoashedral capsids usually accomodate all types of viral genome
true
2385
many icosahedral viruses are enteric which is __
naked icosahedral
2386
what part of the body is most commonly infected by enteric icosahedral viruses?
GI tract
2387
how is the shape of an icosahedral capsid advantageous for the GI tract?
it gives it the strength to survive the harsh conditions
2388
in enveloped viruses, the space between the envelope and the capsid has ___
viral tegument
2389
what is viral tegument?
made of protein and RNA
2390
KSHV-8, influenza and HIV are examples of what type of virus morphology?
enveloped
2391
some viruses envelope themselves in host membranes derived from ____ (2)
1. plamsa membrane
| 2. internal membranes (nuc, ER etc)
2392
a viral envelope is studded with ___ (2)
1. virus encoded glycoproteins
| 2. captured host proteins
2393
how are viral proteins glycosylated?
with host sugars in ER and golgi aparatus
2394
what are the 2 types of viral glycosylation?
1. N--glycosylation
| 2. O--glycosylation
2395
what is N--glycosylation?
addition of sugar on amide of asparagine
2396
what is O--glycosylation?
addition of sugar to serine /threonine
2397
sugar decorations on the surface of viruses are often critical to what process?
protein function
2398
influenza has 2 main glycoproteins__
1. hemaglutinin (HA)
| 2. neuramidase (NA)
2399
what is hemaglutinin (HA)?
a lectin that binds siallic acid receptor on cell surface, allowing binding and entry
2400
what is neuramidase (NA)?
enzyme that cleaves silalic acid, allowing progeny to be released from host
2401
describe the structure of capsid in complex virus
not purely icosohedral or helical, may have extra structures such as protein tail and complex out wall
2402
describe the structure of bacteriophage T4 (4)
1. dsDNA
2. helical tail
3. hexagonal base
4. protein tail
2403
each mL of seawater has about how many virus particles?
10 million
2404
T/F we carry viral genomes as part of our own genetic makeup
true
2405
what is a zoonotic infection?
can cross species barriers
2406
marine viruses affect the ___ cycle
carbon
2407
T/F microbes represent a large majority of the ocean's biomass
true
2408
what is the research of the Suttle lab at UBC based on?
ocean viruses
2409
whales are often infected by what virus? What are the symptoms?
calci virus; rashes, blisters, diarrhea
2410
what are the 8 human herpes viruses?
HSV-1, HSV2, HCMV, VZV, EBV, HHV-6, HHV-7, HHV-8
2411
T/F human herpesvirus is a persistent lifelong infection that is typically asymptomatic
true
2412
are there fossil records for viruses?
no
2413
how are viruses detected from ancient remains?
found in the genomes of hosts
2414
what are retroviruses?
RNA viruses that insert a copy of their DNA into the host genome
2415
about ___% of the human genome consists of retrovirus-like sequences
10
2416
how could retroviruses potentially affect human evolution?
by possibly turning other genes on/off
2417
what is the only type of cell that can carry sequences down generations?
germ cells
2418
T/F the koala retrovirus can be spread vertically or horizontally
true
2419
do these ancient retroviruses do anything? why/why not
no; they are crippled in ways that make them poor at replication
2420
syncytin is a viral gene belonging to ___ retrovirus
endogenous
2421
what is syncytin?
ancient cell attachment protein
2422
syncytin is located on human chromosome # __
7
2423
syncytin is essential to the development of ___ in humans
placenta
2424
syncytin is required to make which layer of the placenta? what is its function?
syncytiotroplast layer; maintains semipermeable barrier between mother/fetus
2425
T/F humans capture viral genes, but viruses also capture human genes
true
2426
the circular shape of KSHV (a human herpesvirus) plays a role in its ability to __
replicate in a host cell
2427
T/F KSHV contains genes from our primate ancestors
true
2428
what is the role of human genes in a viral genome?
makes it easier for virus to infect and evade host immune system
2429
what is the first written record of virus infection?
a hieroglyph in Memphis Egypt in 3700 BC of a priest with paralytic poliomyelitis
2430
what two viruses have been identified in ancient depictions and remains?
polio and smallpox
2431
what is the definition of "virus"?
submicroscopic obligate intracellular parasites
2432
can viruses be detected by a light microscope?
no
2433
virus is latin for __
poison/toxin
2434
can viruses live independent of a host?
no
2435
how are viruses produced?
they are assembled from pre-made components
2436
do viruses divide?
no
2437
what is the name for virus particles?
virions
2438
do virions divide?
no
2439
viruses lack the genetic information to perform what 2 functions that would be needed if it was not in a host?
1. metabolic activity
| 2. protein synthesis
2440
viruses can be described as simple Darwinian ___s
machines
2441
T/F viruses target a specific host
true
2442
T/F viruses multiply but do not grow
true
2443
outside of a host cell, viruses are ___
complex assemblies of metabolically inert chemicals
2444
inside a host cell viruses can be thought of as alive (T/F)
true
2445
what are three shapes of viruses?
1. filamentous
2. bacteriophage
3. surrounded by lipid envelope
2446
compare the size of viruses to bacteria
viruses are smaller
2447
in electron microscopy, the sample is placed on what type of grid? (chemical composition)
copper
2448
what is the purpose of staining with heavy atoms in electron microscopy?
allows for enough diffraction of electrons so the sample structures can be seen
2449
what are the 3 physical properties of viruses?
1. capsid
2. genome
3. optional components (tegument and envelopes)
2450
what is a capsid?
a protein shell
2451
what are the 4 types of possible genomes for viruses?
ds/ss DNA, dsRNA, +ssRNA and -ssRNA
2452
what is the role of a virus particle?
package viral genomes in infected cells and transmit them to new host cells
2453
are virus particles infectious?
np
2454
what is a virion?
a complete infectious virus particle
2455
in order to be successful, a virion must do what 5 things?
1. be correctly made
2. escape the cell
3. survive the extracellular environment
4. attach and enter another host
5. release viral genome
2456
what is a virus capsid?
symmetrical protein container for the viral genome
2457
the virus capsid protects the genome from what 3 things? Give an example for each
1. physical damage (mechanical force)
2. chemical damage (UV)
3. enzymatic damge (nucleases/defense)
2458
protein subunits in a virus capsid are multiply redundant, which means ___
they are present in many copies
2459
what are capsomeres?
protein subunits that make up a capsid
2460
T/F damage to 1/more capsid subunits destroys the infectivity of the whole viral particle
false
2461
T/F capsid can take damage without destroying the virion
true
2462
what are the 4 morphologies of virus capsids?
1. helical
2. icosahedral
3. enveloped
4. complex
2463
a tobacco mosaic virus is an example of what morphology?
helical
2464
what is the simplest type of capsid morphology?
helical
2465
describe the structure of helical capsids
single type of capsomer stacked around axis making a helical shape and a hollow center
2466
where is the genome housed in a helical capsid?
in the hollow center
2467
what type of genome do most helical capsids have?
ssRNA
2468
how do capsomers bind to the genome in a helical capsid? Are they species specific?
by charge interactions (therefor not species specific)
2469
what determines the length / diameter of helix in helical capsids
number of nucleotides in genome
2470
if tabacco mosaic RNA and coat protein are put together, will virus particles form spontaneously?
yes
2471
helical viruses are in what free energy state?
minimum
2472
T/F human viruses show helical structures
false
2473
many animal viruses take on what capsid morphology?
icosahedral
2474
poliovirus, adenovirus and Hep A all have what type of capsid morphology?
icosahedral
2475
what are the 4 benefits of the icosahedral shape of viruses?
1. strength
2. resistance to force
3. tight packing of viral genome
3. genetically inexpensive ( can be made from a few repeating subunits)
2476
T/F icoashedral capsids usually accomodate all types of viral genome
true
2477
many icosahedral viruses are enteric which is __
naked icosahedral
2478
what part of the body is most commonly infected by enteric icosahedral viruses?
GI tract
2479
how is the shape of an icosahedral capsid advantageous for the GI tract?
it gives it the strength to survive the harsh conditions
2480
in enveloped viruses, the space between the envelope and the capsid has ___
viral tegument
2481
what is viral tegument?
made of protein and RNA
2482
KSHV-8, influenza and HIV are examples of what type of virus morphology?
enveloped
2483
some viruses envelope themselves in host membranes derived from ____ (2)
1. plamsa membrane
| 2. internal membranes (nuc, ER etc)
2484
a viral envelope is studded with ___ (2)
1. virus encoded glycoproteins
| 2. captured host proteins
2485
how are viral proteins glycosylated?
with host sugars in ER and golgi aparatus
2486
what are the 2 types of viral glycosylation?
1. N--glycosylation
| 2. O--glycosylation
2487
what is N--glycosylation?
addition of sugar on amide of asparagine
2488
what is O--glycosylation?
addition of sugar to serine /threonine
2489
sugar decorations on the surface of viruses are often critical to what process?
protein function
2490
influenza has 2 main glycoproteins__
1. hemaglutinin (HA)
| 2. neuramidase (NA)
2491
what is hemaglutinin (HA)?
a lectin that binds siallic acid receptor on cell surface, allowing binding and entry
2492
what is neuramidase (NA)?
enzyme that cleaves silalic acid, allowing progeny to be released from host
2493
describe the structure of capsid in complex virus
not purely icosohedral or helical, may have extra structures such as protein tail and complex out wall
2494
describe the structure of bacteriophage T4 (4)
1. dsDNA
2. helical tail
3. hexagonal base
4. protein tail
2495
each mL of seawater has about how many virus particles?
10 million
2496
T/F we carry viral genomes as part of our own genetic makeup
true
2497
what is a zoonotic infection?
can cross species barriers
2498
marine viruses affect the ___ cycle
carbon
2499
T/F microbes represent a large majority of the ocean's biomass
true
2500
what is the research of the Suttle lab at UBC based on?
ocean viruses
2501
whales are often infected by what virus? What are the symptoms?
calci virus; rashes, blisters, diarrhea
2502
what are the 8 human herpes viruses?
HSV-1, HSV2, HCMV, VZV, EBV, HHV-6, HHV-7, HHV-8
2503
T/F human herpesvirus is a persistent lifelong infection that is typically asymptomatic
true
2504
are there fossil records for viruses?
no
2505
how are viruses detected from ancient remains?
found in the genomes of hosts
2506
what are retroviruses?
RNA viruses that insert a copy of their DNA into the host genome
2507
about ___% of the human genome consists of retrovirus-like sequences
10
2508
how could retroviruses potentially affect human evolution?
by possibly turning other genes on/off
2509
what is the only type of cell that can carry sequences down generations?
germ cells
2510
T/F the koala retrovirus can be spread vertically or horizontally
true
2511
do these ancient retroviruses do anything? why/why not
no; they are crippled in ways that make them poor at replication
2512
syncytin is a viral gene belonging to ___ retrovirus
endogenous
2513
what is syncytin?
ancient cell attachment protein
2514
syncytin is located on human chromosome # __
7
2515
syncytin is essential to the development of ___ in humans
placenta
2516
syncytin is required to make which layer of the placenta? what is its function?
syncytiotroplast layer; maintains semipermeable barrier between mother/fetus
2517
T/F humans capture viral genes, but viruses also capture human genes
true
2518
the circular shape of KSHV (a human herpesvirus) plays a role in its ability to __
replicate in a host cell
2519
T/F KSHV contains genes from our primate ancestors
true
2520
what is the role of human genes in a viral genome?
makes it easier for virus to infect and evade host immune system
2521
what is the first written record of virus infection?
a hieroglyph in Memphis Egypt in 3700 BC of a priest with paralytic poliomyelitis
2522
what two viruses have been identified in ancient depictions and remains?
polio and smallpox
2523
what is the definition of "virus"?
submicroscopic obligate intracellular parasites
2524
can viruses be detected by a light microscope?
no
2525
virus is latin for __
poison/toxin
2526
can viruses live independent of a host?
no
2527
how are viruses produced?
they are assembled from pre-made components
2528
do viruses divide?
no
2529
what is the name for virus particles?
virions
2530
do virions divide?
no
2531
viruses lack the genetic information to perform what 2 functions that would be needed if it was not in a host?
1. metabolic activity
| 2. protein synthesis
2532
viruses can be described as simple Darwinian ___s
machines
2533
T/F viruses target a specific host
true
2534
T/F viruses multiply but do not grow
true
2535
outside of a host cell, viruses are ___
complex assemblies of metabolically inert chemicals
2536
inside a host cell viruses can be thought of as alive (T/F)
true
2537
what are three shapes of viruses?
1. filamentous
2. bacteriophage
3. surrounded by lipid envelope
2538
compare the size of viruses to bacteria
viruses are smaller
2539
in electron microscopy, the sample is placed on what type of grid? (chemical composition)
copper
2540
what is the purpose of staining with heavy atoms in electron microscopy?
allows for enough diffraction of electrons so the sample structures can be seen
2541
what are the 3 physical properties of viruses?
1. capsid
2. genome
3. optional components (tegument and envelopes)
2542
what is a capsid?
a protein shell
2543
what are the 4 types of possible genomes for viruses?
ds/ss DNA, dsRNA, +ssRNA and -ssRNA
2544
what is the role of a virus particle?
package viral genomes in infected cells and transmit them to new host cells
2545
are virus particles infectious?
np
2546
what is a virion?
a complete infectious virus particle
2547
in order to be successful, a virion must do what 5 things?
1. be correctly made
2. escape the cell
3. survive the extracellular environment
4. attach and enter another host
5. release viral genome
2548
what is a virus capsid?
symmetrical protein container for the viral genome
2549
the virus capsid protects the genome from what 3 things? Give an example for each
1. physical damage (mechanical force)
2. chemical damage (UV)
3. enzymatic damge (nucleases/defense)
2550
protein subunits in a virus capsid are multiply redundant, which means ___
they are present in many copies
2551
what are capsomeres?
protein subunits that make up a capsid
2552
T/F damage to 1/more capsid subunits destroys the infectivity of the whole viral particle
false
2553
T/F capsid can take damage without destroying the virion
true
2554
what are the 4 morphologies of virus capsids?
1. helical
2. icosahedral
3. enveloped
4. complex
2555
a tobacco mosaic virus is an example of what morphology?
helical
2556
what is the simplest type of capsid morphology?
helical
2557
describe the structure of helical capsids
single type of capsomer stacked around axis making a helical shape and a hollow center
2558
where is the genome housed in a helical capsid?
in the hollow center
2559
what type of genome do most helical capsids have?
ssRNA
2560
how do capsomers bind to the genome in a helical capsid? Are they species specific?
by charge interactions (therefor not species specific)
2561
what determines the length / diameter of helix in helical capsids
number of nucleotides in genome
2562
if tabacco mosaic RNA and coat protein are put together, will virus particles form spontaneously?
yes
2563
helical viruses are in what free energy state?
minimum
2564
T/F human viruses show helical structures
false
2565
many animal viruses take on what capsid morphology?
icosahedral
2566
poliovirus, adenovirus and Hep A all have what type of capsid morphology?
icosahedral
2567
what are the 4 benefits of the icosahedral shape of viruses?
1. strength
2. resistance to force
3. tight packing of viral genome
3. genetically inexpensive ( can be made from a few repeating subunits)
2568
T/F icoashedral capsids usually accomodate all types of viral genome
true
2569
many icosahedral viruses are enteric which is __
naked icosahedral
2570
what part of the body is most commonly infected by enteric icosahedral viruses?
GI tract
2571
how is the shape of an icosahedral capsid advantageous for the GI tract?
it gives it the strength to survive the harsh conditions
2572
in enveloped viruses, the space between the envelope and the capsid has ___
viral tegument
2573
what is viral tegument?
made of protein and RNA
2574
KSHV-8, influenza and HIV are examples of what type of virus morphology?
enveloped
2575
some viruses envelope themselves in host membranes derived from ____ (2)
1. plamsa membrane
| 2. internal membranes (nuc, ER etc)
2576
a viral envelope is studded with ___ (2)
1. virus encoded glycoproteins
| 2. captured host proteins
2577
how are viral proteins glycosylated?
with host sugars in ER and golgi aparatus
2578
what are the 2 types of viral glycosylation?
1. N--glycosylation
| 2. O--glycosylation
2579
what is N--glycosylation?
addition of sugar on amide of asparagine
2580
what is O--glycosylation?
addition of sugar to serine /threonine
2581
sugar decorations on the surface of viruses are often critical to what process?
protein function
2582
influenza has 2 main glycoproteins__
1. hemaglutinin (HA)
| 2. neuramidase (NA)
2583
what is hemaglutinin (HA)?
a lectin that binds siallic acid receptor on cell surface, allowing binding and entry
2584
what is neuramidase (NA)?
enzyme that cleaves silalic acid, allowing progeny to be released from host
2585
describe the structure of capsid in complex virus
not purely icosohedral or helical, may have extra structures such as protein tail and complex out wall
2586
describe the structure of bacteriophage T4 (4)
1. dsDNA
2. helical tail
3. hexagonal base
4. protein tail
2587
each mL of seawater has about how many virus particles?
10 million
2588
T/F we carry viral genomes as part of our own genetic makeup
true
2589
what is a zoonotic infection?
can cross species barriers
2590
marine viruses affect the ___ cycle
carbon
2591
T/F microbes represent a large majority of the ocean's biomass
true
2592
what is the research of the Suttle lab at UBC based on?
ocean viruses
2593
whales are often infected by what virus? What are the symptoms?
calci virus; rashes, blisters, diarrhea
2594
what are the 8 human herpes viruses?
HSV-1, HSV2, HCMV, VZV, EBV, HHV-6, HHV-7, HHV-8
2595
T/F human herpesvirus is a persistent lifelong infection that is typically asymptomatic
true
2596
are there fossil records for viruses?
no
2597
how are viruses detected from ancient remains?
found in the genomes of hosts
2598
what are retroviruses?
RNA viruses that insert a copy of their DNA into the host genome
2599
about ___% of the human genome consists of retrovirus-like sequences
10
2600
how could retroviruses potentially affect human evolution?
by possibly turning other genes on/off
2601
what is the only type of cell that can carry sequences down generations?
germ cells
2602
T/F the koala retrovirus can be spread vertically or horizontally
true
2603
do these ancient retroviruses do anything? why/why not
no; they are crippled in ways that make them poor at replication
2604
syncytin is a viral gene belonging to ___ retrovirus
endogenous
2605
what is syncytin?
ancient cell attachment protein
2606
syncytin is located on human chromosome # __
7
2607
syncytin is essential to the development of ___ in humans
placenta
2608
syncytin is required to make which layer of the placenta? what is its function?
syncytiotroplast layer; maintains semipermeable barrier between mother/fetus
2609
T/F humans capture viral genes, but viruses also capture human genes
true
2610
the circular shape of KSHV (a human herpesvirus) plays a role in its ability to __
replicate in a host cell
2611
T/F KSHV contains genes from our primate ancestors
true
2612
what is the role of human genes in a viral genome?
makes it easier for virus to infect and evade host immune system
2613
what is the first written record of virus infection?
a hieroglyph in Memphis Egypt in 3700 BC of a priest with paralytic poliomyelitis
2614
what two viruses have been identified in ancient depictions and remains?
polio and smallpox
2615
what is the definition of "virus"?
submicroscopic obligate intracellular parasites
2616
can viruses be detected by a light microscope?
no
2617
virus is latin for __
poison/toxin
2618
can viruses live independent of a host?
no
2619
how are viruses produced?
they are assembled from pre-made components
2620
do viruses divide?
no
2621
what is the name for virus particles?
virions
2622
do virions divide?
no
2623
viruses lack the genetic information to perform what 2 functions that would be needed if it was not in a host?
1. metabolic activity
| 2. protein synthesis
2624
viruses can be described as simple Darwinian ___s
machines
2625
T/F viruses target a specific host
true
2626
T/F viruses multiply but do not grow
true
2627
outside of a host cell, viruses are ___
complex assemblies of metabolically inert chemicals
2628
inside a host cell viruses can be thought of as alive (T/F)
true
2629
what are three shapes of viruses?
1. filamentous
2. bacteriophage
3. surrounded by lipid envelope
2630
compare the size of viruses to bacteria
viruses are smaller
2631
in electron microscopy, the sample is placed on what type of grid? (chemical composition)
copper
2632
what is the purpose of staining with heavy atoms in electron microscopy?
allows for enough diffraction of electrons so the sample structures can be seen
2633
what are the 3 physical properties of viruses?
1. capsid
2. genome
3. optional components (tegument and envelopes)
2634
what is a capsid?
a protein shell
2635
what are the 4 types of possible genomes for viruses?
ds/ss DNA, dsRNA, +ssRNA and -ssRNA
2636
what is the role of a virus particle?
package viral genomes in infected cells and transmit them to new host cells
2637
are virus particles infectious?
np
2638
what is a virion?
a complete infectious virus particle
2639
in order to be successful, a virion must do what 5 things?
1. be correctly made
2. escape the cell
3. survive the extracellular environment
4. attach and enter another host
5. release viral genome
2640
what is a virus capsid?
symmetrical protein container for the viral genome
2641
the virus capsid protects the genome from what 3 things? Give an example for each
1. physical damage (mechanical force)
2. chemical damage (UV)
3. enzymatic damge (nucleases/defense)
2642
protein subunits in a virus capsid are multiply redundant, which means ___
they are present in many copies
2643
what are capsomeres?
protein subunits that make up a capsid
2644
T/F damage to 1/more capsid subunits destroys the infectivity of the whole viral particle
false
2645
T/F capsid can take damage without destroying the virion
true
2646
what are the 4 morphologies of virus capsids?
1. helical
2. icosahedral
3. enveloped
4. complex
2647
a tobacco mosaic virus is an example of what morphology?
helical
2648
what is the simplest type of capsid morphology?
helical
2649
describe the structure of helical capsids
single type of capsomer stacked around axis making a helical shape and a hollow center
2650
where is the genome housed in a helical capsid?
in the hollow center
2651
what type of genome do most helical capsids have?
ssRNA
2652
how do capsomers bind to the genome in a helical capsid? Are they species specific?
by charge interactions (therefor not species specific)
2653
what determines the length / diameter of helix in helical capsids
number of nucleotides in genome
2654
if tabacco mosaic RNA and coat protein are put together, will virus particles form spontaneously?
yes
2655
helical viruses are in what free energy state?
minimum
2656
T/F human viruses show helical structures
false
2657
many animal viruses take on what capsid morphology?
icosahedral
2658
poliovirus, adenovirus and Hep A all have what type of capsid morphology?
icosahedral
2659
what are the 4 benefits of the icosahedral shape of viruses?
1. strength
2. resistance to force
3. tight packing of viral genome
3. genetically inexpensive ( can be made from a few repeating subunits)
2660
T/F icoashedral capsids usually accomodate all types of viral genome
true
2661
many icosahedral viruses are enteric which is __
naked icosahedral
2662
what part of the body is most commonly infected by enteric icosahedral viruses?
GI tract
2663
how is the shape of an icosahedral capsid advantageous for the GI tract?
it gives it the strength to survive the harsh conditions
2664
in enveloped viruses, the space between the envelope and the capsid has ___
viral tegument
2665
what is viral tegument?
made of protein and RNA
2666
KSHV-8, influenza and HIV are examples of what type of virus morphology?
enveloped
2667
some viruses envelope themselves in host membranes derived from ____ (2)
1. plamsa membrane
| 2. internal membranes (nuc, ER etc)
2668
a viral envelope is studded with ___ (2)
1. virus encoded glycoproteins
| 2. captured host proteins
2669
how are viral proteins glycosylated?
with host sugars in ER and golgi aparatus
2670
what are the 2 types of viral glycosylation?
1. N--glycosylation
| 2. O--glycosylation
2671
what is N--glycosylation?
addition of sugar on amide of asparagine
2672
what is O--glycosylation?
addition of sugar to serine /threonine
2673
sugar decorations on the surface of viruses are often critical to what process?
protein function
2674
influenza has 2 main glycoproteins__
1. hemaglutinin (HA)
| 2. neuramidase (NA)
2675
what is hemaglutinin (HA)?
a lectin that binds siallic acid receptor on cell surface, allowing binding and entry
2676
what is neuramidase (NA)?
enzyme that cleaves silalic acid, allowing progeny to be released from host
2677
describe the structure of capsid in complex virus
not purely icosohedral or helical, may have extra structures such as protein tail and complex out wall
2678
describe the structure of bacteriophage T4 (4)
1. dsDNA
2. helical tail
3. hexagonal base
4. protein tail
2679
each mL of seawater has about how many virus particles?
10 million
2680
T/F we carry viral genomes as part of our own genetic makeup
true
2681
what is a zoonotic infection?
can cross species barriers
2682
marine viruses affect the ___ cycle
carbon
2683
T/F microbes represent a large majority of the ocean's biomass
true
2684
what is the research of the Suttle lab at UBC based on?
ocean viruses
2685
whales are often infected by what virus? What are the symptoms?
calci virus; rashes, blisters, diarrhea
2686
what are the 8 human herpes viruses?
HSV-1, HSV2, HCMV, VZV, EBV, HHV-6, HHV-7, HHV-8
2687
T/F human herpesvirus is a persistent lifelong infection that is typically asymptomatic
true
2688
are there fossil records for viruses?
no
2689
how are viruses detected from ancient remains?
found in the genomes of hosts
2690
what are retroviruses?
RNA viruses that insert a copy of their DNA into the host genome
2691
about ___% of the human genome consists of retrovirus-like sequences
10
2692
how could retroviruses potentially affect human evolution?
by possibly turning other genes on/off
2693
what is the only type of cell that can carry sequences down generations?
germ cells
2694
T/F the koala retrovirus can be spread vertically or horizontally
true
2695
do these ancient retroviruses do anything? why/why not
no; they are crippled in ways that make them poor at replication
2696
syncytin is a viral gene belonging to ___ retrovirus
endogenous
2697
what is syncytin?
ancient cell attachment protein
2698
syncytin is located on human chromosome # __
7
2699
syncytin is essential to the development of ___ in humans
placenta
2700
syncytin is required to make which layer of the placenta? what is its function?
syncytiotroplast layer; maintains semipermeable barrier between mother/fetus
2701
T/F humans capture viral genes, but viruses also capture human genes
true
2702
the circular shape of KSHV (a human herpesvirus) plays a role in its ability to __
replicate in a host cell
2703
T/F KSHV contains genes from our primate ancestors
true
2704
what is the role of human genes in a viral genome?
makes it easier for virus to infect and evade host immune system
2705
what is the first written record of virus infection?
a hieroglyph in Memphis Egypt in 3700 BC of a priest with paralytic poliomyelitis
2706
what two viruses have been identified in ancient depictions and remains?
polio and smallpox
2707
what is the definition of "virus"?
submicroscopic obligate intracellular parasites
2708
can viruses be detected by a light microscope?
no
2709
virus is latin for __
poison/toxin
2710
can viruses live independent of a host?
no
2711
how are viruses produced?
they are assembled from pre-made components
2712
do viruses divide?
no
2713
what is the name for virus particles?
virions
2714
do virions divide?
no
2715
viruses lack the genetic information to perform what 2 functions that would be needed if it was not in a host?
1. metabolic activity
| 2. protein synthesis
2716
viruses can be described as simple Darwinian ___s
machines
2717
T/F viruses target a specific host
true
2718
T/F viruses multiply but do not grow
true
2719
outside of a host cell, viruses are ___
complex assemblies of metabolically inert chemicals
2720
inside a host cell viruses can be thought of as alive (T/F)
true
2721
what are three shapes of viruses?
1. filamentous
2. bacteriophage
3. surrounded by lipid envelope
2722
compare the size of viruses to bacteria
viruses are smaller
2723
in electron microscopy, the sample is placed on what type of grid? (chemical composition)
copper
2724
what is the purpose of staining with heavy atoms in electron microscopy?
allows for enough diffraction of electrons so the sample structures can be seen
2725
what are the 3 physical properties of viruses?
1. capsid
2. genome
3. optional components (tegument and envelopes)
2726
what is a capsid?
a protein shell
2727
what are the 4 types of possible genomes for viruses?
ds/ss DNA, dsRNA, +ssRNA and -ssRNA
2728
what is the role of a virus particle?
package viral genomes in infected cells and transmit them to new host cells
2729
are virus particles infectious?
np
2730
what is a virion?
a complete infectious virus particle
2731
in order to be successful, a virion must do what 5 things?
1. be correctly made
2. escape the cell
3. survive the extracellular environment
4. attach and enter another host
5. release viral genome
2732
what is a virus capsid?
symmetrical protein container for the viral genome
2733
the virus capsid protects the genome from what 3 things? Give an example for each
1. physical damage (mechanical force)
2. chemical damage (UV)
3. enzymatic damge (nucleases/defense)
2734
protein subunits in a virus capsid are multiply redundant, which means ___
they are present in many copies
2735
what are capsomeres?
protein subunits that make up a capsid
2736
T/F damage to 1/more capsid subunits destroys the infectivity of the whole viral particle
false
2737
T/F capsid can take damage without destroying the virion
true
2738
what are the 4 morphologies of virus capsids?
1. helical
2. icosahedral
3. enveloped
4. complex
2739
a tobacco mosaic virus is an example of what morphology?
helical
2740
what is the simplest type of capsid morphology?
helical
2741
describe the structure of helical capsids
single type of capsomer stacked around axis making a helical shape and a hollow center
2742
where is the genome housed in a helical capsid?
in the hollow center
2743
what type of genome do most helical capsids have?
ssRNA
2744
how do capsomers bind to the genome in a helical capsid? Are they species specific?
by charge interactions (therefor not species specific)
2745
what determines the length / diameter of helix in helical capsids
number of nucleotides in genome
2746
if tabacco mosaic RNA and coat protein are put together, will virus particles form spontaneously?
yes
2747
helical viruses are in what free energy state?
minimum
2748
T/F human viruses show helical structures
false
2749
many animal viruses take on what capsid morphology?
icosahedral
2750
poliovirus, adenovirus and Hep A all have what type of capsid morphology?
icosahedral
2751
what are the 4 benefits of the icosahedral shape of viruses?
1. strength
2. resistance to force
3. tight packing of viral genome
3. genetically inexpensive ( can be made from a few repeating subunits)
2752
T/F icoashedral capsids usually accomodate all types of viral genome
true
2753
many icosahedral viruses are enteric which is __
naked icosahedral
2754
what part of the body is most commonly infected by enteric icosahedral viruses?
GI tract
2755
how is the shape of an icosahedral capsid advantageous for the GI tract?
it gives it the strength to survive the harsh conditions
2756
in enveloped viruses, the space between the envelope and the capsid has ___
viral tegument
2757
what is viral tegument?
made of protein and RNA
2758
KSHV-8, influenza and HIV are examples of what type of virus morphology?
enveloped
2759
some viruses envelope themselves in host membranes derived from ____ (2)
1. plamsa membrane
| 2. internal membranes (nuc, ER etc)
2760
a viral envelope is studded with ___ (2)
1. virus encoded glycoproteins
| 2. captured host proteins
2761
how are viral proteins glycosylated?
with host sugars in ER and golgi aparatus
2762
what are the 2 types of viral glycosylation?
1. N--glycosylation
| 2. O--glycosylation
2763
what is N--glycosylation?
addition of sugar on amide of asparagine
2764
what is O--glycosylation?
addition of sugar to serine /threonine
2765
sugar decorations on the surface of viruses are often critical to what process?
protein function
2766
influenza has 2 main glycoproteins__
1. hemaglutinin (HA)
| 2. neuramidase (NA)
2767
what is hemaglutinin (HA)?
a lectin that binds siallic acid receptor on cell surface, allowing binding and entry
2768
what is neuramidase (NA)?
enzyme that cleaves silalic acid, allowing progeny to be released from host
2769
describe the structure of capsid in complex virus
not purely icosohedral or helical, may have extra structures such as protein tail and complex out wall
2770
describe the structure of bacteriophage T4 (4)
1. dsDNA
2. helical tail
3. hexagonal base
4. protein tail
2771
each mL of seawater has about how many virus particles?
10 million
2772
T/F we carry viral genomes as part of our own genetic makeup
true
2773
what is a zoonotic infection?
can cross species barriers
2774
marine viruses affect the ___ cycle
carbon
2775
T/F microbes represent a large majority of the ocean's biomass
true
2776
what is the research of the Suttle lab at UBC based on?
ocean viruses
2777
whales are often infected by what virus? What are the symptoms?
calci virus; rashes, blisters, diarrhea
2778
what are the 8 human herpes viruses?
HSV-1, HSV2, HCMV, VZV, EBV, HHV-6, HHV-7, HHV-8
2779
T/F human herpesvirus is a persistent lifelong infection that is typically asymptomatic
true
2780
are there fossil records for viruses?
no
2781
how are viruses detected from ancient remains?
found in the genomes of hosts
2782
what are retroviruses?
RNA viruses that insert a copy of their DNA into the host genome
2783
about ___% of the human genome consists of retrovirus-like sequences
10
2784
how could retroviruses potentially affect human evolution?
by possibly turning other genes on/off
2785
what is the only type of cell that can carry sequences down generations?
germ cells
2786
T/F the koala retrovirus can be spread vertically or horizontally
true
2787
do these ancient retroviruses do anything? why/why not
no; they are crippled in ways that make them poor at replication
2788
syncytin is a viral gene belonging to ___ retrovirus
endogenous
2789
what is syncytin?
ancient cell attachment protein
2790
syncytin is located on human chromosome # __
7
2791
syncytin is essential to the development of ___ in humans
placenta
2792
syncytin is required to make which layer of the placenta? what is its function?
syncytiotroplast layer; maintains semipermeable barrier between mother/fetus
2793
T/F humans capture viral genes, but viruses also capture human genes
true
2794
the circular shape of KSHV (a human herpesvirus) plays a role in its ability to __
replicate in a host cell
2795
T/F KSHV contains genes from our primate ancestors
true
2796
what is the role of human genes in a viral genome?
makes it easier for virus to infect and evade host immune system
2797
what is the first written record of virus infection?
a hieroglyph in Memphis Egypt in 3700 BC of a priest with paralytic poliomyelitis
2798
what two viruses have been identified in ancient depictions and remains?
polio and smallpox
2799
what is the definition of "virus"?
submicroscopic obligate intracellular parasites
2800
can viruses be detected by a light microscope?
no
2801
virus is latin for __
poison/toxin
2802
can viruses live independent of a host?
no
2803
how are viruses produced?
they are assembled from pre-made components
2804
do viruses divide?
no
2805
what is the name for virus particles?
virions
2806
do virions divide?
no
2807
viruses lack the genetic information to perform what 2 functions that would be needed if it was not in a host?
1. metabolic activity
| 2. protein synthesis
2808
viruses can be described as simple Darwinian ___s
machines
2809
T/F viruses target a specific host
true
2810
T/F viruses multiply but do not grow
true
2811
outside of a host cell, viruses are ___
complex assemblies of metabolically inert chemicals
2812
inside a host cell viruses can be thought of as alive (T/F)
true
2813
what are three shapes of viruses?
1. filamentous
2. bacteriophage
3. surrounded by lipid envelope
2814
compare the size of viruses to bacteria
viruses are smaller
2815
in electron microscopy, the sample is placed on what type of grid? (chemical composition)
copper
2816
what is the purpose of staining with heavy atoms in electron microscopy?
allows for enough diffraction of electrons so the sample structures can be seen
2817
what are the 3 physical properties of viruses?
1. capsid
2. genome
3. optional components (tegument and envelopes)
2818
what is a capsid?
a protein shell
2819
what are the 4 types of possible genomes for viruses?
ds/ss DNA, dsRNA, +ssRNA and -ssRNA
2820
what is the role of a virus particle?
package viral genomes in infected cells and transmit them to new host cells
2821
are virus particles infectious?
np
2822
what is a virion?
a complete infectious virus particle
2823
in order to be successful, a virion must do what 5 things?
1. be correctly made
2. escape the cell
3. survive the extracellular environment
4. attach and enter another host
5. release viral genome
2824
what is a virus capsid?
symmetrical protein container for the viral genome
2825
the virus capsid protects the genome from what 3 things? Give an example for each
1. physical damage (mechanical force)
2. chemical damage (UV)
3. enzymatic damge (nucleases/defense)
2826
protein subunits in a virus capsid are multiply redundant, which means ___
they are present in many copies
2827
what are capsomeres?
protein subunits that make up a capsid
2828
T/F damage to 1/more capsid subunits destroys the infectivity of the whole viral particle
false
2829
T/F capsid can take damage without destroying the virion
true
2830
what are the 4 morphologies of virus capsids?
1. helical
2. icosahedral
3. enveloped
4. complex
2831
a tobacco mosaic virus is an example of what morphology?
helical
2832
what is the simplest type of capsid morphology?
helical
2833
describe the structure of helical capsids
single type of capsomer stacked around axis making a helical shape and a hollow center
2834
where is the genome housed in a helical capsid?
in the hollow center
2835
what type of genome do most helical capsids have?
ssRNA
2836
how do capsomers bind to the genome in a helical capsid? Are they species specific?
by charge interactions (therefor not species specific)
2837
what determines the length / diameter of helix in helical capsids
number of nucleotides in genome
2838
if tabacco mosaic RNA and coat protein are put together, will virus particles form spontaneously?
yes
2839
helical viruses are in what free energy state?
minimum
2840
T/F human viruses show helical structures
false
2841
many animal viruses take on what capsid morphology?
icosahedral
2842
poliovirus, adenovirus and Hep A all have what type of capsid morphology?
icosahedral
2843
what are the 4 benefits of the icosahedral shape of viruses?
1. strength
2. resistance to force
3. tight packing of viral genome
3. genetically inexpensive ( can be made from a few repeating subunits)
2844
T/F icoashedral capsids usually accomodate all types of viral genome
true
2845
many icosahedral viruses are enteric which is __
naked icosahedral
2846
what part of the body is most commonly infected by enteric icosahedral viruses?
GI tract
2847
how is the shape of an icosahedral capsid advantageous for the GI tract?
it gives it the strength to survive the harsh conditions
2848
in enveloped viruses, the space between the envelope and the capsid has ___
viral tegument
2849
what is viral tegument?
made of protein and RNA
2850
KSHV-8, influenza and HIV are examples of what type of virus morphology?
enveloped
2851
some viruses envelope themselves in host membranes derived from ____ (2)
1. plamsa membrane
| 2. internal membranes (nuc, ER etc)
2852
a viral envelope is studded with ___ (2)
1. virus encoded glycoproteins
| 2. captured host proteins
2853
how are viral proteins glycosylated?
with host sugars in ER and golgi aparatus
2854
what are the 2 types of viral glycosylation?
1. N--glycosylation
| 2. O--glycosylation
2855
what is N--glycosylation?
addition of sugar on amide of asparagine
2856
what is O--glycosylation?
addition of sugar to serine /threonine
2857
sugar decorations on the surface of viruses are often critical to what process?
protein function
2858
influenza has 2 main glycoproteins__
1. hemaglutinin (HA)
| 2. neuramidase (NA)
2859
what is hemaglutinin (HA)?
a lectin that binds siallic acid receptor on cell surface, allowing binding and entry
2860
what is neuramidase (NA)?
enzyme that cleaves silalic acid, allowing progeny to be released from host
2861
describe the structure of capsid in complex virus
not purely icosohedral or helical, may have extra structures such as protein tail and complex out wall
2862
describe the structure of bacteriophage T4 (4)
1. dsDNA
2. helical tail
3. hexagonal base
4. protein tail
2863
each mL of seawater has about how many virus particles?
10 million
2864
T/F we carry viral genomes as part of our own genetic makeup
true
2865
what is a zoonotic infection?
can cross species barriers
2866
marine viruses affect the ___ cycle
carbon
2867
T/F microbes represent a large majority of the ocean's biomass
true
2868
what is the research of the Suttle lab at UBC based on?
ocean viruses
2869
whales are often infected by what virus? What are the symptoms?
calci virus; rashes, blisters, diarrhea
2870
what are the 8 human herpes viruses?
HSV-1, HSV2, HCMV, VZV, EBV, HHV-6, HHV-7, HHV-8
2871
T/F human herpesvirus is a persistent lifelong infection that is typically asymptomatic
true
2872
are there fossil records for viruses?
no
2873
how are viruses detected from ancient remains?
found in the genomes of hosts
2874
what are retroviruses?
RNA viruses that insert a copy of their DNA into the host genome
2875
about ___% of the human genome consists of retrovirus-like sequences
10
2876
how could retroviruses potentially affect human evolution?
by possibly turning other genes on/off
2877
what is the only type of cell that can carry sequences down generations?
germ cells
2878
T/F the koala retrovirus can be spread vertically or horizontally
true
2879
do these ancient retroviruses do anything? why/why not
no; they are crippled in ways that make them poor at replication
2880
syncytin is a viral gene belonging to ___ retrovirus
endogenous
2881
what is syncytin?
ancient cell attachment protein
2882
syncytin is located on human chromosome # __
7
2883
syncytin is essential to the development of ___ in humans
placenta
2884
syncytin is required to make which layer of the placenta? what is its function?
syncytiotroplast layer; maintains semipermeable barrier between mother/fetus
2885
T/F humans capture viral genes, but viruses also capture human genes
true
2886
the circular shape of KSHV (a human herpesvirus) plays a role in its ability to __
replicate in a host cell
2887
T/F KSHV contains genes from our primate ancestors
true
2888
what is the role of human genes in a viral genome?
makes it easier for virus to infect and evade host immune system
2889
what is the first written record of virus infection?
a hieroglyph in Memphis Egypt in 3700 BC of a priest with paralytic poliomyelitis
2890
what two viruses have been identified in ancient depictions and remains?
polio and smallpox
2891
what is the definition of "virus"?
submicroscopic obligate intracellular parasites
2892
can viruses be detected by a light microscope?
no
2893
virus is latin for __
poison/toxin
2894
can viruses live independent of a host?
no
2895
how are viruses produced?
they are assembled from pre-made components
2896
do viruses divide?
no
2897
what is the name for virus particles?
virions
2898
do virions divide?
no
2899
viruses lack the genetic information to perform what 2 functions that would be needed if it was not in a host?
1. metabolic activity
| 2. protein synthesis
2900
viruses can be described as simple Darwinian ___s
machines
2901
T/F viruses target a specific host
true
2902
T/F viruses multiply but do not grow
true
2903
outside of a host cell, viruses are ___
complex assemblies of metabolically inert chemicals
2904
inside a host cell viruses can be thought of as alive (T/F)
true
2905
what are three shapes of viruses?
1. filamentous
2. bacteriophage
3. surrounded by lipid envelope
2906
compare the size of viruses to bacteria
viruses are smaller
2907
in electron microscopy, the sample is placed on what type of grid? (chemical composition)
copper
2908
what is the purpose of staining with heavy atoms in electron microscopy?
allows for enough diffraction of electrons so the sample structures can be seen
2909
what are the 3 physical properties of viruses?
1. capsid
2. genome
3. optional components (tegument and envelopes)
2910
what is a capsid?
a protein shell
2911
what are the 4 types of possible genomes for viruses?
ds/ss DNA, dsRNA, +ssRNA and -ssRNA
2912
what is the role of a virus particle?
package viral genomes in infected cells and transmit them to new host cells
2913
are virus particles infectious?
np
2914
what is a virion?
a complete infectious virus particle
2915
in order to be successful, a virion must do what 5 things?
1. be correctly made
2. escape the cell
3. survive the extracellular environment
4. attach and enter another host
5. release viral genome
2916
what is a virus capsid?
symmetrical protein container for the viral genome
2917
the virus capsid protects the genome from what 3 things? Give an example for each
1. physical damage (mechanical force)
2. chemical damage (UV)
3. enzymatic damge (nucleases/defense)
2918
protein subunits in a virus capsid are multiply redundant, which means ___
they are present in many copies
2919
what are capsomeres?
protein subunits that make up a capsid
2920
T/F damage to 1/more capsid subunits destroys the infectivity of the whole viral particle
false
2921
T/F capsid can take damage without destroying the virion
true
2922
what are the 4 morphologies of virus capsids?
1. helical
2. icosahedral
3. enveloped
4. complex
2923
a tobacco mosaic virus is an example of what morphology?
helical
2924
what is the simplest type of capsid morphology?
helical
2925
describe the structure of helical capsids
single type of capsomer stacked around axis making a helical shape and a hollow center
2926
where is the genome housed in a helical capsid?
in the hollow center
2927
what type of genome do most helical capsids have?
ssRNA
2928
how do capsomers bind to the genome in a helical capsid? Are they species specific?
by charge interactions (therefor not species specific)
2929
what determines the length / diameter of helix in helical capsids
number of nucleotides in genome
2930
if tabacco mosaic RNA and coat protein are put together, will virus particles form spontaneously?
yes
2931
helical viruses are in what free energy state?
minimum
2932
T/F human viruses show helical structures
false
2933
many animal viruses take on what capsid morphology?
icosahedral
2934
poliovirus, adenovirus and Hep A all have what type of capsid morphology?
icosahedral
2935
what are the 4 benefits of the icosahedral shape of viruses?
1. strength
2. resistance to force
3. tight packing of viral genome
3. genetically inexpensive ( can be made from a few repeating subunits)
2936
T/F icoashedral capsids usually accomodate all types of viral genome
true
2937
many icosahedral viruses are enteric which is __
naked icosahedral
2938
what part of the body is most commonly infected by enteric icosahedral viruses?
GI tract
2939
how is the shape of an icosahedral capsid advantageous for the GI tract?
it gives it the strength to survive the harsh conditions
2940
in enveloped viruses, the space between the envelope and the capsid has ___
viral tegument
2941
what is viral tegument?
made of protein and RNA
2942
KSHV-8, influenza and HIV are examples of what type of virus morphology?
enveloped
2943
some viruses envelope themselves in host membranes derived from ____ (2)
1. plamsa membrane
| 2. internal membranes (nuc, ER etc)
2944
a viral envelope is studded with ___ (2)
1. virus encoded glycoproteins
| 2. captured host proteins
2945
how are viral proteins glycosylated?
with host sugars in ER and golgi aparatus
2946
what are the 2 types of viral glycosylation?
1. N--glycosylation
| 2. O--glycosylation
2947
what is N--glycosylation?
addition of sugar on amide of asparagine
2948
what is O--glycosylation?
addition of sugar to serine /threonine
2949
sugar decorations on the surface of viruses are often critical to what process?
protein function
2950
influenza has 2 main glycoproteins__
1. hemaglutinin (HA)
| 2. neuramidase (NA)
2951
what is hemaglutinin (HA)?
a lectin that binds siallic acid receptor on cell surface, allowing binding and entry
2952
what is neuramidase (NA)?
enzyme that cleaves silalic acid, allowing progeny to be released from host
2953
describe the structure of capsid in complex virus
not purely icosohedral or helical, may have extra structures such as protein tail and complex out wall
2954
describe the structure of bacteriophage T4 (4)
1. dsDNA
2. helical tail
3. hexagonal base
4. protein tail
2955
each mL of seawater has about how many virus particles?
10 million
2956
T/F we carry viral genomes as part of our own genetic makeup
true
2957
what is a zoonotic infection?
can cross species barriers
2958
marine viruses affect the ___ cycle
carbon
2959
T/F microbes represent a large majority of the ocean's biomass
true
2960
what is the research of the Suttle lab at UBC based on?
ocean viruses
2961
whales are often infected by what virus? What are the symptoms?
calci virus; rashes, blisters, diarrhea
2962
what are the 8 human herpes viruses?
HSV-1, HSV2, HCMV, VZV, EBV, HHV-6, HHV-7, HHV-8
2963
T/F human herpesvirus is a persistent lifelong infection that is typically asymptomatic
true
2964
are there fossil records for viruses?
no
2965
how are viruses detected from ancient remains?
found in the genomes of hosts
2966
what are retroviruses?
RNA viruses that insert a copy of their DNA into the host genome
2967
about ___% of the human genome consists of retrovirus-like sequences
10
2968
how could retroviruses potentially affect human evolution?
by possibly turning other genes on/off
2969
what is the only type of cell that can carry sequences down generations?
germ cells
2970
T/F the koala retrovirus can be spread vertically or horizontally
true
2971
do these ancient retroviruses do anything? why/why not
no; they are crippled in ways that make them poor at replication
2972
syncytin is a viral gene belonging to ___ retrovirus
endogenous
2973
what is syncytin?
ancient cell attachment protein
2974
syncytin is located on human chromosome # __
7
2975
syncytin is essential to the development of ___ in humans
placenta
2976
syncytin is required to make which layer of the placenta? what is its function?
syncytiotroplast layer; maintains semipermeable barrier between mother/fetus
2977
T/F humans capture viral genes, but viruses also capture human genes
true
2978
the circular shape of KSHV (a human herpesvirus) plays a role in its ability to __
replicate in a host cell
2979
T/F KSHV contains genes from our primate ancestors
true
2980
what is the role of human genes in a viral genome?
makes it easier for virus to infect and evade host immune system
2981
what is the first written record of virus infection?
a hieroglyph in Memphis Egypt in 3700 BC of a priest with paralytic poliomyelitis
2982
what two viruses have been identified in ancient depictions and remains?
polio and smallpox
2983
what is the definition of "virus"?
submicroscopic obligate intracellular parasites
2984
can viruses be detected by a light microscope?
no
2985
virus is latin for __
poison/toxin
2986
can viruses live independent of a host?
no
2987
how are viruses produced?
they are assembled from pre-made components
2988
do viruses divide?
no
2989
what is the name for virus particles?
virions
2990
do virions divide?
no
2991
viruses lack the genetic information to perform what 2 functions that would be needed if it was not in a host?
1. metabolic activity
| 2. protein synthesis
2992
viruses can be described as simple Darwinian ___s
machines
2993
T/F viruses target a specific host
true
2994
T/F viruses multiply but do not grow
true
2995
outside of a host cell, viruses are ___
complex assemblies of metabolically inert chemicals
2996
inside a host cell viruses can be thought of as alive (T/F)
true
2997
what are three shapes of viruses?
1. filamentous
2. bacteriophage
3. surrounded by lipid envelope
2998
compare the size of viruses to bacteria
viruses are smaller
2999
in electron microscopy, the sample is placed on what type of grid? (chemical composition)
copper
3000
what is the purpose of staining with heavy atoms in electron microscopy?
allows for enough diffraction of electrons so the sample structures can be seen
3001
what are the 3 physical properties of viruses?
1. capsid
2. genome
3. optional components (tegument and envelopes)
3002
what is a capsid?
a protein shell
3003
what are the 4 types of possible genomes for viruses?
ds/ss DNA, dsRNA, +ssRNA and -ssRNA
3004
what is the role of a virus particle?
package viral genomes in infected cells and transmit them to new host cells
3005
are virus particles infectious?
np
3006
what is a virion?
a complete infectious virus particle
3007
in order to be successful, a virion must do what 5 things?
1. be correctly made
2. escape the cell
3. survive the extracellular environment
4. attach and enter another host
5. release viral genome
3008
what is a virus capsid?
symmetrical protein container for the viral genome
3009
the virus capsid protects the genome from what 3 things? Give an example for each
1. physical damage (mechanical force)
2. chemical damage (UV)
3. enzymatic damge (nucleases/defense)
3010
protein subunits in a virus capsid are multiply redundant, which means ___
they are present in many copies
3011
what are capsomeres?
protein subunits that make up a capsid
3012
T/F damage to 1/more capsid subunits destroys the infectivity of the whole viral particle
false
3013
T/F capsid can take damage without destroying the virion
true
3014
what are the 4 morphologies of virus capsids?
1. helical
2. icosahedral
3. enveloped
4. complex
3015
a tobacco mosaic virus is an example of what morphology?
helical
3016
what is the simplest type of capsid morphology?
helical
3017
describe the structure of helical capsids
single type of capsomer stacked around axis making a helical shape and a hollow center
3018
where is the genome housed in a helical capsid?
in the hollow center
3019
what type of genome do most helical capsids have?
ssRNA
3020
how do capsomers bind to the genome in a helical capsid? Are they species specific?
by charge interactions (therefor not species specific)
3021
what determines the length / diameter of helix in helical capsids
number of nucleotides in genome
3022
if tabacco mosaic RNA and coat protein are put together, will virus particles form spontaneously?
yes
3023
helical viruses are in what free energy state?
minimum
3024
T/F human viruses show helical structures
false
3025
many animal viruses take on what capsid morphology?
icosahedral
3026
poliovirus, adenovirus and Hep A all have what type of capsid morphology?
icosahedral
3027
what are the 4 benefits of the icosahedral shape of viruses?
1. strength
2. resistance to force
3. tight packing of viral genome
3. genetically inexpensive ( can be made from a few repeating subunits)
3028
T/F icoashedral capsids usually accomodate all types of viral genome
true
3029
many icosahedral viruses are enteric which is __
naked icosahedral
3030
what part of the body is most commonly infected by enteric icosahedral viruses?
GI tract
3031
how is the shape of an icosahedral capsid advantageous for the GI tract?
it gives it the strength to survive the harsh conditions
3032
in enveloped viruses, the space between the envelope and the capsid has ___
viral tegument
3033
what is viral tegument?
made of protein and RNA
3034
KSHV-8, influenza and HIV are examples of what type of virus morphology?
enveloped
3035
some viruses envelope themselves in host membranes derived from ____ (2)
1. plamsa membrane
| 2. internal membranes (nuc, ER etc)
3036
a viral envelope is studded with ___ (2)
1. virus encoded glycoproteins
| 2. captured host proteins
3037
how are viral proteins glycosylated?
with host sugars in ER and golgi aparatus
3038
what are the 2 types of viral glycosylation?
1. N--glycosylation
| 2. O--glycosylation
3039
what is N--glycosylation?
addition of sugar on amide of asparagine
3040
what is O--glycosylation?
addition of sugar to serine /threonine
3041
sugar decorations on the surface of viruses are often critical to what process?
protein function
3042
influenza has 2 main glycoproteins__
1. hemaglutinin (HA)
| 2. neuramidase (NA)
3043
what is hemaglutinin (HA)?
a lectin that binds siallic acid receptor on cell surface, allowing binding and entry
3044
what is neuramidase (NA)?
enzyme that cleaves silalic acid, allowing progeny to be released from host
3045
describe the structure of capsid in complex virus
not purely icosohedral or helical, may have extra structures such as protein tail and complex out wall
3046
describe the structure of bacteriophage T4 (4)
1. dsDNA
2. helical tail
3. hexagonal base
4. protein tail
3047
each mL of seawater has about how many virus particles?
10 million
3048
T/F we carry viral genomes as part of our own genetic makeup
true
3049
what is a zoonotic infection?
can cross species barriers
3050
marine viruses affect the ___ cycle
carbon
3051
T/F microbes represent a large majority of the ocean's biomass
true
3052
what is the research of the Suttle lab at UBC based on?
ocean viruses
3053
whales are often infected by what virus? What are the symptoms?
calci virus; rashes, blisters, diarrhea
3054
what are the 8 human herpes viruses?
HSV-1, HSV2, HCMV, VZV, EBV, HHV-6, HHV-7, HHV-8
3055
T/F human herpesvirus is a persistent lifelong infection that is typically asymptomatic
true
3056
are there fossil records for viruses?
no
3057
how are viruses detected from ancient remains?
found in the genomes of hosts
3058
what are retroviruses?
RNA viruses that insert a copy of their DNA into the host genome
3059
about ___% of the human genome consists of retrovirus-like sequences
10
3060
how could retroviruses potentially affect human evolution?
by possibly turning other genes on/off
3061
what is the only type of cell that can carry sequences down generations?
germ cells
3062
T/F the koala retrovirus can be spread vertically or horizontally
true
3063
do these ancient retroviruses do anything? why/why not
no; they are crippled in ways that make them poor at replication
3064
syncytin is a viral gene belonging to ___ retrovirus
endogenous
3065
what is syncytin?
ancient cell attachment protein
3066
syncytin is located on human chromosome # __
7
3067
syncytin is essential to the development of ___ in humans
placenta
3068
syncytin is required to make which layer of the placenta? what is its function?
syncytiotroplast layer; maintains semipermeable barrier between mother/fetus
3069
T/F humans capture viral genes, but viruses also capture human genes
true
3070
the circular shape of KSHV (a human herpesvirus) plays a role in its ability to __
replicate in a host cell
3071
T/F KSHV contains genes from our primate ancestors
true
3072
what is the role of human genes in a viral genome?
makes it easier for virus to infect and evade host immune system
3073
what is the first written record of virus infection?
a hieroglyph in Memphis Egypt in 3700 BC of a priest with paralytic poliomyelitis
3074
what two viruses have been identified in ancient depictions and remains?
polio and smallpox
3075
what is the definition of "virus"?
submicroscopic obligate intracellular parasites
3076
can viruses be detected by a light microscope?
no
3077
virus is latin for __
poison/toxin
3078
can viruses live independent of a host?
no
3079
how are viruses produced?
they are assembled from pre-made components
3080
do viruses divide?
no
3081
what is the name for virus particles?
virions
3082
do virions divide?
no
3083
viruses lack the genetic information to perform what 2 functions that would be needed if it was not in a host?
1. metabolic activity
| 2. protein synthesis
3084
viruses can be described as simple Darwinian ___s
machines
3085
T/F viruses target a specific host
true
3086
T/F viruses multiply but do not grow
true
3087
outside of a host cell, viruses are ___
complex assemblies of metabolically inert chemicals
3088
inside a host cell viruses can be thought of as alive (T/F)
true
3089
what are three shapes of viruses?
1. filamentous
2. bacteriophage
3. surrounded by lipid envelope
3090
compare the size of viruses to bacteria
viruses are smaller
3091
in electron microscopy, the sample is placed on what type of grid? (chemical composition)
copper
3092
what is the purpose of staining with heavy atoms in electron microscopy?
allows for enough diffraction of electrons so the sample structures can be seen
3093
what are the 3 physical properties of viruses?
1. capsid
2. genome
3. optional components (tegument and envelopes)
3094
what is a capsid?
a protein shell
3095
what are the 4 types of possible genomes for viruses?
ds/ss DNA, dsRNA, +ssRNA and -ssRNA
3096
what is the role of a virus particle?
package viral genomes in infected cells and transmit them to new host cells
3097
are virus particles infectious?
np
3098
what is a virion?
a complete infectious virus particle
3099
in order to be successful, a virion must do what 5 things?
1. be correctly made
2. escape the cell
3. survive the extracellular environment
4. attach and enter another host
5. release viral genome
3100
what is a virus capsid?
symmetrical protein container for the viral genome
3101
the virus capsid protects the genome from what 3 things? Give an example for each
1. physical damage (mechanical force)
2. chemical damage (UV)
3. enzymatic damge (nucleases/defense)
3102
protein subunits in a virus capsid are multiply redundant, which means ___
they are present in many copies
3103
what are capsomeres?
protein subunits that make up a capsid
3104
T/F damage to 1/more capsid subunits destroys the infectivity of the whole viral particle
false
3105
T/F capsid can take damage without destroying the virion
true
3106
what are the 4 morphologies of virus capsids?
1. helical
2. icosahedral
3. enveloped
4. complex
3107
a tobacco mosaic virus is an example of what morphology?
helical
3108
what is the simplest type of capsid morphology?
helical
3109
describe the structure of helical capsids
single type of capsomer stacked around axis making a helical shape and a hollow center
3110
where is the genome housed in a helical capsid?
in the hollow center
3111
what type of genome do most helical capsids have?
ssRNA
3112
how do capsomers bind to the genome in a helical capsid? Are they species specific?
by charge interactions (therefor not species specific)
3113
what determines the length / diameter of helix in helical capsids
number of nucleotides in genome
3114
if tabacco mosaic RNA and coat protein are put together, will virus particles form spontaneously?
yes
3115
helical viruses are in what free energy state?
minimum
3116
T/F human viruses show helical structures
false
3117
many animal viruses take on what capsid morphology?
icosahedral
3118
poliovirus, adenovirus and Hep A all have what type of capsid morphology?
icosahedral
3119
what are the 4 benefits of the icosahedral shape of viruses?
1. strength
2. resistance to force
3. tight packing of viral genome
3. genetically inexpensive ( can be made from a few repeating subunits)
3120
T/F icoashedral capsids usually accomodate all types of viral genome
true
3121
many icosahedral viruses are enteric which is __
naked icosahedral
3122
what part of the body is most commonly infected by enteric icosahedral viruses?
GI tract
3123
how is the shape of an icosahedral capsid advantageous for the GI tract?
it gives it the strength to survive the harsh conditions
3124
in enveloped viruses, the space between the envelope and the capsid has ___
viral tegument
3125
what is viral tegument?
made of protein and RNA
3126
KSHV-8, influenza and HIV are examples of what type of virus morphology?
enveloped
3127
some viruses envelope themselves in host membranes derived from ____ (2)
1. plamsa membrane
| 2. internal membranes (nuc, ER etc)
3128
a viral envelope is studded with ___ (2)
1. virus encoded glycoproteins
| 2. captured host proteins
3129
how are viral proteins glycosylated?
with host sugars in ER and golgi aparatus
3130
what are the 2 types of viral glycosylation?
1. N--glycosylation
| 2. O--glycosylation
3131
what is N--glycosylation?
addition of sugar on amide of asparagine
3132
what is O--glycosylation?
addition of sugar to serine /threonine
3133
sugar decorations on the surface of viruses are often critical to what process?
protein function
3134
influenza has 2 main glycoproteins__
1. hemaglutinin (HA)
| 2. neuramidase (NA)
3135
what is hemaglutinin (HA)?
a lectin that binds siallic acid receptor on cell surface, allowing binding and entry
3136
what is neuramidase (NA)?
enzyme that cleaves silalic acid, allowing progeny to be released from host
3137
describe the structure of capsid in complex virus
not purely icosohedral or helical, may have extra structures such as protein tail and complex out wall
3138
describe the structure of bacteriophage T4 (4)
1. dsDNA
2. helical tail
3. hexagonal base
4. protein tail
3139
each mL of seawater has about how many virus particles?
10 million
3140
T/F we carry viral genomes as part of our own genetic makeup
true
3141
what is a zoonotic infection?
can cross species barriers
3142
marine viruses affect the ___ cycle
carbon
3143
T/F microbes represent a large majority of the ocean's biomass
true
3144
what is the research of the Suttle lab at UBC based on?
ocean viruses
3145
whales are often infected by what virus? What are the symptoms?
calci virus; rashes, blisters, diarrhea
3146
what are the 8 human herpes viruses?
HSV-1, HSV2, HCMV, VZV, EBV, HHV-6, HHV-7, HHV-8
3147
T/F human herpesvirus is a persistent lifelong infection that is typically asymptomatic
true
3148
are there fossil records for viruses?
no
3149
how are viruses detected from ancient remains?
found in the genomes of hosts
3150
what are retroviruses?
RNA viruses that insert a copy of their DNA into the host genome
3151
about ___% of the human genome consists of retrovirus-like sequences
10
3152
how could retroviruses potentially affect human evolution?
by possibly turning other genes on/off
3153
what is the only type of cell that can carry sequences down generations?
germ cells
3154
T/F the koala retrovirus can be spread vertically or horizontally
true
3155
do these ancient retroviruses do anything? why/why not
no; they are crippled in ways that make them poor at replication
3156
syncytin is a viral gene belonging to ___ retrovirus
endogenous
3157
what is syncytin?
ancient cell attachment protein
3158
syncytin is located on human chromosome # __
7
3159
syncytin is essential to the development of ___ in humans
placenta
3160
syncytin is required to make which layer of the placenta? what is its function?
syncytiotroplast layer; maintains semipermeable barrier between mother/fetus
3161
T/F humans capture viral genes, but viruses also capture human genes
true
3162
the circular shape of KSHV (a human herpesvirus) plays a role in its ability to __
replicate in a host cell
3163
T/F KSHV contains genes from our primate ancestors
true
3164
what is the role of human genes in a viral genome?
makes it easier for virus to infect and evade host immune system
3165
what is the first written record of virus infection?
a hieroglyph in Memphis Egypt in 3700 BC of a priest with paralytic poliomyelitis
3166
what two viruses have been identified in ancient depictions and remains?
polio and smallpox
3167
what is the definition of "virus"?
submicroscopic obligate intracellular parasites
3168
can viruses be detected by a light microscope?
no
3169
virus is latin for __
poison/toxin
3170
can viruses live independent of a host?
no
3171
how are viruses produced?
they are assembled from pre-made components
3172
do viruses divide?
no
3173
what is the name for virus particles?
virions
3174
do virions divide?
no
3175
viruses lack the genetic information to perform what 2 functions that would be needed if it was not in a host?
1. metabolic activity
| 2. protein synthesis
3176
viruses can be described as simple Darwinian ___s
machines
3177
T/F viruses target a specific host
true
3178
T/F viruses multiply but do not grow
true
3179
outside of a host cell, viruses are ___
complex assemblies of metabolically inert chemicals
3180
inside a host cell viruses can be thought of as alive (T/F)
true
3181
what are three shapes of viruses?
1. filamentous
2. bacteriophage
3. surrounded by lipid envelope
3182
compare the size of viruses to bacteria
viruses are smaller
3183
in electron microscopy, the sample is placed on what type of grid? (chemical composition)
copper
3184
what is the purpose of staining with heavy atoms in electron microscopy?
allows for enough diffraction of electrons so the sample structures can be seen
3185
what are the 3 physical properties of viruses?
1. capsid
2. genome
3. optional components (tegument and envelopes)
3186
what is a capsid?
a protein shell
3187
what are the 4 types of possible genomes for viruses?
ds/ss DNA, dsRNA, +ssRNA and -ssRNA
3188
what is the role of a virus particle?
package viral genomes in infected cells and transmit them to new host cells
3189
are virus particles infectious?
np
3190
what is a virion?
a complete infectious virus particle
3191
in order to be successful, a virion must do what 5 things?
1. be correctly made
2. escape the cell
3. survive the extracellular environment
4. attach and enter another host
5. release viral genome
3192
what is a virus capsid?
symmetrical protein container for the viral genome
3193
the virus capsid protects the genome from what 3 things? Give an example for each
1. physical damage (mechanical force)
2. chemical damage (UV)
3. enzymatic damge (nucleases/defense)
3194
protein subunits in a virus capsid are multiply redundant, which means ___
they are present in many copies
3195
what are capsomeres?
protein subunits that make up a capsid
3196
T/F damage to 1/more capsid subunits destroys the infectivity of the whole viral particle
false
3197
T/F capsid can take damage without destroying the virion
true
3198
what are the 4 morphologies of virus capsids?
1. helical
2. icosahedral
3. enveloped
4. complex
3199
a tobacco mosaic virus is an example of what morphology?
helical
3200
what is the simplest type of capsid morphology?
helical
3201
describe the structure of helical capsids
single type of capsomer stacked around axis making a helical shape and a hollow center
3202
where is the genome housed in a helical capsid?
in the hollow center
3203
what type of genome do most helical capsids have?
ssRNA
3204
how do capsomers bind to the genome in a helical capsid? Are they species specific?
by charge interactions (therefor not species specific)
3205
what determines the length / diameter of helix in helical capsids
number of nucleotides in genome
3206
if tabacco mosaic RNA and coat protein are put together, will virus particles form spontaneously?
yes
3207
helical viruses are in what free energy state?
minimum
3208
T/F human viruses show helical structures
false
3209
many animal viruses take on what capsid morphology?
icosahedral
3210
poliovirus, adenovirus and Hep A all have what type of capsid morphology?
icosahedral
3211
what are the 4 benefits of the icosahedral shape of viruses?
1. strength
2. resistance to force
3. tight packing of viral genome
3. genetically inexpensive ( can be made from a few repeating subunits)
3212
T/F icoashedral capsids usually accomodate all types of viral genome
true
3213
many icosahedral viruses are enteric which is __
naked icosahedral
3214
what part of the body is most commonly infected by enteric icosahedral viruses?
GI tract
3215
how is the shape of an icosahedral capsid advantageous for the GI tract?
it gives it the strength to survive the harsh conditions
3216
in enveloped viruses, the space between the envelope and the capsid has ___
viral tegument
3217
what is viral tegument?
made of protein and RNA
3218
KSHV-8, influenza and HIV are examples of what type of virus morphology?
enveloped
3219
some viruses envelope themselves in host membranes derived from ____ (2)
1. plamsa membrane
| 2. internal membranes (nuc, ER etc)
3220
a viral envelope is studded with ___ (2)
1. virus encoded glycoproteins
| 2. captured host proteins
3221
how are viral proteins glycosylated?
with host sugars in ER and golgi aparatus
3222
what are the 2 types of viral glycosylation?
1. N--glycosylation
| 2. O--glycosylation
3223
what is N--glycosylation?
addition of sugar on amide of asparagine
3224
what is O--glycosylation?
addition of sugar to serine /threonine
3225
sugar decorations on the surface of viruses are often critical to what process?
protein function
3226
influenza has 2 main glycoproteins__
1. hemaglutinin (HA)
| 2. neuramidase (NA)
3227
what is hemaglutinin (HA)?
a lectin that binds siallic acid receptor on cell surface, allowing binding and entry
3228
what is neuramidase (NA)?
enzyme that cleaves silalic acid, allowing progeny to be released from host
3229
describe the structure of capsid in complex virus
not purely icosohedral or helical, may have extra structures such as protein tail and complex out wall
3230
describe the structure of bacteriophage T4 (4)
1. dsDNA
2. helical tail
3. hexagonal base
4. protein tail
3231
each mL of seawater has about how many virus particles?
10 million
3232
T/F we carry viral genomes as part of our own genetic makeup
true
3233
what is a zoonotic infection?
can cross species barriers
3234
marine viruses affect the ___ cycle
carbon
3235
T/F microbes represent a large majority of the ocean's biomass
true
3236
what is the research of the Suttle lab at UBC based on?
ocean viruses
3237
whales are often infected by what virus? What are the symptoms?
calci virus; rashes, blisters, diarrhea
3238
what are the 8 human herpes viruses?
HSV-1, HSV2, HCMV, VZV, EBV, HHV-6, HHV-7, HHV-8
3239
T/F human herpesvirus is a persistent lifelong infection that is typically asymptomatic
true
3240
are there fossil records for viruses?
no
3241
how are viruses detected from ancient remains?
found in the genomes of hosts
3242
what are retroviruses?
RNA viruses that insert a copy of their DNA into the host genome
3243
about ___% of the human genome consists of retrovirus-like sequences
10
3244
how could retroviruses potentially affect human evolution?
by possibly turning other genes on/off
3245
what is the only type of cell that can carry sequences down generations?
germ cells
3246
T/F the koala retrovirus can be spread vertically or horizontally
true
3247
do these ancient retroviruses do anything? why/why not
no; they are crippled in ways that make them poor at replication
3248
syncytin is a viral gene belonging to ___ retrovirus
endogenous
3249
what is syncytin?
ancient cell attachment protein
3250
syncytin is located on human chromosome # __
7
3251
syncytin is essential to the development of ___ in humans
placenta
3252
syncytin is required to make which layer of the placenta? what is its function?
syncytiotroplast layer; maintains semipermeable barrier between mother/fetus
3253
T/F humans capture viral genes, but viruses also capture human genes
true
3254
the circular shape of KSHV (a human herpesvirus) plays a role in its ability to __
replicate in a host cell
3255
T/F KSHV contains genes from our primate ancestors
true
3256
what is the role of human genes in a viral genome?
makes it easier for virus to infect and evade host immune system
3257
what is the first written record of virus infection?
a hieroglyph in Memphis Egypt in 3700 BC of a priest with paralytic poliomyelitis
3258
what two viruses have been identified in ancient depictions and remains?
polio and smallpox
3259
what is the definition of "virus"?
submicroscopic obligate intracellular parasites
3260
can viruses be detected by a light microscope?
no
3261
virus is latin for __
poison/toxin
3262
can viruses live independent of a host?
no
3263
how are viruses produced?
they are assembled from pre-made components
3264
do viruses divide?
no
3265
what is the name for virus particles?
virions
3266
do virions divide?
no
3267
viruses lack the genetic information to perform what 2 functions that would be needed if it was not in a host?
1. metabolic activity
| 2. protein synthesis
3268
viruses can be described as simple Darwinian ___s
machines
3269
T/F viruses target a specific host
true
3270
T/F viruses multiply but do not grow
true
3271
outside of a host cell, viruses are ___
complex assemblies of metabolically inert chemicals
3272
inside a host cell viruses can be thought of as alive (T/F)
true
3273
what are three shapes of viruses?
1. filamentous
2. bacteriophage
3. surrounded by lipid envelope
3274
compare the size of viruses to bacteria
viruses are smaller
3275
in electron microscopy, the sample is placed on what type of grid? (chemical composition)
copper
3276
what is the purpose of staining with heavy atoms in electron microscopy?
allows for enough diffraction of electrons so the sample structures can be seen
3277
what are the 3 physical properties of viruses?
1. capsid
2. genome
3. optional components (tegument and envelopes)
3278
what is a capsid?
a protein shell
3279
what are the 4 types of possible genomes for viruses?
ds/ss DNA, dsRNA, +ssRNA and -ssRNA
3280
what is the role of a virus particle?
package viral genomes in infected cells and transmit them to new host cells
3281
are virus particles infectious?
np
3282
what is a virion?
a complete infectious virus particle
3283
in order to be successful, a virion must do what 5 things?
1. be correctly made
2. escape the cell
3. survive the extracellular environment
4. attach and enter another host
5. release viral genome
3284
what is a virus capsid?
symmetrical protein container for the viral genome
3285
the virus capsid protects the genome from what 3 things? Give an example for each
1. physical damage (mechanical force)
2. chemical damage (UV)
3. enzymatic damge (nucleases/defense)
3286
protein subunits in a virus capsid are multiply redundant, which means ___
they are present in many copies
3287
what are capsomeres?
protein subunits that make up a capsid
3288
T/F damage to 1/more capsid subunits destroys the infectivity of the whole viral particle
false
3289
T/F capsid can take damage without destroying the virion
true
3290
what are the 4 morphologies of virus capsids?
1. helical
2. icosahedral
3. enveloped
4. complex
3291
a tobacco mosaic virus is an example of what morphology?
helical
3292
what is the simplest type of capsid morphology?
helical
3293
describe the structure of helical capsids
single type of capsomer stacked around axis making a helical shape and a hollow center
3294
where is the genome housed in a helical capsid?
in the hollow center
3295
what type of genome do most helical capsids have?
ssRNA
3296
how do capsomers bind to the genome in a helical capsid? Are they species specific?
by charge interactions (therefor not species specific)
3297
what determines the length / diameter of helix in helical capsids
number of nucleotides in genome
3298
if tabacco mosaic RNA and coat protein are put together, will virus particles form spontaneously?
yes
3299
helical viruses are in what free energy state?
minimum
3300
T/F human viruses show helical structures
false
3301
many animal viruses take on what capsid morphology?
icosahedral
3302
poliovirus, adenovirus and Hep A all have what type of capsid morphology?
icosahedral
3303
what are the 4 benefits of the icosahedral shape of viruses?
1. strength
2. resistance to force
3. tight packing of viral genome
3. genetically inexpensive ( can be made from a few repeating subunits)
3304
T/F icoashedral capsids usually accomodate all types of viral genome
true
3305
many icosahedral viruses are enteric which is __
naked icosahedral
3306
what part of the body is most commonly infected by enteric icosahedral viruses?
GI tract
3307
how is the shape of an icosahedral capsid advantageous for the GI tract?
it gives it the strength to survive the harsh conditions
3308
in enveloped viruses, the space between the envelope and the capsid has ___
viral tegument
3309
what is viral tegument?
made of protein and RNA
3310
KSHV-8, influenza and HIV are examples of what type of virus morphology?
enveloped
3311
some viruses envelope themselves in host membranes derived from ____ (2)
1. plamsa membrane
| 2. internal membranes (nuc, ER etc)
3312
a viral envelope is studded with ___ (2)
1. virus encoded glycoproteins
| 2. captured host proteins
3313
how are viral proteins glycosylated?
with host sugars in ER and golgi aparatus
3314
what are the 2 types of viral glycosylation?
1. N--glycosylation
| 2. O--glycosylation
3315
what is N--glycosylation?
addition of sugar on amide of asparagine
3316
what is O--glycosylation?
addition of sugar to serine /threonine
3317
sugar decorations on the surface of viruses are often critical to what process?
protein function
3318
influenza has 2 main glycoproteins__
1. hemaglutinin (HA)
| 2. neuramidase (NA)
3319
what is hemaglutinin (HA)?
a lectin that binds siallic acid receptor on cell surface, allowing binding and entry
3320
what is neuramidase (NA)?
enzyme that cleaves silalic acid, allowing progeny to be released from host
3321
describe the structure of capsid in complex virus
not purely icosohedral or helical, may have extra structures such as protein tail and complex out wall
3322
describe the structure of bacteriophage T4 (4)
1. dsDNA
2. helical tail
3. hexagonal base
4. protein tail
3323
each mL of seawater has about how many virus particles?
10 million
3324
T/F we carry viral genomes as part of our own genetic makeup
true
3325
what is a zoonotic infection?
can cross species barriers
3326
marine viruses affect the ___ cycle
carbon
3327
T/F microbes represent a large majority of the ocean's biomass
true
3328
what is the research of the Suttle lab at UBC based on?
ocean viruses
3329
whales are often infected by what virus? What are the symptoms?
calci virus; rashes, blisters, diarrhea
3330
what are the 8 human herpes viruses?
HSV-1, HSV2, HCMV, VZV, EBV, HHV-6, HHV-7, HHV-8
3331
T/F human herpesvirus is a persistent lifelong infection that is typically asymptomatic
true
3332
are there fossil records for viruses?
no
3333
how are viruses detected from ancient remains?
found in the genomes of hosts
3334
what are retroviruses?
RNA viruses that insert a copy of their DNA into the host genome
3335
about ___% of the human genome consists of retrovirus-like sequences
10
3336
how could retroviruses potentially affect human evolution?
by possibly turning other genes on/off
3337
what is the only type of cell that can carry sequences down generations?
germ cells
3338
T/F the koala retrovirus can be spread vertically or horizontally
true
3339
do these ancient retroviruses do anything? why/why not
no; they are crippled in ways that make them poor at replication
3340
syncytin is a viral gene belonging to ___ retrovirus
endogenous
3341
what is syncytin?
ancient cell attachment protein
3342
syncytin is located on human chromosome # __
7
3343
syncytin is essential to the development of ___ in humans
placenta
3344
syncytin is required to make which layer of the placenta? what is its function?
syncytiotroplast layer; maintains semipermeable barrier between mother/fetus
3345
T/F humans capture viral genes, but viruses also capture human genes
true
3346
the circular shape of KSHV (a human herpesvirus) plays a role in its ability to __
replicate in a host cell
3347
T/F KSHV contains genes from our primate ancestors
true
3348
what is the role of human genes in a viral genome?
makes it easier for virus to infect and evade host immune system
3349
what is the first written record of virus infection?
a hieroglyph in Memphis Egypt in 3700 BC of a priest with paralytic poliomyelitis
3350
what two viruses have been identified in ancient depictions and remains?
polio and smallpox
3351
what is the definition of "virus"?
submicroscopic obligate intracellular parasites
3352
can viruses be detected by a light microscope?
no
3353
virus is latin for __
poison/toxin
3354
can viruses live independent of a host?
no
3355
how are viruses produced?
they are assembled from pre-made components
3356
do viruses divide?
no
3357
what is the name for virus particles?
virions
3358
do virions divide?
no
3359
viruses lack the genetic information to perform what 2 functions that would be needed if it was not in a host?
1. metabolic activity
| 2. protein synthesis
3360
viruses can be described as simple Darwinian ___s
machines
3361
T/F viruses target a specific host
true
3362
T/F viruses multiply but do not grow
true
3363
outside of a host cell, viruses are ___
complex assemblies of metabolically inert chemicals
3364
inside a host cell viruses can be thought of as alive (T/F)
true
3365
what are three shapes of viruses?
1. filamentous
2. bacteriophage
3. surrounded by lipid envelope
3366
compare the size of viruses to bacteria
viruses are smaller
3367
in electron microscopy, the sample is placed on what type of grid? (chemical composition)
copper
3368
what is the purpose of staining with heavy atoms in electron microscopy?
allows for enough diffraction of electrons so the sample structures can be seen
3369
what are the 3 physical properties of viruses?
1. capsid
2. genome
3. optional components (tegument and envelopes)
3370
what is a capsid?
a protein shell
3371
what are the 4 types of possible genomes for viruses?
ds/ss DNA, dsRNA, +ssRNA and -ssRNA
3372
what is the role of a virus particle?
package viral genomes in infected cells and transmit them to new host cells
3373
are virus particles infectious?
np
3374
what is a virion?
a complete infectious virus particle
3375
in order to be successful, a virion must do what 5 things?
1. be correctly made
2. escape the cell
3. survive the extracellular environment
4. attach and enter another host
5. release viral genome
3376
what is a virus capsid?
symmetrical protein container for the viral genome
3377
the virus capsid protects the genome from what 3 things? Give an example for each
1. physical damage (mechanical force)
2. chemical damage (UV)
3. enzymatic damge (nucleases/defense)
3378
protein subunits in a virus capsid are multiply redundant, which means ___
they are present in many copies
3379
what are capsomeres?
protein subunits that make up a capsid
3380
T/F damage to 1/more capsid subunits destroys the infectivity of the whole viral particle
false
3381
T/F capsid can take damage without destroying the virion
true
3382
what are the 4 morphologies of virus capsids?
1. helical
2. icosahedral
3. enveloped
4. complex
3383
a tobacco mosaic virus is an example of what morphology?
helical
3384
what is the simplest type of capsid morphology?
helical
3385
describe the structure of helical capsids
single type of capsomer stacked around axis making a helical shape and a hollow center
3386
where is the genome housed in a helical capsid?
in the hollow center
3387
what type of genome do most helical capsids have?
ssRNA
3388
how do capsomers bind to the genome in a helical capsid? Are they species specific?
by charge interactions (therefor not species specific)
3389
what determines the length / diameter of helix in helical capsids
number of nucleotides in genome
3390
if tabacco mosaic RNA and coat protein are put together, will virus particles form spontaneously?
yes
3391
helical viruses are in what free energy state?
minimum
3392
T/F human viruses show helical structures
false
3393
many animal viruses take on what capsid morphology?
icosahedral
3394
poliovirus, adenovirus and Hep A all have what type of capsid morphology?
icosahedral
3395
what are the 4 benefits of the icosahedral shape of viruses?
1. strength
2. resistance to force
3. tight packing of viral genome
3. genetically inexpensive ( can be made from a few repeating subunits)
3396
T/F icoashedral capsids usually accomodate all types of viral genome
true
3397
many icosahedral viruses are enteric which is __
naked icosahedral
3398
what part of the body is most commonly infected by enteric icosahedral viruses?
GI tract
3399
how is the shape of an icosahedral capsid advantageous for the GI tract?
it gives it the strength to survive the harsh conditions
3400
in enveloped viruses, the space between the envelope and the capsid has ___
viral tegument
3401
what is viral tegument?
made of protein and RNA
3402
KSHV-8, influenza and HIV are examples of what type of virus morphology?
enveloped
3403
some viruses envelope themselves in host membranes derived from ____ (2)
1. plamsa membrane
| 2. internal membranes (nuc, ER etc)
3404
a viral envelope is studded with ___ (2)
1. virus encoded glycoproteins
| 2. captured host proteins
3405
how are viral proteins glycosylated?
with host sugars in ER and golgi aparatus
3406
what are the 2 types of viral glycosylation?
1. N--glycosylation
| 2. O--glycosylation
3407
what is N--glycosylation?
addition of sugar on amide of asparagine
3408
what is O--glycosylation?
addition of sugar to serine /threonine
3409
sugar decorations on the surface of viruses are often critical to what process?
protein function
3410
influenza has 2 main glycoproteins__
1. hemaglutinin (HA)
| 2. neuramidase (NA)
3411
what is hemaglutinin (HA)?
a lectin that binds siallic acid receptor on cell surface, allowing binding and entry
3412
what is neuramidase (NA)?
enzyme that cleaves silalic acid, allowing progeny to be released from host
3413
describe the structure of capsid in complex virus
not purely icosohedral or helical, may have extra structures such as protein tail and complex out wall
3414
describe the structure of bacteriophage T4 (4)
1. dsDNA
2. helical tail
3. hexagonal base
4. protein tail
3415
each mL of seawater has about how many virus particles?
10 million
3416
T/F we carry viral genomes as part of our own genetic makeup
true
3417
what is a zoonotic infection?
can cross species barriers
3418
marine viruses affect the ___ cycle
carbon
3419
T/F microbes represent a large majority of the ocean's biomass
true
3420
what is the research of the Suttle lab at UBC based on?
ocean viruses
3421
whales are often infected by what virus? What are the symptoms?
calci virus; rashes, blisters, diarrhea
3422
what are the 8 human herpes viruses?
HSV-1, HSV2, HCMV, VZV, EBV, HHV-6, HHV-7, HHV-8
3423
T/F human herpesvirus is a persistent lifelong infection that is typically asymptomatic
true
3424
are there fossil records for viruses?
no
3425
how are viruses detected from ancient remains?
found in the genomes of hosts
3426
what are retroviruses?
RNA viruses that insert a copy of their DNA into the host genome
3427
about ___% of the human genome consists of retrovirus-like sequences
10
3428
how could retroviruses potentially affect human evolution?
by possibly turning other genes on/off
3429
what is the only type of cell that can carry sequences down generations?
germ cells
3430
T/F the koala retrovirus can be spread vertically or horizontally
true
3431
do these ancient retroviruses do anything? why/why not
no; they are crippled in ways that make them poor at replication
3432
syncytin is a viral gene belonging to ___ retrovirus
endogenous
3433
what is syncytin?
ancient cell attachment protein
3434
syncytin is located on human chromosome # __
7
3435
syncytin is essential to the development of ___ in humans
placenta
3436
syncytin is required to make which layer of the placenta? what is its function?
syncytiotroplast layer; maintains semipermeable barrier between mother/fetus
3437
T/F humans capture viral genes, but viruses also capture human genes
true
3438
the circular shape of KSHV (a human herpesvirus) plays a role in its ability to __
replicate in a host cell
3439
T/F KSHV contains genes from our primate ancestors
true
3440
what is the role of human genes in a viral genome?
makes it easier for virus to infect and evade host immune system
3441
what is the first written record of virus infection?
a hieroglyph in Memphis Egypt in 3700 BC of a priest with paralytic poliomyelitis
3442
what two viruses have been identified in ancient depictions and remains?
polio and smallpox
3443
what is the definition of "virus"?
submicroscopic obligate intracellular parasites
3444
can viruses be detected by a light microscope?
no
3445
virus is latin for __
poison/toxin
3446
can viruses live independent of a host?
no
3447
how are viruses produced?
they are assembled from pre-made components
3448
do viruses divide?
no
3449
what is the name for virus particles?
virions
3450
do virions divide?
no
3451
viruses lack the genetic information to perform what 2 functions that would be needed if it was not in a host?
1. metabolic activity
| 2. protein synthesis
3452
viruses can be described as simple Darwinian ___s
machines
3453
T/F viruses target a specific host
true
3454
T/F viruses multiply but do not grow
true
3455
outside of a host cell, viruses are ___
complex assemblies of metabolically inert chemicals
3456
inside a host cell viruses can be thought of as alive (T/F)
true
3457
what are three shapes of viruses?
1. filamentous
2. bacteriophage
3. surrounded by lipid envelope
3458
compare the size of viruses to bacteria
viruses are smaller
3459
in electron microscopy, the sample is placed on what type of grid? (chemical composition)
copper
3460
what is the purpose of staining with heavy atoms in electron microscopy?
allows for enough diffraction of electrons so the sample structures can be seen
3461
what are the 3 physical properties of viruses?
1. capsid
2. genome
3. optional components (tegument and envelopes)
3462
what is a capsid?
a protein shell
3463
what are the 4 types of possible genomes for viruses?
ds/ss DNA, dsRNA, +ssRNA and -ssRNA
3464
what is the role of a virus particle?
package viral genomes in infected cells and transmit them to new host cells
3465
are virus particles infectious?
np
3466
what is a virion?
a complete infectious virus particle
3467
in order to be successful, a virion must do what 5 things?
1. be correctly made
2. escape the cell
3. survive the extracellular environment
4. attach and enter another host
5. release viral genome
3468
what is a virus capsid?
symmetrical protein container for the viral genome
3469
the virus capsid protects the genome from what 3 things? Give an example for each
1. physical damage (mechanical force)
2. chemical damage (UV)
3. enzymatic damge (nucleases/defense)
3470
protein subunits in a virus capsid are multiply redundant, which means ___
they are present in many copies
3471
what are capsomeres?
protein subunits that make up a capsid
3472
T/F damage to 1/more capsid subunits destroys the infectivity of the whole viral particle
false
3473
T/F capsid can take damage without destroying the virion
true
3474
what are the 4 morphologies of virus capsids?
1. helical
2. icosahedral
3. enveloped
4. complex
3475
a tobacco mosaic virus is an example of what morphology?
helical
3476
what is the simplest type of capsid morphology?
helical
3477
describe the structure of helical capsids
single type of capsomer stacked around axis making a helical shape and a hollow center
3478
where is the genome housed in a helical capsid?
in the hollow center
3479
what type of genome do most helical capsids have?
ssRNA
3480
how do capsomers bind to the genome in a helical capsid? Are they species specific?
by charge interactions (therefor not species specific)
3481
what determines the length / diameter of helix in helical capsids
number of nucleotides in genome
3482
if tabacco mosaic RNA and coat protein are put together, will virus particles form spontaneously?
yes
3483
helical viruses are in what free energy state?
minimum
3484
T/F human viruses show helical structures
false
3485
many animal viruses take on what capsid morphology?
icosahedral
3486
poliovirus, adenovirus and Hep A all have what type of capsid morphology?
icosahedral
3487
what are the 4 benefits of the icosahedral shape of viruses?
1. strength
2. resistance to force
3. tight packing of viral genome
3. genetically inexpensive ( can be made from a few repeating subunits)
3488
T/F icoashedral capsids usually accomodate all types of viral genome
true
3489
many icosahedral viruses are enteric which is __
naked icosahedral
3490
what part of the body is most commonly infected by enteric icosahedral viruses?
GI tract
3491
how is the shape of an icosahedral capsid advantageous for the GI tract?
it gives it the strength to survive the harsh conditions
3492
in enveloped viruses, the space between the envelope and the capsid has ___
viral tegument
3493
what is viral tegument?
made of protein and RNA
3494
KSHV-8, influenza and HIV are examples of what type of virus morphology?
enveloped
3495
some viruses envelope themselves in host membranes derived from ____ (2)
1. plamsa membrane
| 2. internal membranes (nuc, ER etc)
3496
a viral envelope is studded with ___ (2)
1. virus encoded glycoproteins
| 2. captured host proteins
3497
how are viral proteins glycosylated?
with host sugars in ER and golgi aparatus
3498
what are the 2 types of viral glycosylation?
1. N--glycosylation
| 2. O--glycosylation
3499
what is N--glycosylation?
addition of sugar on amide of asparagine
3500
what is O--glycosylation?
addition of sugar to serine /threonine
3501
sugar decorations on the surface of viruses are often critical to what process?
protein function
3502
influenza has 2 main glycoproteins__
1. hemaglutinin (HA)
| 2. neuramidase (NA)
3503
what is hemaglutinin (HA)?
a lectin that binds siallic acid receptor on cell surface, allowing binding and entry
3504
what is neuramidase (NA)?
enzyme that cleaves silalic acid, allowing progeny to be released from host
3505
describe the structure of capsid in complex virus
not purely icosohedral or helical, may have extra structures such as protein tail and complex out wall
3506
describe the structure of bacteriophage T4 (4)
1. dsDNA
2. helical tail
3. hexagonal base
4. protein tail
3507
each mL of seawater has about how many virus particles?
10 million
3508
T/F we carry viral genomes as part of our own genetic makeup
true
3509
what is a zoonotic infection?
can cross species barriers
3510
marine viruses affect the ___ cycle
carbon
3511
T/F microbes represent a large majority of the ocean's biomass
true
3512
what is the research of the Suttle lab at UBC based on?
ocean viruses
3513
whales are often infected by what virus? What are the symptoms?
calci virus; rashes, blisters, diarrhea
3514
what are the 8 human herpes viruses?
HSV-1, HSV2, HCMV, VZV, EBV, HHV-6, HHV-7, HHV-8
3515
T/F human herpesvirus is a persistent lifelong infection that is typically asymptomatic
true
3516
are there fossil records for viruses?
no
3517
how are viruses detected from ancient remains?
found in the genomes of hosts
3518
what are retroviruses?
RNA viruses that insert a copy of their DNA into the host genome
3519
about ___% of the human genome consists of retrovirus-like sequences
10
3520
how could retroviruses potentially affect human evolution?
by possibly turning other genes on/off
3521
what is the only type of cell that can carry sequences down generations?
germ cells
3522
T/F the koala retrovirus can be spread vertically or horizontally
true
3523
do these ancient retroviruses do anything? why/why not
no; they are crippled in ways that make them poor at replication
3524
syncytin is a viral gene belonging to ___ retrovirus
endogenous
3525
what is syncytin?
ancient cell attachment protein
3526
syncytin is located on human chromosome # __
7
3527
syncytin is essential to the development of ___ in humans
placenta
3528
syncytin is required to make which layer of the placenta? what is its function?
syncytiotroplast layer; maintains semipermeable barrier between mother/fetus
3529
T/F humans capture viral genes, but viruses also capture human genes
true
3530
the circular shape of KSHV (a human herpesvirus) plays a role in its ability to __
replicate in a host cell
3531
T/F KSHV contains genes from our primate ancestors
true
3532
what is the role of human genes in a viral genome?
makes it easier for virus to infect and evade host immune system
3533
what is the first written record of virus infection?
a hieroglyph in Memphis Egypt in 3700 BC of a priest with paralytic poliomyelitis
3534
what two viruses have been identified in ancient depictions and remains?
polio and smallpox
3535
what is the definition of "virus"?
submicroscopic obligate intracellular parasites
3536
can viruses be detected by a light microscope?
no
3537
virus is latin for __
poison/toxin
3538
can viruses live independent of a host?
no
3539
how are viruses produced?
they are assembled from pre-made components
3540
do viruses divide?
no
3541
what is the name for virus particles?
virions
3542
do virions divide?
no
3543
viruses lack the genetic information to perform what 2 functions that would be needed if it was not in a host?
1. metabolic activity
| 2. protein synthesis
3544
viruses can be described as simple Darwinian ___s
machines
3545
T/F viruses target a specific host
true
3546
T/F viruses multiply but do not grow
true
3547
outside of a host cell, viruses are ___
complex assemblies of metabolically inert chemicals
3548
inside a host cell viruses can be thought of as alive (T/F)
true
3549
what are three shapes of viruses?
1. filamentous
2. bacteriophage
3. surrounded by lipid envelope
3550
compare the size of viruses to bacteria
viruses are smaller
3551
in electron microscopy, the sample is placed on what type of grid? (chemical composition)
copper
3552
what is the purpose of staining with heavy atoms in electron microscopy?
allows for enough diffraction of electrons so the sample structures can be seen
3553
what are the 3 physical properties of viruses?
1. capsid
2. genome
3. optional components (tegument and envelopes)
3554
what is a capsid?
a protein shell
3555
what are the 4 types of possible genomes for viruses?
ds/ss DNA, dsRNA, +ssRNA and -ssRNA
3556
what is the role of a virus particle?
package viral genomes in infected cells and transmit them to new host cells
3557
are virus particles infectious?
np
3558
what is a virion?
a complete infectious virus particle
3559
in order to be successful, a virion must do what 5 things?
1. be correctly made
2. escape the cell
3. survive the extracellular environment
4. attach and enter another host
5. release viral genome
3560
what is a virus capsid?
symmetrical protein container for the viral genome
3561
the virus capsid protects the genome from what 3 things? Give an example for each
1. physical damage (mechanical force)
2. chemical damage (UV)
3. enzymatic damge (nucleases/defense)
3562
protein subunits in a virus capsid are multiply redundant, which means ___
they are present in many copies
3563
what are capsomeres?
protein subunits that make up a capsid
3564
T/F damage to 1/more capsid subunits destroys the infectivity of the whole viral particle
false
3565
T/F capsid can take damage without destroying the virion
true
3566
what are the 4 morphologies of virus capsids?
1. helical
2. icosahedral
3. enveloped
4. complex
3567
a tobacco mosaic virus is an example of what morphology?
helical
3568
what is the simplest type of capsid morphology?
helical
3569
describe the structure of helical capsids
single type of capsomer stacked around axis making a helical shape and a hollow center
3570
where is the genome housed in a helical capsid?
in the hollow center
3571
what type of genome do most helical capsids have?
ssRNA
3572
how do capsomers bind to the genome in a helical capsid? Are they species specific?
by charge interactions (therefor not species specific)
3573
what determines the length / diameter of helix in helical capsids
number of nucleotides in genome
3574
if tabacco mosaic RNA and coat protein are put together, will virus particles form spontaneously?
yes
3575
helical viruses are in what free energy state?
minimum
3576
T/F human viruses show helical structures
false
3577
many animal viruses take on what capsid morphology?
icosahedral
3578
poliovirus, adenovirus and Hep A all have what type of capsid morphology?
icosahedral
3579
what are the 4 benefits of the icosahedral shape of viruses?
1. strength
2. resistance to force
3. tight packing of viral genome
3. genetically inexpensive ( can be made from a few repeating subunits)
3580
T/F icoashedral capsids usually accomodate all types of viral genome
true
3581
many icosahedral viruses are enteric which is __
naked icosahedral
3582
what part of the body is most commonly infected by enteric icosahedral viruses?
GI tract
3583
how is the shape of an icosahedral capsid advantageous for the GI tract?
it gives it the strength to survive the harsh conditions
3584
in enveloped viruses, the space between the envelope and the capsid has ___
viral tegument
3585
what is viral tegument?
made of protein and RNA
3586
KSHV-8, influenza and HIV are examples of what type of virus morphology?
enveloped
3587
some viruses envelope themselves in host membranes derived from ____ (2)
1. plamsa membrane
| 2. internal membranes (nuc, ER etc)
3588
a viral envelope is studded with ___ (2)
1. virus encoded glycoproteins
| 2. captured host proteins
3589
how are viral proteins glycosylated?
with host sugars in ER and golgi aparatus
3590
what are the 2 types of viral glycosylation?
1. N--glycosylation
| 2. O--glycosylation
3591
what is N--glycosylation?
addition of sugar on amide of asparagine
3592
what is O--glycosylation?
addition of sugar to serine /threonine
3593
sugar decorations on the surface of viruses are often critical to what process?
protein function
3594
influenza has 2 main glycoproteins__
1. hemaglutinin (HA)
| 2. neuramidase (NA)
3595
what is hemaglutinin (HA)?
a lectin that binds siallic acid receptor on cell surface, allowing binding and entry
3596
what is neuramidase (NA)?
enzyme that cleaves silalic acid, allowing progeny to be released from host
3597
describe the structure of capsid in complex virus
not purely icosohedral or helical, may have extra structures such as protein tail and complex out wall
3598
describe the structure of bacteriophage T4 (4)
1. dsDNA
2. helical tail
3. hexagonal base
4. protein tail
3599
each mL of seawater has about how many virus particles?
10 million
3600
T/F we carry viral genomes as part of our own genetic makeup
true
3601
what is a zoonotic infection?
can cross species barriers
3602
marine viruses affect the ___ cycle
carbon
3603
T/F microbes represent a large majority of the ocean's biomass
true
3604
what is the research of the Suttle lab at UBC based on?
ocean viruses
3605
whales are often infected by what virus? What are the symptoms?
calci virus; rashes, blisters, diarrhea
3606
what are the 8 human herpes viruses?
HSV-1, HSV2, HCMV, VZV, EBV, HHV-6, HHV-7, HHV-8
3607
T/F human herpesvirus is a persistent lifelong infection that is typically asymptomatic
true
3608
are there fossil records for viruses?
no
3609
how are viruses detected from ancient remains?
found in the genomes of hosts
3610
what are retroviruses?
RNA viruses that insert a copy of their DNA into the host genome
3611
about ___% of the human genome consists of retrovirus-like sequences
10
3612
how could retroviruses potentially affect human evolution?
by possibly turning other genes on/off
3613
what is the only type of cell that can carry sequences down generations?
germ cells
3614
T/F the koala retrovirus can be spread vertically or horizontally
true
3615
do these ancient retroviruses do anything? why/why not
no; they are crippled in ways that make them poor at replication
3616
syncytin is a viral gene belonging to ___ retrovirus
endogenous
3617
what is syncytin?
ancient cell attachment protein
3618
syncytin is located on human chromosome # __
7
3619
syncytin is essential to the development of ___ in humans
placenta
3620
syncytin is required to make which layer of the placenta? what is its function?
syncytiotroplast layer; maintains semipermeable barrier between mother/fetus
3621
T/F humans capture viral genes, but viruses also capture human genes
true
3622
the circular shape of KSHV (a human herpesvirus) plays a role in its ability to __
replicate in a host cell
3623
T/F KSHV contains genes from our primate ancestors
true
3624
what is the role of human genes in a viral genome?
makes it easier for virus to infect and evade host immune system
3625
what is the first written record of virus infection?
a hieroglyph in Memphis Egypt in 3700 BC of a priest with paralytic poliomyelitis
3626
what two viruses have been identified in ancient depictions and remains?
polio and smallpox
3627
what is the definition of "virus"?
submicroscopic obligate intracellular parasites
3628
can viruses be detected by a light microscope?
no
3629
virus is latin for __
poison/toxin
3630
can viruses live independent of a host?
no
3631
how are viruses produced?
they are assembled from pre-made components
3632
do viruses divide?
no
3633
what is the name for virus particles?
virions
3634
do virions divide?
no
3635
viruses lack the genetic information to perform what 2 functions that would be needed if it was not in a host?
1. metabolic activity
| 2. protein synthesis
3636
viruses can be described as simple Darwinian ___s
machines
3637
T/F viruses target a specific host
true
3638
T/F viruses multiply but do not grow
true
3639
outside of a host cell, viruses are ___
complex assemblies of metabolically inert chemicals
3640
inside a host cell viruses can be thought of as alive (T/F)
true
3641
what are three shapes of viruses?
1. filamentous
2. bacteriophage
3. surrounded by lipid envelope
3642
compare the size of viruses to bacteria
viruses are smaller
3643
in electron microscopy, the sample is placed on what type of grid? (chemical composition)
copper
3644
what is the purpose of staining with heavy atoms in electron microscopy?
allows for enough diffraction of electrons so the sample structures can be seen
3645
what are the 3 physical properties of viruses?
1. capsid
2. genome
3. optional components (tegument and envelopes)
3646
what is a capsid?
a protein shell
3647
what are the 4 types of possible genomes for viruses?
ds/ss DNA, dsRNA, +ssRNA and -ssRNA
3648
what is the role of a virus particle?
package viral genomes in infected cells and transmit them to new host cells
3649
are virus particles infectious?
np
3650
what is a virion?
a complete infectious virus particle
3651
in order to be successful, a virion must do what 5 things?
1. be correctly made
2. escape the cell
3. survive the extracellular environment
4. attach and enter another host
5. release viral genome
3652
what is a virus capsid?
symmetrical protein container for the viral genome
3653
the virus capsid protects the genome from what 3 things? Give an example for each
1. physical damage (mechanical force)
2. chemical damage (UV)
3. enzymatic damge (nucleases/defense)
3654
protein subunits in a virus capsid are multiply redundant, which means ___
they are present in many copies
3655
what are capsomeres?
protein subunits that make up a capsid
3656
T/F damage to 1/more capsid subunits destroys the infectivity of the whole viral particle
false
3657
T/F capsid can take damage without destroying the virion
true
3658
what are the 4 morphologies of virus capsids?
1. helical
2. icosahedral
3. enveloped
4. complex
3659
a tobacco mosaic virus is an example of what morphology?
helical
3660
what is the simplest type of capsid morphology?
helical
3661
describe the structure of helical capsids
single type of capsomer stacked around axis making a helical shape and a hollow center
3662
where is the genome housed in a helical capsid?
in the hollow center
3663
what type of genome do most helical capsids have?
ssRNA
3664
how do capsomers bind to the genome in a helical capsid? Are they species specific?
by charge interactions (therefor not species specific)
3665
what determines the length / diameter of helix in helical capsids
number of nucleotides in genome
3666
if tabacco mosaic RNA and coat protein are put together, will virus particles form spontaneously?
yes
3667
helical viruses are in what free energy state?
minimum
3668
T/F human viruses show helical structures
false
3669
many animal viruses take on what capsid morphology?
icosahedral
3670
poliovirus, adenovirus and Hep A all have what type of capsid morphology?
icosahedral
3671
what are the 4 benefits of the icosahedral shape of viruses?
1. strength
2. resistance to force
3. tight packing of viral genome
3. genetically inexpensive ( can be made from a few repeating subunits)
3672
T/F icoashedral capsids usually accomodate all types of viral genome
true
3673
many icosahedral viruses are enteric which is __
naked icosahedral
3674
what part of the body is most commonly infected by enteric icosahedral viruses?
GI tract
3675
how is the shape of an icosahedral capsid advantageous for the GI tract?
it gives it the strength to survive the harsh conditions
3676
in enveloped viruses, the space between the envelope and the capsid has ___
viral tegument
3677
what is viral tegument?
made of protein and RNA
3678
KSHV-8, influenza and HIV are examples of what type of virus morphology?
enveloped
3679
some viruses envelope themselves in host membranes derived from ____ (2)
1. plamsa membrane
| 2. internal membranes (nuc, ER etc)
3680
a viral envelope is studded with ___ (2)
1. virus encoded glycoproteins
| 2. captured host proteins
3681
how are viral proteins glycosylated?
with host sugars in ER and golgi aparatus
3682
what are the 2 types of viral glycosylation?
1. N--glycosylation
| 2. O--glycosylation
3683
what is N--glycosylation?
addition of sugar on amide of asparagine
3684
what is O--glycosylation?
addition of sugar to serine /threonine
3685
sugar decorations on the surface of viruses are often critical to what process?
protein function
3686
influenza has 2 main glycoproteins__
1. hemaglutinin (HA)
| 2. neuramidase (NA)
3687
what is hemaglutinin (HA)?
a lectin that binds siallic acid receptor on cell surface, allowing binding and entry
3688
what is neuramidase (NA)?
enzyme that cleaves silalic acid, allowing progeny to be released from host
3689
describe the structure of capsid in complex virus
not purely icosohedral or helical, may have extra structures such as protein tail and complex out wall
3690
describe the structure of bacteriophage T4 (4)
1. dsDNA
2. helical tail
3. hexagonal base
4. protein tail
3691
each mL of seawater has about how many virus particles?
10 million
3692
T/F we carry viral genomes as part of our own genetic makeup
true
3693
what is a zoonotic infection?
can cross species barriers
3694
marine viruses affect the ___ cycle
carbon
3695
T/F microbes represent a large majority of the ocean's biomass
true
3696
what is the research of the Suttle lab at UBC based on?
ocean viruses
3697
whales are often infected by what virus? What are the symptoms?
calci virus; rashes, blisters, diarrhea
3698
what are the 8 human herpes viruses?
HSV-1, HSV2, HCMV, VZV, EBV, HHV-6, HHV-7, HHV-8
3699
T/F human herpesvirus is a persistent lifelong infection that is typically asymptomatic
true
3700
are there fossil records for viruses?
no
3701
how are viruses detected from ancient remains?
found in the genomes of hosts
3702
what are retroviruses?
RNA viruses that insert a copy of their DNA into the host genome
3703
about ___% of the human genome consists of retrovirus-like sequences
10
3704
how could retroviruses potentially affect human evolution?
by possibly turning other genes on/off
3705
what is the only type of cell that can carry sequences down generations?
germ cells
3706
T/F the koala retrovirus can be spread vertically or horizontally
true
3707
do these ancient retroviruses do anything? why/why not
no; they are crippled in ways that make them poor at replication
3708
syncytin is a viral gene belonging to ___ retrovirus
endogenous
3709
what is syncytin?
ancient cell attachment protein
3710
syncytin is located on human chromosome # __
7
3711
syncytin is essential to the development of ___ in humans
placenta
3712
syncytin is required to make which layer of the placenta? what is its function?
syncytiotroplast layer; maintains semipermeable barrier between mother/fetus
3713
T/F humans capture viral genes, but viruses also capture human genes
true
3714
the circular shape of KSHV (a human herpesvirus) plays a role in its ability to __
replicate in a host cell
3715
T/F KSHV contains genes from our primate ancestors
true
3716
what is the role of human genes in a viral genome?
makes it easier for virus to infect and evade host immune system
3717
what is the first written record of virus infection?
a hieroglyph in Memphis Egypt in 3700 BC of a priest with paralytic poliomyelitis
3718
what two viruses have been identified in ancient depictions and remains?
polio and smallpox
3719
what is the definition of "virus"?
submicroscopic obligate intracellular parasites
3720
can viruses be detected by a light microscope?
no
3721
virus is latin for __
poison/toxin
3722
can viruses live independent of a host?
no
3723
how are viruses produced?
they are assembled from pre-made components
3724
do viruses divide?
no
3725
what is the name for virus particles?
virions
3726
do virions divide?
no
3727
viruses lack the genetic information to perform what 2 functions that would be needed if it was not in a host?
1. metabolic activity
| 2. protein synthesis
3728
viruses can be described as simple Darwinian ___s
machines
3729
T/F viruses target a specific host
true
3730
T/F viruses multiply but do not grow
true
3731
outside of a host cell, viruses are ___
complex assemblies of metabolically inert chemicals
3732
inside a host cell viruses can be thought of as alive (T/F)
true
3733
what are three shapes of viruses?
1. filamentous
2. bacteriophage
3. surrounded by lipid envelope
3734
compare the size of viruses to bacteria
viruses are smaller
3735
in electron microscopy, the sample is placed on what type of grid? (chemical composition)
copper
3736
what is the purpose of staining with heavy atoms in electron microscopy?
allows for enough diffraction of electrons so the sample structures can be seen
3737
what are the 3 physical properties of viruses?
1. capsid
2. genome
3. optional components (tegument and envelopes)
3738
what is a capsid?
a protein shell
3739
what are the 4 types of possible genomes for viruses?
ds/ss DNA, dsRNA, +ssRNA and -ssRNA
3740
what is the role of a virus particle?
package viral genomes in infected cells and transmit them to new host cells
3741
are virus particles infectious?
np
3742
what is a virion?
a complete infectious virus particle
3743
in order to be successful, a virion must do what 5 things?
1. be correctly made
2. escape the cell
3. survive the extracellular environment
4. attach and enter another host
5. release viral genome
3744
what is a virus capsid?
symmetrical protein container for the viral genome
3745
the virus capsid protects the genome from what 3 things? Give an example for each
1. physical damage (mechanical force)
2. chemical damage (UV)
3. enzymatic damge (nucleases/defense)
3746
protein subunits in a virus capsid are multiply redundant, which means ___
they are present in many copies
3747
what are capsomeres?
protein subunits that make up a capsid
3748
T/F damage to 1/more capsid subunits destroys the infectivity of the whole viral particle
false
3749
T/F capsid can take damage without destroying the virion
true
3750
what are the 4 morphologies of virus capsids?
1. helical
2. icosahedral
3. enveloped
4. complex
3751
a tobacco mosaic virus is an example of what morphology?
helical
3752
what is the simplest type of capsid morphology?
helical
3753
describe the structure of helical capsids
single type of capsomer stacked around axis making a helical shape and a hollow center
3754
where is the genome housed in a helical capsid?
in the hollow center
3755
what type of genome do most helical capsids have?
ssRNA
3756
how do capsomers bind to the genome in a helical capsid? Are they species specific?
by charge interactions (therefor not species specific)
3757
what determines the length / diameter of helix in helical capsids
number of nucleotides in genome
3758
if tabacco mosaic RNA and coat protein are put together, will virus particles form spontaneously?
yes
3759
helical viruses are in what free energy state?
minimum
3760
T/F human viruses show helical structures
false
3761
many animal viruses take on what capsid morphology?
icosahedral
3762
poliovirus, adenovirus and Hep A all have what type of capsid morphology?
icosahedral
3763
what are the 4 benefits of the icosahedral shape of viruses?
1. strength
2. resistance to force
3. tight packing of viral genome
3. genetically inexpensive ( can be made from a few repeating subunits)
3764
T/F icoashedral capsids usually accomodate all types of viral genome
true
3765
many icosahedral viruses are enteric which is __
naked icosahedral
3766
what part of the body is most commonly infected by enteric icosahedral viruses?
GI tract
3767
how is the shape of an icosahedral capsid advantageous for the GI tract?
it gives it the strength to survive the harsh conditions
3768
in enveloped viruses, the space between the envelope and the capsid has ___
viral tegument
3769
what is viral tegument?
made of protein and RNA
3770
KSHV-8, influenza and HIV are examples of what type of virus morphology?
enveloped
3771
some viruses envelope themselves in host membranes derived from ____ (2)
1. plamsa membrane
| 2. internal membranes (nuc, ER etc)
3772
a viral envelope is studded with ___ (2)
1. virus encoded glycoproteins
| 2. captured host proteins
3773
how are viral proteins glycosylated?
with host sugars in ER and golgi aparatus
3774
what are the 2 types of viral glycosylation?
1. N--glycosylation
| 2. O--glycosylation
3775
what is N--glycosylation?
addition of sugar on amide of asparagine
3776
what is O--glycosylation?
addition of sugar to serine /threonine
3777
sugar decorations on the surface of viruses are often critical to what process?
protein function
3778
influenza has 2 main glycoproteins__
1. hemaglutinin (HA)
| 2. neuramidase (NA)
3779
what is hemaglutinin (HA)?
a lectin that binds siallic acid receptor on cell surface, allowing binding and entry
3780
what is neuramidase (NA)?
enzyme that cleaves silalic acid, allowing progeny to be released from host
3781
describe the structure of capsid in complex virus
not purely icosohedral or helical, may have extra structures such as protein tail and complex out wall
3782
describe the structure of bacteriophage T4 (4)
1. dsDNA
2. helical tail
3. hexagonal base
4. protein tail
3783
each mL of seawater has about how many virus particles?
10 million
3784
T/F we carry viral genomes as part of our own genetic makeup
true
3785
what is a zoonotic infection?
can cross species barriers
3786
marine viruses affect the ___ cycle
carbon
3787
T/F microbes represent a large majority of the ocean's biomass
true
3788
what is the research of the Suttle lab at UBC based on?
ocean viruses
3789
whales are often infected by what virus? What are the symptoms?
calci virus; rashes, blisters, diarrhea
3790
what are the 8 human herpes viruses?
HSV-1, HSV2, HCMV, VZV, EBV, HHV-6, HHV-7, HHV-8
3791
T/F human herpesvirus is a persistent lifelong infection that is typically asymptomatic
true
3792
are there fossil records for viruses?
no
3793
how are viruses detected from ancient remains?
found in the genomes of hosts
3794
what are retroviruses?
RNA viruses that insert a copy of their DNA into the host genome
3795
about ___% of the human genome consists of retrovirus-like sequences
10
3796
how could retroviruses potentially affect human evolution?
by possibly turning other genes on/off
3797
what is the only type of cell that can carry sequences down generations?
germ cells
3798
T/F the koala retrovirus can be spread vertically or horizontally
true
3799
do these ancient retroviruses do anything? why/why not
no; they are crippled in ways that make them poor at replication
3800
syncytin is a viral gene belonging to ___ retrovirus
endogenous
3801
what is syncytin?
ancient cell attachment protein
3802
syncytin is located on human chromosome # __
7
3803
syncytin is essential to the development of ___ in humans
placenta
3804
syncytin is required to make which layer of the placenta? what is its function?
syncytiotroplast layer; maintains semipermeable barrier between mother/fetus
3805
T/F humans capture viral genes, but viruses also capture human genes
true
3806
the circular shape of KSHV (a human herpesvirus) plays a role in its ability to __
replicate in a host cell
3807
T/F KSHV contains genes from our primate ancestors
true
3808
what is the role of human genes in a viral genome?
makes it easier for virus to infect and evade host immune system
3809
what is the first written record of virus infection?
a hieroglyph in Memphis Egypt in 3700 BC of a priest with paralytic poliomyelitis
3810
what two viruses have been identified in ancient depictions and remains?
polio and smallpox
3811
what is the definition of "virus"?
submicroscopic obligate intracellular parasites
3812
can viruses be detected by a light microscope?
no
3813
virus is latin for __
poison/toxin
3814
can viruses live independent of a host?
no
3815
how are viruses produced?
they are assembled from pre-made components
3816
do viruses divide?
no
3817
what is the name for virus particles?
virions
3818
do virions divide?
no
3819
viruses lack the genetic information to perform what 2 functions that would be needed if it was not in a host?
1. metabolic activity
| 2. protein synthesis
3820
viruses can be described as simple Darwinian ___s
machines
3821
T/F viruses target a specific host
true
3822
T/F viruses multiply but do not grow
true
3823
outside of a host cell, viruses are ___
complex assemblies of metabolically inert chemicals
3824
inside a host cell viruses can be thought of as alive (T/F)
true
3825
what are three shapes of viruses?
1. filamentous
2. bacteriophage
3. surrounded by lipid envelope
3826
compare the size of viruses to bacteria
viruses are smaller
3827
in electron microscopy, the sample is placed on what type of grid? (chemical composition)
copper
3828
what is the purpose of staining with heavy atoms in electron microscopy?
allows for enough diffraction of electrons so the sample structures can be seen
3829
what are the 3 physical properties of viruses?
1. capsid
2. genome
3. optional components (tegument and envelopes)
3830
what is a capsid?
a protein shell
3831
what are the 4 types of possible genomes for viruses?
ds/ss DNA, dsRNA, +ssRNA and -ssRNA
3832
what is the role of a virus particle?
package viral genomes in infected cells and transmit them to new host cells
3833
are virus particles infectious?
np
3834
what is a virion?
a complete infectious virus particle
3835
in order to be successful, a virion must do what 5 things?
1. be correctly made
2. escape the cell
3. survive the extracellular environment
4. attach and enter another host
5. release viral genome
3836
what is a virus capsid?
symmetrical protein container for the viral genome
3837
the virus capsid protects the genome from what 3 things? Give an example for each
1. physical damage (mechanical force)
2. chemical damage (UV)
3. enzymatic damge (nucleases/defense)
3838
protein subunits in a virus capsid are multiply redundant, which means ___
they are present in many copies
3839
what are capsomeres?
protein subunits that make up a capsid
3840
T/F damage to 1/more capsid subunits destroys the infectivity of the whole viral particle
false
3841
T/F capsid can take damage without destroying the virion
true
3842
what are the 4 morphologies of virus capsids?
1. helical
2. icosahedral
3. enveloped
4. complex
3843
a tobacco mosaic virus is an example of what morphology?
helical
3844
what is the simplest type of capsid morphology?
helical
3845
describe the structure of helical capsids
single type of capsomer stacked around axis making a helical shape and a hollow center
3846
where is the genome housed in a helical capsid?
in the hollow center
3847
what type of genome do most helical capsids have?
ssRNA
3848
how do capsomers bind to the genome in a helical capsid? Are they species specific?
by charge interactions (therefor not species specific)
3849
what determines the length / diameter of helix in helical capsids
number of nucleotides in genome
3850
if tabacco mosaic RNA and coat protein are put together, will virus particles form spontaneously?
yes
3851
helical viruses are in what free energy state?
minimum
3852
T/F human viruses show helical structures
false
3853
many animal viruses take on what capsid morphology?
icosahedral
3854
poliovirus, adenovirus and Hep A all have what type of capsid morphology?
icosahedral
3855
what are the 4 benefits of the icosahedral shape of viruses?
1. strength
2. resistance to force
3. tight packing of viral genome
3. genetically inexpensive ( can be made from a few repeating subunits)
3856
T/F icoashedral capsids usually accomodate all types of viral genome
true
3857
many icosahedral viruses are enteric which is __
naked icosahedral
3858
what part of the body is most commonly infected by enteric icosahedral viruses?
GI tract
3859
how is the shape of an icosahedral capsid advantageous for the GI tract?
it gives it the strength to survive the harsh conditions
3860
in enveloped viruses, the space between the envelope and the capsid has ___
viral tegument
3861
what is viral tegument?
made of protein and RNA
3862
KSHV-8, influenza and HIV are examples of what type of virus morphology?
enveloped
3863
some viruses envelope themselves in host membranes derived from ____ (2)
1. plamsa membrane
| 2. internal membranes (nuc, ER etc)
3864
a viral envelope is studded with ___ (2)
1. virus encoded glycoproteins
| 2. captured host proteins
3865
how are viral proteins glycosylated?
with host sugars in ER and golgi aparatus
3866
what are the 2 types of viral glycosylation?
1. N--glycosylation
| 2. O--glycosylation
3867
what is N--glycosylation?
addition of sugar on amide of asparagine
3868
what is O--glycosylation?
addition of sugar to serine /threonine
3869
sugar decorations on the surface of viruses are often critical to what process?
protein function
3870
influenza has 2 main glycoproteins__
1. hemaglutinin (HA)
| 2. neuramidase (NA)
3871
what is hemaglutinin (HA)?
a lectin that binds siallic acid receptor on cell surface, allowing binding and entry
3872
what is neuramidase (NA)?
enzyme that cleaves silalic acid, allowing progeny to be released from host
3873
describe the structure of capsid in complex virus
not purely icosohedral or helical, may have extra structures such as protein tail and complex out wall
3874
describe the structure of bacteriophage T4 (4)
1. dsDNA
2. helical tail
3. hexagonal base
4. protein tail
3875
each mL of seawater has about how many virus particles?
10 million
3876
T/F we carry viral genomes as part of our own genetic makeup
true
3877
what is a zoonotic infection?
can cross species barriers
3878
marine viruses affect the ___ cycle
carbon
3879
T/F microbes represent a large majority of the ocean's biomass
true
3880
what is the research of the Suttle lab at UBC based on?
ocean viruses
3881
whales are often infected by what virus? What are the symptoms?
calci virus; rashes, blisters, diarrhea
3882
what are the 8 human herpes viruses?
HSV-1, HSV2, HCMV, VZV, EBV, HHV-6, HHV-7, HHV-8
3883
T/F human herpesvirus is a persistent lifelong infection that is typically asymptomatic
true
3884
are there fossil records for viruses?
no
3885
how are viruses detected from ancient remains?
found in the genomes of hosts
3886
what are retroviruses?
RNA viruses that insert a copy of their DNA into the host genome
3887
about ___% of the human genome consists of retrovirus-like sequences
10
3888
how could retroviruses potentially affect human evolution?
by possibly turning other genes on/off
3889
what is the only type of cell that can carry sequences down generations?
germ cells
3890
T/F the koala retrovirus can be spread vertically or horizontally
true
3891
do these ancient retroviruses do anything? why/why not
no; they are crippled in ways that make them poor at replication
3892
syncytin is a viral gene belonging to ___ retrovirus
endogenous
3893
what is syncytin?
ancient cell attachment protein
3894
syncytin is located on human chromosome # __
7
3895
syncytin is essential to the development of ___ in humans
placenta
3896
syncytin is required to make which layer of the placenta? what is its function?
syncytiotroplast layer; maintains semipermeable barrier between mother/fetus
3897
T/F humans capture viral genes, but viruses also capture human genes
true
3898
the circular shape of KSHV (a human herpesvirus) plays a role in its ability to __
replicate in a host cell
3899
T/F KSHV contains genes from our primate ancestors
true
3900
what is the role of human genes in a viral genome?
makes it easier for virus to infect and evade host immune system
3901
what is the first written record of virus infection?
a hieroglyph in Memphis Egypt in 3700 BC of a priest with paralytic poliomyelitis
3902
what two viruses have been identified in ancient depictions and remains?
polio and smallpox
3903
what is the definition of "virus"?
submicroscopic obligate intracellular parasites
3904
can viruses be detected by a light microscope?
no
3905
virus is latin for __
poison/toxin
3906
can viruses live independent of a host?
no
3907
how are viruses produced?
they are assembled from pre-made components
3908
do viruses divide?
no
3909
what is the name for virus particles?
virions
3910
do virions divide?
no
3911
viruses lack the genetic information to perform what 2 functions that would be needed if it was not in a host?
1. metabolic activity
| 2. protein synthesis
3912
viruses can be described as simple Darwinian ___s
machines
3913
T/F viruses target a specific host
true
3914
T/F viruses multiply but do not grow
true
3915
outside of a host cell, viruses are ___
complex assemblies of metabolically inert chemicals
3916
inside a host cell viruses can be thought of as alive (T/F)
true
3917
what are three shapes of viruses?
1. filamentous
2. bacteriophage
3. surrounded by lipid envelope
3918
compare the size of viruses to bacteria
viruses are smaller
3919
in electron microscopy, the sample is placed on what type of grid? (chemical composition)
copper
3920
what is the purpose of staining with heavy atoms in electron microscopy?
allows for enough diffraction of electrons so the sample structures can be seen
3921
what are the 3 physical properties of viruses?
1. capsid
2. genome
3. optional components (tegument and envelopes)
3922
what is a capsid?
a protein shell
3923
what are the 4 types of possible genomes for viruses?
ds/ss DNA, dsRNA, +ssRNA and -ssRNA
3924
what is the role of a virus particle?
package viral genomes in infected cells and transmit them to new host cells
3925
are virus particles infectious?
np
3926
what is a virion?
a complete infectious virus particle
3927
in order to be successful, a virion must do what 5 things?
1. be correctly made
2. escape the cell
3. survive the extracellular environment
4. attach and enter another host
5. release viral genome
3928
what is a virus capsid?
symmetrical protein container for the viral genome
3929
the virus capsid protects the genome from what 3 things? Give an example for each
1. physical damage (mechanical force)
2. chemical damage (UV)
3. enzymatic damge (nucleases/defense)
3930
protein subunits in a virus capsid are multiply redundant, which means ___
they are present in many copies
3931
what are capsomeres?
protein subunits that make up a capsid
3932
T/F damage to 1/more capsid subunits destroys the infectivity of the whole viral particle
false
3933
T/F capsid can take damage without destroying the virion
true
3934
what are the 4 morphologies of virus capsids?
1. helical
2. icosahedral
3. enveloped
4. complex
3935
a tobacco mosaic virus is an example of what morphology?
helical
3936
what is the simplest type of capsid morphology?
helical
3937
describe the structure of helical capsids
single type of capsomer stacked around axis making a helical shape and a hollow center
3938
where is the genome housed in a helical capsid?
in the hollow center
3939
what type of genome do most helical capsids have?
ssRNA
3940
how do capsomers bind to the genome in a helical capsid? Are they species specific?
by charge interactions (therefor not species specific)
3941
what determines the length / diameter of helix in helical capsids
number of nucleotides in genome
3942
if tabacco mosaic RNA and coat protein are put together, will virus particles form spontaneously?
yes
3943
helical viruses are in what free energy state?
minimum
3944
T/F human viruses show helical structures
false
3945
many animal viruses take on what capsid morphology?
icosahedral
3946
poliovirus, adenovirus and Hep A all have what type of capsid morphology?
icosahedral
3947
what are the 4 benefits of the icosahedral shape of viruses?
1. strength
2. resistance to force
3. tight packing of viral genome
3. genetically inexpensive ( can be made from a few repeating subunits)
3948
T/F icoashedral capsids usually accomodate all types of viral genome
true
3949
many icosahedral viruses are enteric which is __
naked icosahedral
3950
what part of the body is most commonly infected by enteric icosahedral viruses?
GI tract
3951
how is the shape of an icosahedral capsid advantageous for the GI tract?
it gives it the strength to survive the harsh conditions
3952
in enveloped viruses, the space between the envelope and the capsid has ___
viral tegument
3953
what is viral tegument?
made of protein and RNA
3954
KSHV-8, influenza and HIV are examples of what type of virus morphology?
enveloped
3955
some viruses envelope themselves in host membranes derived from ____ (2)
1. plamsa membrane
| 2. internal membranes (nuc, ER etc)
3956
a viral envelope is studded with ___ (2)
1. virus encoded glycoproteins
| 2. captured host proteins
3957
how are viral proteins glycosylated?
with host sugars in ER and golgi aparatus
3958
what are the 2 types of viral glycosylation?
1. N--glycosylation
| 2. O--glycosylation
3959
what is N--glycosylation?
addition of sugar on amide of asparagine
3960
what is O--glycosylation?
addition of sugar to serine /threonine
3961
sugar decorations on the surface of viruses are often critical to what process?
protein function
3962
influenza has 2 main glycoproteins__
1. hemaglutinin (HA)
| 2. neuramidase (NA)
3963
what is hemaglutinin (HA)?
a lectin that binds siallic acid receptor on cell surface, allowing binding and entry
3964
what is neuramidase (NA)?
enzyme that cleaves silalic acid, allowing progeny to be released from host
3965
describe the structure of capsid in complex virus
not purely icosohedral or helical, may have extra structures such as protein tail and complex out wall
3966
describe the structure of bacteriophage T4 (4)
1. dsDNA
2. helical tail
3. hexagonal base
4. protein tail
3967
each mL of seawater has about how many virus particles?
10 million
3968
T/F we carry viral genomes as part of our own genetic makeup
true
3969
what is a zoonotic infection?
can cross species barriers
3970
marine viruses affect the ___ cycle
carbon
3971
T/F microbes represent a large majority of the ocean's biomass
true
3972
what is the research of the Suttle lab at UBC based on?
ocean viruses
3973
whales are often infected by what virus? What are the symptoms?
calci virus; rashes, blisters, diarrhea
3974
what are the 8 human herpes viruses?
HSV-1, HSV2, HCMV, VZV, EBV, HHV-6, HHV-7, HHV-8
3975
T/F human herpesvirus is a persistent lifelong infection that is typically asymptomatic
true
3976
are there fossil records for viruses?
no
3977
how are viruses detected from ancient remains?
found in the genomes of hosts
3978
what are retroviruses?
RNA viruses that insert a copy of their DNA into the host genome
3979
about ___% of the human genome consists of retrovirus-like sequences
10
3980
how could retroviruses potentially affect human evolution?
by possibly turning other genes on/off
3981
what is the only type of cell that can carry sequences down generations?
germ cells
3982
T/F the koala retrovirus can be spread vertically or horizontally
true
3983
do these ancient retroviruses do anything? why/why not
no; they are crippled in ways that make them poor at replication
3984
syncytin is a viral gene belonging to ___ retrovirus
endogenous
3985
what is syncytin?
ancient cell attachment protein
3986
syncytin is located on human chromosome # __
7
3987
syncytin is essential to the development of ___ in humans
placenta
3988
syncytin is required to make which layer of the placenta? what is its function?
syncytiotroplast layer; maintains semipermeable barrier between mother/fetus
3989
T/F humans capture viral genes, but viruses also capture human genes
true
3990
the circular shape of KSHV (a human herpesvirus) plays a role in its ability to __
replicate in a host cell
3991
T/F KSHV contains genes from our primate ancestors
true
3992
what is the role of human genes in a viral genome?
makes it easier for virus to infect and evade host immune system
3993
what is the first written record of virus infection?
a hieroglyph in Memphis Egypt in 3700 BC of a priest with paralytic poliomyelitis
3994
what two viruses have been identified in ancient depictions and remains?
polio and smallpox
3995
what is the definition of "virus"?
submicroscopic obligate intracellular parasites
3996
can viruses be detected by a light microscope?
no
3997
virus is latin for __
poison/toxin
3998
can viruses live independent of a host?
no
3999
how are viruses produced?
they are assembled from pre-made components
4000
do viruses divide?
no
4001
what is the name for virus particles?
virions
4002
do virions divide?
no
4003
viruses lack the genetic information to perform what 2 functions that would be needed if it was not in a host?
1. metabolic activity
| 2. protein synthesis
4004
viruses can be described as simple Darwinian ___s
machines
4005
T/F viruses target a specific host
true
4006
T/F viruses multiply but do not grow
true
4007
outside of a host cell, viruses are ___
complex assemblies of metabolically inert chemicals
4008
inside a host cell viruses can be thought of as alive (T/F)
true
4009
what are three shapes of viruses?
1. filamentous
2. bacteriophage
3. surrounded by lipid envelope
4010
compare the size of viruses to bacteria
viruses are smaller
4011
in electron microscopy, the sample is placed on what type of grid? (chemical composition)
copper
4012
what is the purpose of staining with heavy atoms in electron microscopy?
allows for enough diffraction of electrons so the sample structures can be seen
4013
what are the 3 physical properties of viruses?
1. capsid
2. genome
3. optional components (tegument and envelopes)
4014
what is a capsid?
a protein shell
4015
what are the 4 types of possible genomes for viruses?
ds/ss DNA, dsRNA, +ssRNA and -ssRNA
4016
what is the role of a virus particle?
package viral genomes in infected cells and transmit them to new host cells
4017
are virus particles infectious?
np
4018
what is a virion?
a complete infectious virus particle
4019
in order to be successful, a virion must do what 5 things?
1. be correctly made
2. escape the cell
3. survive the extracellular environment
4. attach and enter another host
5. release viral genome
4020
what is a virus capsid?
symmetrical protein container for the viral genome
4021
the virus capsid protects the genome from what 3 things? Give an example for each
1. physical damage (mechanical force)
2. chemical damage (UV)
3. enzymatic damge (nucleases/defense)
4022
protein subunits in a virus capsid are multiply redundant, which means ___
they are present in many copies
4023
what are capsomeres?
protein subunits that make up a capsid
4024
T/F damage to 1/more capsid subunits destroys the infectivity of the whole viral particle
false
4025
T/F capsid can take damage without destroying the virion
true
4026
what are the 4 morphologies of virus capsids?
1. helical
2. icosahedral
3. enveloped
4. complex
4027
a tobacco mosaic virus is an example of what morphology?
helical
4028
what is the simplest type of capsid morphology?
helical
4029
describe the structure of helical capsids
single type of capsomer stacked around axis making a helical shape and a hollow center
4030
where is the genome housed in a helical capsid?
in the hollow center
4031
what type of genome do most helical capsids have?
ssRNA
4032
how do capsomers bind to the genome in a helical capsid? Are they species specific?
by charge interactions (therefor not species specific)
4033
what determines the length / diameter of helix in helical capsids
number of nucleotides in genome
4034
if tabacco mosaic RNA and coat protein are put together, will virus particles form spontaneously?
yes
4035
helical viruses are in what free energy state?
minimum
4036
T/F human viruses show helical structures
false
4037
many animal viruses take on what capsid morphology?
icosahedral
4038
poliovirus, adenovirus and Hep A all have what type of capsid morphology?
icosahedral
4039
what are the 4 benefits of the icosahedral shape of viruses?
1. strength
2. resistance to force
3. tight packing of viral genome
3. genetically inexpensive ( can be made from a few repeating subunits)
4040
T/F icoashedral capsids usually accomodate all types of viral genome
true
4041
many icosahedral viruses are enteric which is __
naked icosahedral
4042
what part of the body is most commonly infected by enteric icosahedral viruses?
GI tract
4043
how is the shape of an icosahedral capsid advantageous for the GI tract?
it gives it the strength to survive the harsh conditions
4044
in enveloped viruses, the space between the envelope and the capsid has ___
viral tegument
4045
what is viral tegument?
made of protein and RNA
4046
KSHV-8, influenza and HIV are examples of what type of virus morphology?
enveloped
4047
some viruses envelope themselves in host membranes derived from ____ (2)
1. plamsa membrane
| 2. internal membranes (nuc, ER etc)
4048
a viral envelope is studded with ___ (2)
1. virus encoded glycoproteins
| 2. captured host proteins
4049
how are viral proteins glycosylated?
with host sugars in ER and golgi aparatus
4050
what are the 2 types of viral glycosylation?
1. N--glycosylation
| 2. O--glycosylation
4051
what is N--glycosylation?
addition of sugar on amide of asparagine
4052
what is O--glycosylation?
addition of sugar to serine /threonine
4053
sugar decorations on the surface of viruses are often critical to what process?
protein function
4054
influenza has 2 main glycoproteins__
1. hemaglutinin (HA)
| 2. neuramidase (NA)
4055
what is hemaglutinin (HA)?
a lectin that binds siallic acid receptor on cell surface, allowing binding and entry
4056
what is neuramidase (NA)?
enzyme that cleaves silalic acid, allowing progeny to be released from host
4057
describe the structure of capsid in complex virus
not purely icosohedral or helical, may have extra structures such as protein tail and complex out wall
4058
describe the structure of bacteriophage T4 (4)
1. dsDNA
2. helical tail
3. hexagonal base
4. protein tail
4059
each mL of seawater has about how many virus particles?
10 million
4060
T/F we carry viral genomes as part of our own genetic makeup
true
4061
what is a zoonotic infection?
can cross species barriers
4062
marine viruses affect the ___ cycle
carbon
4063
T/F microbes represent a large majority of the ocean's biomass
true
4064
what is the research of the Suttle lab at UBC based on?
ocean viruses
4065
whales are often infected by what virus? What are the symptoms?
calci virus; rashes, blisters, diarrhea
4066
what are the 8 human herpes viruses?
HSV-1, HSV2, HCMV, VZV, EBV, HHV-6, HHV-7, HHV-8
4067
T/F human herpesvirus is a persistent lifelong infection that is typically asymptomatic
true
4068
are there fossil records for viruses?
no
4069
how are viruses detected from ancient remains?
found in the genomes of hosts
4070
what are retroviruses?
RNA viruses that insert a copy of their DNA into the host genome
4071
about ___% of the human genome consists of retrovirus-like sequences
10
4072
how could retroviruses potentially affect human evolution?
by possibly turning other genes on/off
4073
what is the only type of cell that can carry sequences down generations?
germ cells
4074
T/F the koala retrovirus can be spread vertically or horizontally
true
4075
do these ancient retroviruses do anything? why/why not
no; they are crippled in ways that make them poor at replication
4076
syncytin is a viral gene belonging to ___ retrovirus
endogenous
4077
what is syncytin?
ancient cell attachment protein
4078
syncytin is located on human chromosome # __
7
4079
syncytin is essential to the development of ___ in humans
placenta
4080
syncytin is required to make which layer of the placenta? what is its function?
syncytiotroplast layer; maintains semipermeable barrier between mother/fetus
4081
T/F humans capture viral genes, but viruses also capture human genes
true
4082
the circular shape of KSHV (a human herpesvirus) plays a role in its ability to __
replicate in a host cell
4083
T/F KSHV contains genes from our primate ancestors
true
4084
what is the role of human genes in a viral genome?
makes it easier for virus to infect and evade host immune system
4085
what is the first written record of virus infection?
a hieroglyph in Memphis Egypt in 3700 BC of a priest with paralytic poliomyelitis
4086
what two viruses have been identified in ancient depictions and remains?
polio and smallpox
4087
what is the definition of "virus"?
submicroscopic obligate intracellular parasites
4088
can viruses be detected by a light microscope?
no
4089
virus is latin for __
poison/toxin
4090
can viruses live independent of a host?
no
4091
how are viruses produced?
they are assembled from pre-made components
4092
do viruses divide?
no
4093
what is the name for virus particles?
virions
4094
do virions divide?
no
4095
viruses lack the genetic information to perform what 2 functions that would be needed if it was not in a host?
1. metabolic activity
| 2. protein synthesis
4096
viruses can be described as simple Darwinian ___s
machines
4097
T/F viruses target a specific host
true
4098
T/F viruses multiply but do not grow
true
4099
outside of a host cell, viruses are ___
complex assemblies of metabolically inert chemicals
4100
inside a host cell viruses can be thought of as alive (T/F)
true
4101
what are three shapes of viruses?
1. filamentous
2. bacteriophage
3. surrounded by lipid envelope
4102
compare the size of viruses to bacteria
viruses are smaller
4103
in electron microscopy, the sample is placed on what type of grid? (chemical composition)
copper
4104
what is the purpose of staining with heavy atoms in electron microscopy?
allows for enough diffraction of electrons so the sample structures can be seen
4105
what are the 3 physical properties of viruses?
1. capsid
2. genome
3. optional components (tegument and envelopes)
4106
what is a capsid?
a protein shell
4107
what are the 4 types of possible genomes for viruses?
ds/ss DNA, dsRNA, +ssRNA and -ssRNA
4108
what is the role of a virus particle?
package viral genomes in infected cells and transmit them to new host cells
4109
are virus particles infectious?
np
4110
what is a virion?
a complete infectious virus particle
4111
in order to be successful, a virion must do what 5 things?
1. be correctly made
2. escape the cell
3. survive the extracellular environment
4. attach and enter another host
5. release viral genome
4112
what is a virus capsid?
symmetrical protein container for the viral genome
4113
the virus capsid protects the genome from what 3 things? Give an example for each
1. physical damage (mechanical force)
2. chemical damage (UV)
3. enzymatic damge (nucleases/defense)
4114
protein subunits in a virus capsid are multiply redundant, which means ___
they are present in many copies
4115
what are capsomeres?
protein subunits that make up a capsid
4116
T/F damage to 1/more capsid subunits destroys the infectivity of the whole viral particle
false
4117
T/F capsid can take damage without destroying the virion
true
4118
what are the 4 morphologies of virus capsids?
1. helical
2. icosahedral
3. enveloped
4. complex
4119
a tobacco mosaic virus is an example of what morphology?
helical
4120
what is the simplest type of capsid morphology?
helical
4121
describe the structure of helical capsids
single type of capsomer stacked around axis making a helical shape and a hollow center
4122
where is the genome housed in a helical capsid?
in the hollow center
4123
what type of genome do most helical capsids have?
ssRNA
4124
how do capsomers bind to the genome in a helical capsid? Are they species specific?
by charge interactions (therefor not species specific)
4125
what determines the length / diameter of helix in helical capsids
number of nucleotides in genome
4126
if tabacco mosaic RNA and coat protein are put together, will virus particles form spontaneously?
yes
4127
helical viruses are in what free energy state?
minimum
4128
T/F human viruses show helical structures
false
4129
many animal viruses take on what capsid morphology?
icosahedral
4130
poliovirus, adenovirus and Hep A all have what type of capsid morphology?
icosahedral
4131
what are the 4 benefits of the icosahedral shape of viruses?
1. strength
2. resistance to force
3. tight packing of viral genome
3. genetically inexpensive ( can be made from a few repeating subunits)
4132
T/F icoashedral capsids usually accomodate all types of viral genome
true
4133
many icosahedral viruses are enteric which is __
naked icosahedral
4134
what part of the body is most commonly infected by enteric icosahedral viruses?
GI tract
4135
how is the shape of an icosahedral capsid advantageous for the GI tract?
it gives it the strength to survive the harsh conditions
4136
in enveloped viruses, the space between the envelope and the capsid has ___
viral tegument
4137
what is viral tegument?
made of protein and RNA
4138
KSHV-8, influenza and HIV are examples of what type of virus morphology?
enveloped
4139
some viruses envelope themselves in host membranes derived from ____ (2)
1. plamsa membrane
| 2. internal membranes (nuc, ER etc)
4140
a viral envelope is studded with ___ (2)
1. virus encoded glycoproteins
| 2. captured host proteins
4141
how are viral proteins glycosylated?
with host sugars in ER and golgi aparatus
4142
what are the 2 types of viral glycosylation?
1. N--glycosylation
| 2. O--glycosylation
4143
what is N--glycosylation?
addition of sugar on amide of asparagine
4144
what is O--glycosylation?
addition of sugar to serine /threonine
4145
sugar decorations on the surface of viruses are often critical to what process?
protein function
4146
influenza has 2 main glycoproteins__
1. hemaglutinin (HA)
| 2. neuramidase (NA)
4147
what is hemaglutinin (HA)?
a lectin that binds siallic acid receptor on cell surface, allowing binding and entry
4148
what is neuramidase (NA)?
enzyme that cleaves silalic acid, allowing progeny to be released from host
4149
describe the structure of capsid in complex virus
not purely icosohedral or helical, may have extra structures such as protein tail and complex out wall
4150
describe the structure of bacteriophage T4 (4)
1. dsDNA
2. helical tail
3. hexagonal base
4. protein tail
4151
each mL of seawater has about how many virus particles?
10 million
4152
T/F we carry viral genomes as part of our own genetic makeup
true
4153
what is a zoonotic infection?
can cross species barriers
4154
marine viruses affect the ___ cycle
carbon
4155
T/F microbes represent a large majority of the ocean's biomass
true
4156
what is the research of the Suttle lab at UBC based on?
ocean viruses
4157
whales are often infected by what virus? What are the symptoms?
calci virus; rashes, blisters, diarrhea
4158
what are the 8 human herpes viruses?
HSV-1, HSV2, HCMV, VZV, EBV, HHV-6, HHV-7, HHV-8
4159
T/F human herpesvirus is a persistent lifelong infection that is typically asymptomatic
true
4160
are there fossil records for viruses?
no
4161
how are viruses detected from ancient remains?
found in the genomes of hosts
4162
what are retroviruses?
RNA viruses that insert a copy of their DNA into the host genome
4163
about ___% of the human genome consists of retrovirus-like sequences
10
4164
how could retroviruses potentially affect human evolution?
by possibly turning other genes on/off
4165
what is the only type of cell that can carry sequences down generations?
germ cells
4166
T/F the koala retrovirus can be spread vertically or horizontally
true
4167
do these ancient retroviruses do anything? why/why not
no; they are crippled in ways that make them poor at replication
4168
syncytin is a viral gene belonging to ___ retrovirus
endogenous
4169
what is syncytin?
ancient cell attachment protein
4170
syncytin is located on human chromosome # __
7
4171
syncytin is essential to the development of ___ in humans
placenta
4172
syncytin is required to make which layer of the placenta? what is its function?
syncytiotroplast layer; maintains semipermeable barrier between mother/fetus
4173
T/F humans capture viral genes, but viruses also capture human genes
true
4174
the circular shape of KSHV (a human herpesvirus) plays a role in its ability to __
replicate in a host cell
4175
T/F KSHV contains genes from our primate ancestors
true
4176
what is the role of human genes in a viral genome?
makes it easier for virus to infect and evade host immune system
4177
what is the first written record of virus infection?
a hieroglyph in Memphis Egypt in 3700 BC of a priest with paralytic poliomyelitis
4178
what two viruses have been identified in ancient depictions and remains?
polio and smallpox
4179
what is the definition of "virus"?
submicroscopic obligate intracellular parasites
4180
can viruses be detected by a light microscope?
no
4181
virus is latin for __
poison/toxin
4182
can viruses live independent of a host?
no
4183
how are viruses produced?
they are assembled from pre-made components
4184
do viruses divide?
no
4185
what is the name for virus particles?
virions
4186
do virions divide?
no
4187
viruses lack the genetic information to perform what 2 functions that would be needed if it was not in a host?
1. metabolic activity
| 2. protein synthesis
4188
viruses can be described as simple Darwinian ___s
machines
4189
T/F viruses target a specific host
true
4190
T/F viruses multiply but do not grow
true
4191
outside of a host cell, viruses are ___
complex assemblies of metabolically inert chemicals
4192
inside a host cell viruses can be thought of as alive (T/F)
true
4193
what are three shapes of viruses?
1. filamentous
2. bacteriophage
3. surrounded by lipid envelope
4194
compare the size of viruses to bacteria
viruses are smaller
4195
in electron microscopy, the sample is placed on what type of grid? (chemical composition)
copper
4196
what is the purpose of staining with heavy atoms in electron microscopy?
allows for enough diffraction of electrons so the sample structures can be seen
4197
what are the 3 physical properties of viruses?
1. capsid
2. genome
3. optional components (tegument and envelopes)
4198
what is a capsid?
a protein shell
4199
what are the 4 types of possible genomes for viruses?
ds/ss DNA, dsRNA, +ssRNA and -ssRNA
4200
what is the role of a virus particle?
package viral genomes in infected cells and transmit them to new host cells
4201
are virus particles infectious?
np
4202
what is a virion?
a complete infectious virus particle
4203
in order to be successful, a virion must do what 5 things?
1. be correctly made
2. escape the cell
3. survive the extracellular environment
4. attach and enter another host
5. release viral genome
4204
what is a virus capsid?
symmetrical protein container for the viral genome
4205
the virus capsid protects the genome from what 3 things? Give an example for each
1. physical damage (mechanical force)
2. chemical damage (UV)
3. enzymatic damge (nucleases/defense)
4206
protein subunits in a virus capsid are multiply redundant, which means ___
they are present in many copies
4207
what are capsomeres?
protein subunits that make up a capsid
4208
T/F damage to 1/more capsid subunits destroys the infectivity of the whole viral particle
false
4209
T/F capsid can take damage without destroying the virion
true
4210
what are the 4 morphologies of virus capsids?
1. helical
2. icosahedral
3. enveloped
4. complex
4211
a tobacco mosaic virus is an example of what morphology?
helical
4212
what is the simplest type of capsid morphology?
helical
4213
describe the structure of helical capsids
single type of capsomer stacked around axis making a helical shape and a hollow center
4214
where is the genome housed in a helical capsid?
in the hollow center
4215
what type of genome do most helical capsids have?
ssRNA
4216
how do capsomers bind to the genome in a helical capsid? Are they species specific?
by charge interactions (therefor not species specific)
4217
what determines the length / diameter of helix in helical capsids
number of nucleotides in genome
4218
if tabacco mosaic RNA and coat protein are put together, will virus particles form spontaneously?
yes
4219
helical viruses are in what free energy state?
minimum
4220
T/F human viruses show helical structures
false
4221
many animal viruses take on what capsid morphology?
icosahedral
4222
poliovirus, adenovirus and Hep A all have what type of capsid morphology?
icosahedral
4223
what are the 4 benefits of the icosahedral shape of viruses?
1. strength
2. resistance to force
3. tight packing of viral genome
3. genetically inexpensive ( can be made from a few repeating subunits)
4224
T/F icoashedral capsids usually accomodate all types of viral genome
true
4225
many icosahedral viruses are enteric which is __
naked icosahedral
4226
what part of the body is most commonly infected by enteric icosahedral viruses?
GI tract
4227
how is the shape of an icosahedral capsid advantageous for the GI tract?
it gives it the strength to survive the harsh conditions
4228
in enveloped viruses, the space between the envelope and the capsid has ___
viral tegument
4229
what is viral tegument?
made of protein and RNA
4230
KSHV-8, influenza and HIV are examples of what type of virus morphology?
enveloped
4231
some viruses envelope themselves in host membranes derived from ____ (2)
1. plamsa membrane
| 2. internal membranes (nuc, ER etc)
4232
a viral envelope is studded with ___ (2)
1. virus encoded glycoproteins
| 2. captured host proteins
4233
how are viral proteins glycosylated?
with host sugars in ER and golgi aparatus
4234
what are the 2 types of viral glycosylation?
1. N--glycosylation
| 2. O--glycosylation
4235
what is N--glycosylation?
addition of sugar on amide of asparagine
4236
what is O--glycosylation?
addition of sugar to serine /threonine
4237
sugar decorations on the surface of viruses are often critical to what process?
protein function
4238
influenza has 2 main glycoproteins__
1. hemaglutinin (HA)
| 2. neuramidase (NA)
4239
what is hemaglutinin (HA)?
a lectin that binds siallic acid receptor on cell surface, allowing binding and entry
4240
what is neuramidase (NA)?
enzyme that cleaves silalic acid, allowing progeny to be released from host
4241
describe the structure of capsid in complex virus
not purely icosohedral or helical, may have extra structures such as protein tail and complex out wall
4242
describe the structure of bacteriophage T4 (4)
1. dsDNA
2. helical tail
3. hexagonal base
4. protein tail
4243
each mL of seawater has about how many virus particles?
10 million
4244
T/F we carry viral genomes as part of our own genetic makeup
true
4245
what is a zoonotic infection?
can cross species barriers
4246
marine viruses affect the ___ cycle
carbon
4247
T/F microbes represent a large majority of the ocean's biomass
true
4248
what is the research of the Suttle lab at UBC based on?
ocean viruses
4249
whales are often infected by what virus? What are the symptoms?
calci virus; rashes, blisters, diarrhea
4250
what are the 8 human herpes viruses?
HSV-1, HSV2, HCMV, VZV, EBV, HHV-6, HHV-7, HHV-8
4251
T/F human herpesvirus is a persistent lifelong infection that is typically asymptomatic
true
4252
are there fossil records for viruses?
no
4253
how are viruses detected from ancient remains?
found in the genomes of hosts
4254
what are retroviruses?
RNA viruses that insert a copy of their DNA into the host genome
4255
about ___% of the human genome consists of retrovirus-like sequences
10
4256
how could retroviruses potentially affect human evolution?
by possibly turning other genes on/off
4257
what is the only type of cell that can carry sequences down generations?
germ cells
4258
T/F the koala retrovirus can be spread vertically or horizontally
true
4259
do these ancient retroviruses do anything? why/why not
no; they are crippled in ways that make them poor at replication
4260
syncytin is a viral gene belonging to ___ retrovirus
endogenous
4261
what is syncytin?
ancient cell attachment protein
4262
syncytin is located on human chromosome # __
7
4263
syncytin is essential to the development of ___ in humans
placenta
4264
syncytin is required to make which layer of the placenta? what is its function?
syncytiotroplast layer; maintains semipermeable barrier between mother/fetus
4265
T/F humans capture viral genes, but viruses also capture human genes
true
4266
the circular shape of KSHV (a human herpesvirus) plays a role in its ability to __
replicate in a host cell
4267
T/F KSHV contains genes from our primate ancestors
true
4268
what is the role of human genes in a viral genome?
makes it easier for virus to infect and evade host immune system
4269
what is the first written record of virus infection?
a hieroglyph in Memphis Egypt in 3700 BC of a priest with paralytic poliomyelitis
4270
what two viruses have been identified in ancient depictions and remains?
polio and smallpox
4271
what is the definition of "virus"?
submicroscopic obligate intracellular parasites
4272
can viruses be detected by a light microscope?
no
4273
virus is latin for __
poison/toxin
4274
can viruses live independent of a host?
no
4275
how are viruses produced?
they are assembled from pre-made components
4276
do viruses divide?
no
4277
what is the name for virus particles?
virions
4278
do virions divide?
no
4279
viruses lack the genetic information to perform what 2 functions that would be needed if it was not in a host?
1. metabolic activity
| 2. protein synthesis
4280
viruses can be described as simple Darwinian ___s
machines
4281
T/F viruses target a specific host
true
4282
T/F viruses multiply but do not grow
true
4283
outside of a host cell, viruses are ___
complex assemblies of metabolically inert chemicals
4284
inside a host cell viruses can be thought of as alive (T/F)
true
4285
what are three shapes of viruses?
1. filamentous
2. bacteriophage
3. surrounded by lipid envelope
4286
compare the size of viruses to bacteria
viruses are smaller
4287
in electron microscopy, the sample is placed on what type of grid? (chemical composition)
copper
4288
what is the purpose of staining with heavy atoms in electron microscopy?
allows for enough diffraction of electrons so the sample structures can be seen
4289
what are the 3 physical properties of viruses?
1. capsid
2. genome
3. optional components (tegument and envelopes)
4290
what is a capsid?
a protein shell
4291
what are the 4 types of possible genomes for viruses?
ds/ss DNA, dsRNA, +ssRNA and -ssRNA
4292
what is the role of a virus particle?
package viral genomes in infected cells and transmit them to new host cells
4293
are virus particles infectious?
np
4294
what is a virion?
a complete infectious virus particle
4295
in order to be successful, a virion must do what 5 things?
1. be correctly made
2. escape the cell
3. survive the extracellular environment
4. attach and enter another host
5. release viral genome
4296
what is a virus capsid?
symmetrical protein container for the viral genome
4297
the virus capsid protects the genome from what 3 things? Give an example for each
1. physical damage (mechanical force)
2. chemical damage (UV)
3. enzymatic damge (nucleases/defense)
4298
protein subunits in a virus capsid are multiply redundant, which means ___
they are present in many copies
4299
what are capsomeres?
protein subunits that make up a capsid
4300
T/F damage to 1/more capsid subunits destroys the infectivity of the whole viral particle
false
4301
T/F capsid can take damage without destroying the virion
true
4302
what are the 4 morphologies of virus capsids?
1. helical
2. icosahedral
3. enveloped
4. complex
4303
a tobacco mosaic virus is an example of what morphology?
helical
4304
what is the simplest type of capsid morphology?
helical
4305
describe the structure of helical capsids
single type of capsomer stacked around axis making a helical shape and a hollow center
4306
where is the genome housed in a helical capsid?
in the hollow center
4307
what type of genome do most helical capsids have?
ssRNA
4308
how do capsomers bind to the genome in a helical capsid? Are they species specific?
by charge interactions (therefor not species specific)
4309
what determines the length / diameter of helix in helical capsids
number of nucleotides in genome
4310
if tabacco mosaic RNA and coat protein are put together, will virus particles form spontaneously?
yes
4311
helical viruses are in what free energy state?
minimum
4312
T/F human viruses show helical structures
false
4313
many animal viruses take on what capsid morphology?
icosahedral
4314
poliovirus, adenovirus and Hep A all have what type of capsid morphology?
icosahedral
4315
what are the 4 benefits of the icosahedral shape of viruses?
1. strength
2. resistance to force
3. tight packing of viral genome
3. genetically inexpensive ( can be made from a few repeating subunits)
4316
T/F icoashedral capsids usually accomodate all types of viral genome
true
4317
many icosahedral viruses are enteric which is __
naked icosahedral
4318
what part of the body is most commonly infected by enteric icosahedral viruses?
GI tract
4319
how is the shape of an icosahedral capsid advantageous for the GI tract?
it gives it the strength to survive the harsh conditions
4320
in enveloped viruses, the space between the envelope and the capsid has ___
viral tegument
4321
what is viral tegument?
made of protein and RNA
4322
KSHV-8, influenza and HIV are examples of what type of virus morphology?
enveloped
4323
some viruses envelope themselves in host membranes derived from ____ (2)
1. plamsa membrane
| 2. internal membranes (nuc, ER etc)
4324
a viral envelope is studded with ___ (2)
1. virus encoded glycoproteins
| 2. captured host proteins
4325
how are viral proteins glycosylated?
with host sugars in ER and golgi aparatus
4326
what are the 2 types of viral glycosylation?
1. N--glycosylation
| 2. O--glycosylation
4327
what is N--glycosylation?
addition of sugar on amide of asparagine
4328
what is O--glycosylation?
addition of sugar to serine /threonine
4329
sugar decorations on the surface of viruses are often critical to what process?
protein function
4330
influenza has 2 main glycoproteins__
1. hemaglutinin (HA)
| 2. neuramidase (NA)
4331
what is hemaglutinin (HA)?
a lectin that binds siallic acid receptor on cell surface, allowing binding and entry
4332
what is neuramidase (NA)?
enzyme that cleaves silalic acid, allowing progeny to be released from host
4333
describe the structure of capsid in complex virus
not purely icosohedral or helical, may have extra structures such as protein tail and complex out wall
4334
describe the structure of bacteriophage T4 (4)
1. dsDNA
2. helical tail
3. hexagonal base
4. protein tail
4335
each mL of seawater has about how many virus particles?
10 million
4336
T/F we carry viral genomes as part of our own genetic makeup
true
4337
what is a zoonotic infection?
can cross species barriers
4338
marine viruses affect the ___ cycle
carbon
4339
T/F microbes represent a large majority of the ocean's biomass
true
4340
what is the research of the Suttle lab at UBC based on?
ocean viruses
4341
whales are often infected by what virus? What are the symptoms?
calci virus; rashes, blisters, diarrhea
4342
what are the 8 human herpes viruses?
HSV-1, HSV2, HCMV, VZV, EBV, HHV-6, HHV-7, HHV-8
4343
T/F human herpesvirus is a persistent lifelong infection that is typically asymptomatic
true
4344
are there fossil records for viruses?
no
4345
how are viruses detected from ancient remains?
found in the genomes of hosts
4346
what are retroviruses?
RNA viruses that insert a copy of their DNA into the host genome
4347
about ___% of the human genome consists of retrovirus-like sequences
10
4348
how could retroviruses potentially affect human evolution?
by possibly turning other genes on/off
4349
what is the only type of cell that can carry sequences down generations?
germ cells
4350
T/F the koala retrovirus can be spread vertically or horizontally
true
4351
do these ancient retroviruses do anything? why/why not
no; they are crippled in ways that make them poor at replication
4352
syncytin is a viral gene belonging to ___ retrovirus
endogenous
4353
what is syncytin?
ancient cell attachment protein
4354
syncytin is located on human chromosome # __
7
4355
syncytin is essential to the development of ___ in humans
placenta
4356
syncytin is required to make which layer of the placenta? what is its function?
syncytiotroplast layer; maintains semipermeable barrier between mother/fetus
4357
T/F humans capture viral genes, but viruses also capture human genes
true
4358
the circular shape of KSHV (a human herpesvirus) plays a role in its ability to __
replicate in a host cell
4359
T/F KSHV contains genes from our primate ancestors
true
4360
what is the role of human genes in a viral genome?
makes it easier for virus to infect and evade host immune system
4361
what is the first written record of virus infection?
a hieroglyph in Memphis Egypt in 3700 BC of a priest with paralytic poliomyelitis
4362
what two viruses have been identified in ancient depictions and remains?
polio and smallpox
4363
what is the definition of "virus"?
submicroscopic obligate intracellular parasites
4364
can viruses be detected by a light microscope?
no
4365
virus is latin for __
poison/toxin
4366
can viruses live independent of a host?
no
4367
how are viruses produced?
they are assembled from pre-made components
4368
do viruses divide?
no
4369
what is the name for virus particles?
virions
4370
do virions divide?
no
4371
viruses lack the genetic information to perform what 2 functions that would be needed if it was not in a host?
1. metabolic activity
| 2. protein synthesis
4372
viruses can be described as simple Darwinian ___s
machines
4373
T/F viruses target a specific host
true
4374
T/F viruses multiply but do not grow
true
4375
outside of a host cell, viruses are ___
complex assemblies of metabolically inert chemicals
4376
inside a host cell viruses can be thought of as alive (T/F)
true
4377
what are three shapes of viruses?
1. filamentous
2. bacteriophage
3. surrounded by lipid envelope
4378
compare the size of viruses to bacteria
viruses are smaller
4379
in electron microscopy, the sample is placed on what type of grid? (chemical composition)
copper
4380
what is the purpose of staining with heavy atoms in electron microscopy?
allows for enough diffraction of electrons so the sample structures can be seen
4381
what are the 3 physical properties of viruses?
1. capsid
2. genome
3. optional components (tegument and envelopes)
4382
what is a capsid?
a protein shell
4383
what are the 4 types of possible genomes for viruses?
ds/ss DNA, dsRNA, +ssRNA and -ssRNA
4384
what is the role of a virus particle?
package viral genomes in infected cells and transmit them to new host cells
4385
are virus particles infectious?
np
4386
what is a virion?
a complete infectious virus particle
4387
in order to be successful, a virion must do what 5 things?
1. be correctly made
2. escape the cell
3. survive the extracellular environment
4. attach and enter another host
5. release viral genome
4388
what is a virus capsid?
symmetrical protein container for the viral genome
4389
the virus capsid protects the genome from what 3 things? Give an example for each
1. physical damage (mechanical force)
2. chemical damage (UV)
3. enzymatic damge (nucleases/defense)
4390
protein subunits in a virus capsid are multiply redundant, which means ___
they are present in many copies
4391
what are capsomeres?
protein subunits that make up a capsid
4392
T/F damage to 1/more capsid subunits destroys the infectivity of the whole viral particle
false
4393
T/F capsid can take damage without destroying the virion
true
4394
what are the 4 morphologies of virus capsids?
1. helical
2. icosahedral
3. enveloped
4. complex
4395
a tobacco mosaic virus is an example of what morphology?
helical
4396
what is the simplest type of capsid morphology?
helical
4397
describe the structure of helical capsids
single type of capsomer stacked around axis making a helical shape and a hollow center
4398
where is the genome housed in a helical capsid?
in the hollow center
4399
what type of genome do most helical capsids have?
ssRNA
4400
how do capsomers bind to the genome in a helical capsid? Are they species specific?
by charge interactions (therefor not species specific)
4401
what determines the length / diameter of helix in helical capsids
number of nucleotides in genome
4402
if tabacco mosaic RNA and coat protein are put together, will virus particles form spontaneously?
yes
4403
helical viruses are in what free energy state?
minimum
4404
T/F human viruses show helical structures
false
4405
many animal viruses take on what capsid morphology?
icosahedral
4406
poliovirus, adenovirus and Hep A all have what type of capsid morphology?
icosahedral
4407
what are the 4 benefits of the icosahedral shape of viruses?
1. strength
2. resistance to force
3. tight packing of viral genome
3. genetically inexpensive ( can be made from a few repeating subunits)
4408
T/F icoashedral capsids usually accomodate all types of viral genome
true
4409
many icosahedral viruses are enteric which is __
naked icosahedral
4410
what part of the body is most commonly infected by enteric icosahedral viruses?
GI tract
4411
how is the shape of an icosahedral capsid advantageous for the GI tract?
it gives it the strength to survive the harsh conditions
4412
in enveloped viruses, the space between the envelope and the capsid has ___
viral tegument
4413
what is viral tegument?
made of protein and RNA
4414
KSHV-8, influenza and HIV are examples of what type of virus morphology?
enveloped
4415
some viruses envelope themselves in host membranes derived from ____ (2)
1. plamsa membrane
| 2. internal membranes (nuc, ER etc)
4416
a viral envelope is studded with ___ (2)
1. virus encoded glycoproteins
| 2. captured host proteins
4417
how are viral proteins glycosylated?
with host sugars in ER and golgi aparatus
4418
what are the 2 types of viral glycosylation?
1. N--glycosylation
| 2. O--glycosylation
4419
what is N--glycosylation?
addition of sugar on amide of asparagine
4420
what is O--glycosylation?
addition of sugar to serine /threonine
4421
sugar decorations on the surface of viruses are often critical to what process?
protein function
4422
influenza has 2 main glycoproteins__
1. hemaglutinin (HA)
| 2. neuramidase (NA)
4423
what is hemaglutinin (HA)?
a lectin that binds siallic acid receptor on cell surface, allowing binding and entry
4424
what is neuramidase (NA)?
enzyme that cleaves silalic acid, allowing progeny to be released from host
4425
describe the structure of capsid in complex virus
not purely icosohedral or helical, may have extra structures such as protein tail and complex out wall
4426
describe the structure of bacteriophage T4 (4)
1. dsDNA
2. helical tail
3. hexagonal base
4. protein tail
4427
each mL of seawater has about how many virus particles?
10 million
4428
T/F we carry viral genomes as part of our own genetic makeup
true
4429
what is a zoonotic infection?
can cross species barriers
4430
marine viruses affect the ___ cycle
carbon
4431
T/F microbes represent a large majority of the ocean's biomass
true
4432
what is the research of the Suttle lab at UBC based on?
ocean viruses
4433
whales are often infected by what virus? What are the symptoms?
calci virus; rashes, blisters, diarrhea
4434
what are the 8 human herpes viruses?
HSV-1, HSV2, HCMV, VZV, EBV, HHV-6, HHV-7, HHV-8
4435
T/F human herpesvirus is a persistent lifelong infection that is typically asymptomatic
true
4436
are there fossil records for viruses?
no
4437
how are viruses detected from ancient remains?
found in the genomes of hosts
4438
what are retroviruses?
RNA viruses that insert a copy of their DNA into the host genome
4439
about ___% of the human genome consists of retrovirus-like sequences
10
4440
how could retroviruses potentially affect human evolution?
by possibly turning other genes on/off
4441
what is the only type of cell that can carry sequences down generations?
germ cells
4442
T/F the koala retrovirus can be spread vertically or horizontally
true
4443
do these ancient retroviruses do anything? why/why not
no; they are crippled in ways that make them poor at replication
4444
syncytin is a viral gene belonging to ___ retrovirus
endogenous
4445
what is syncytin?
ancient cell attachment protein
4446
syncytin is located on human chromosome # __
7
4447
syncytin is essential to the development of ___ in humans
placenta
4448
syncytin is required to make which layer of the placenta? what is its function?
syncytiotroplast layer; maintains semipermeable barrier between mother/fetus
4449
T/F humans capture viral genes, but viruses also capture human genes
true
4450
the circular shape of KSHV (a human herpesvirus) plays a role in its ability to __
replicate in a host cell
4451
T/F KSHV contains genes from our primate ancestors
true
4452
what is the role of human genes in a viral genome?
makes it easier for virus to infect and evade host immune system
4453
what is the first written record of virus infection?
a hieroglyph in Memphis Egypt in 3700 BC of a priest with paralytic poliomyelitis
4454
what two viruses have been identified in ancient depictions and remains?
polio and smallpox
4455
what is the definition of "virus"?
submicroscopic obligate intracellular parasites
4456
can viruses be detected by a light microscope?
no
4457
virus is latin for __
poison/toxin
4458
can viruses live independent of a host?
no
4459
how are viruses produced?
they are assembled from pre-made components
4460
do viruses divide?
no
4461
what is the name for virus particles?
virions
4462
do virions divide?
no
4463
viruses lack the genetic information to perform what 2 functions that would be needed if it was not in a host?
1. metabolic activity
| 2. protein synthesis
4464
viruses can be described as simple Darwinian ___s
machines
4465
T/F viruses target a specific host
true
4466
T/F viruses multiply but do not grow
true
4467
outside of a host cell, viruses are ___
complex assemblies of metabolically inert chemicals
4468
inside a host cell viruses can be thought of as alive (T/F)
true
4469
what are three shapes of viruses?
1. filamentous
2. bacteriophage
3. surrounded by lipid envelope
4470
compare the size of viruses to bacteria
viruses are smaller
4471
in electron microscopy, the sample is placed on what type of grid? (chemical composition)
copper
4472
what is the purpose of staining with heavy atoms in electron microscopy?
allows for enough diffraction of electrons so the sample structures can be seen
4473
what are the 3 physical properties of viruses?
1. capsid
2. genome
3. optional components (tegument and envelopes)
4474
what is a capsid?
a protein shell
4475
what are the 4 types of possible genomes for viruses?
ds/ss DNA, dsRNA, +ssRNA and -ssRNA
4476
what is the role of a virus particle?
package viral genomes in infected cells and transmit them to new host cells
4477
are virus particles infectious?
np
4478
what is a virion?
a complete infectious virus particle
4479
in order to be successful, a virion must do what 5 things?
1. be correctly made
2. escape the cell
3. survive the extracellular environment
4. attach and enter another host
5. release viral genome
4480
what is a virus capsid?
symmetrical protein container for the viral genome
4481
the virus capsid protects the genome from what 3 things? Give an example for each
1. physical damage (mechanical force)
2. chemical damage (UV)
3. enzymatic damge (nucleases/defense)
4482
protein subunits in a virus capsid are multiply redundant, which means ___
they are present in many copies
4483
what are capsomeres?
protein subunits that make up a capsid
4484
T/F damage to 1/more capsid subunits destroys the infectivity of the whole viral particle
false
4485
T/F capsid can take damage without destroying the virion
true
4486
what are the 4 morphologies of virus capsids?
1. helical
2. icosahedral
3. enveloped
4. complex
4487
a tobacco mosaic virus is an example of what morphology?
helical
4488
what is the simplest type of capsid morphology?
helical
4489
describe the structure of helical capsids
single type of capsomer stacked around axis making a helical shape and a hollow center
4490
where is the genome housed in a helical capsid?
in the hollow center
4491
what type of genome do most helical capsids have?
ssRNA
4492
how do capsomers bind to the genome in a helical capsid? Are they species specific?
by charge interactions (therefor not species specific)
4493
what determines the length / diameter of helix in helical capsids
number of nucleotides in genome
4494
if tabacco mosaic RNA and coat protein are put together, will virus particles form spontaneously?
yes
4495
helical viruses are in what free energy state?
minimum
4496
T/F human viruses show helical structures
false
4497
many animal viruses take on what capsid morphology?
icosahedral
4498
poliovirus, adenovirus and Hep A all have what type of capsid morphology?
icosahedral
4499
what are the 4 benefits of the icosahedral shape of viruses?
1. strength
2. resistance to force
3. tight packing of viral genome
3. genetically inexpensive ( can be made from a few repeating subunits)
4500
T/F icoashedral capsids usually accomodate all types of viral genome
true
4501
many icosahedral viruses are enteric which is __
naked icosahedral
4502
what part of the body is most commonly infected by enteric icosahedral viruses?
GI tract
4503
how is the shape of an icosahedral capsid advantageous for the GI tract?
it gives it the strength to survive the harsh conditions
4504
in enveloped viruses, the space between the envelope and the capsid has ___
viral tegument
4505
what is viral tegument?
made of protein and RNA
4506
KSHV-8, influenza and HIV are examples of what type of virus morphology?
enveloped
4507
some viruses envelope themselves in host membranes derived from ____ (2)
1. plamsa membrane
| 2. internal membranes (nuc, ER etc)
4508
a viral envelope is studded with ___ (2)
1. virus encoded glycoproteins
| 2. captured host proteins
4509
how are viral proteins glycosylated?
with host sugars in ER and golgi aparatus
4510
what are the 2 types of viral glycosylation?
1. N--glycosylation
| 2. O--glycosylation
4511
what is N--glycosylation?
addition of sugar on amide of asparagine
4512
what is O--glycosylation?
addition of sugar to serine /threonine
4513
sugar decorations on the surface of viruses are often critical to what process?
protein function
4514
influenza has 2 main glycoproteins__
1. hemaglutinin (HA)
| 2. neuramidase (NA)
4515
what is hemaglutinin (HA)?
a lectin that binds siallic acid receptor on cell surface, allowing binding and entry
4516
what is neuramidase (NA)?
enzyme that cleaves silalic acid, allowing progeny to be released from host
4517
describe the structure of capsid in complex virus
not purely icosohedral or helical, may have extra structures such as protein tail and complex out wall
4518
describe the structure of bacteriophage T4 (4)
1. dsDNA
2. helical tail
3. hexagonal base
4. protein tail
4519
each mL of seawater has about how many virus particles?
10 million
4520
T/F we carry viral genomes as part of our own genetic makeup
true
4521
what is a zoonotic infection?
can cross species barriers
4522
marine viruses affect the ___ cycle
carbon
4523
T/F microbes represent a large majority of the ocean's biomass
true
4524
what is the research of the Suttle lab at UBC based on?
ocean viruses
4525
whales are often infected by what virus? What are the symptoms?
calci virus; rashes, blisters, diarrhea
4526
what are the 8 human herpes viruses?
HSV-1, HSV2, HCMV, VZV, EBV, HHV-6, HHV-7, HHV-8
4527
T/F human herpesvirus is a persistent lifelong infection that is typically asymptomatic
true
4528
are there fossil records for viruses?
no
4529
how are viruses detected from ancient remains?
found in the genomes of hosts
4530
what are retroviruses?
RNA viruses that insert a copy of their DNA into the host genome
4531
about ___% of the human genome consists of retrovirus-like sequences
10
4532
how could retroviruses potentially affect human evolution?
by possibly turning other genes on/off
4533
what is the only type of cell that can carry sequences down generations?
germ cells
4534
T/F the koala retrovirus can be spread vertically or horizontally
true
4535
do these ancient retroviruses do anything? why/why not
no; they are crippled in ways that make them poor at replication
4536
syncytin is a viral gene belonging to ___ retrovirus
endogenous
4537
what is syncytin?
ancient cell attachment protein
4538
syncytin is located on human chromosome # __
7
4539
syncytin is essential to the development of ___ in humans
placenta
4540
syncytin is required to make which layer of the placenta? what is its function?
syncytiotroplast layer; maintains semipermeable barrier between mother/fetus
4541
T/F humans capture viral genes, but viruses also capture human genes
true
4542
the circular shape of KSHV (a human herpesvirus) plays a role in its ability to __
replicate in a host cell
4543
T/F KSHV contains genes from our primate ancestors
true
4544
what is the role of human genes in a viral genome?
makes it easier for virus to infect and evade host immune system
4545
what is the first written record of virus infection?
a hieroglyph in Memphis Egypt in 3700 BC of a priest with paralytic poliomyelitis
4546
what two viruses have been identified in ancient depictions and remains?
polio and smallpox
4547
what is the definition of "virus"?
submicroscopic obligate intracellular parasites
4548
can viruses be detected by a light microscope?
no
4549
virus is latin for __
poison/toxin
4550
can viruses live independent of a host?
no
4551
how are viruses produced?
they are assembled from pre-made components
4552
do viruses divide?
no
4553
what is the name for virus particles?
virions
4554
do virions divide?
no
4555
viruses lack the genetic information to perform what 2 functions that would be needed if it was not in a host?
1. metabolic activity
| 2. protein synthesis
4556
viruses can be described as simple Darwinian ___s
machines
4557
T/F viruses target a specific host
true
4558
T/F viruses multiply but do not grow
true
4559
outside of a host cell, viruses are ___
complex assemblies of metabolically inert chemicals
4560
inside a host cell viruses can be thought of as alive (T/F)
true
4561
what are three shapes of viruses?
1. filamentous
2. bacteriophage
3. surrounded by lipid envelope
4562
compare the size of viruses to bacteria
viruses are smaller
4563
in electron microscopy, the sample is placed on what type of grid? (chemical composition)
copper
4564
what is the purpose of staining with heavy atoms in electron microscopy?
allows for enough diffraction of electrons so the sample structures can be seen
4565
what are the 3 physical properties of viruses?
1. capsid
2. genome
3. optional components (tegument and envelopes)
4566
what is a capsid?
a protein shell
4567
what are the 4 types of possible genomes for viruses?
ds/ss DNA, dsRNA, +ssRNA and -ssRNA
4568
what is the role of a virus particle?
package viral genomes in infected cells and transmit them to new host cells
4569
are virus particles infectious?
np
4570
what is a virion?
a complete infectious virus particle
4571
in order to be successful, a virion must do what 5 things?
1. be correctly made
2. escape the cell
3. survive the extracellular environment
4. attach and enter another host
5. release viral genome
4572
what is a virus capsid?
symmetrical protein container for the viral genome
4573
the virus capsid protects the genome from what 3 things? Give an example for each
1. physical damage (mechanical force)
2. chemical damage (UV)
3. enzymatic damge (nucleases/defense)
4574
protein subunits in a virus capsid are multiply redundant, which means ___
they are present in many copies
4575
what are capsomeres?
protein subunits that make up a capsid
4576
T/F damage to 1/more capsid subunits destroys the infectivity of the whole viral particle
false
4577
T/F capsid can take damage without destroying the virion
true
4578
what are the 4 morphologies of virus capsids?
1. helical
2. icosahedral
3. enveloped
4. complex
4579
a tobacco mosaic virus is an example of what morphology?
helical
4580
what is the simplest type of capsid morphology?
helical
4581
describe the structure of helical capsids
single type of capsomer stacked around axis making a helical shape and a hollow center
4582
where is the genome housed in a helical capsid?
in the hollow center
4583
what type of genome do most helical capsids have?
ssRNA
4584
how do capsomers bind to the genome in a helical capsid? Are they species specific?
by charge interactions (therefor not species specific)
4585
what determines the length / diameter of helix in helical capsids
number of nucleotides in genome
4586
if tabacco mosaic RNA and coat protein are put together, will virus particles form spontaneously?
yes
4587
helical viruses are in what free energy state?
minimum
4588
T/F human viruses show helical structures
false
4589
many animal viruses take on what capsid morphology?
icosahedral
4590
poliovirus, adenovirus and Hep A all have what type of capsid morphology?
icosahedral
4591
what are the 4 benefits of the icosahedral shape of viruses?
1. strength
2. resistance to force
3. tight packing of viral genome
3. genetically inexpensive ( can be made from a few repeating subunits)
4592
T/F icoashedral capsids usually accomodate all types of viral genome
true
4593
many icosahedral viruses are enteric which is __
naked icosahedral
4594
what part of the body is most commonly infected by enteric icosahedral viruses?
GI tract
4595
how is the shape of an icosahedral capsid advantageous for the GI tract?
it gives it the strength to survive the harsh conditions
4596
in enveloped viruses, the space between the envelope and the capsid has ___
viral tegument
4597
what is viral tegument?
made of protein and RNA
4598
KSHV-8, influenza and HIV are examples of what type of virus morphology?
enveloped
4599
some viruses envelope themselves in host membranes derived from ____ (2)
1. plamsa membrane
| 2. internal membranes (nuc, ER etc)
4600
a viral envelope is studded with ___ (2)
1. virus encoded glycoproteins
| 2. captured host proteins
4601
how are viral proteins glycosylated?
with host sugars in ER and golgi aparatus
4602
what are the 2 types of viral glycosylation?
1. N--glycosylation
| 2. O--glycosylation
4603
what is N--glycosylation?
addition of sugar on amide of asparagine
4604
what is O--glycosylation?
addition of sugar to serine /threonine
4605
sugar decorations on the surface of viruses are often critical to what process?
protein function
4606
influenza has 2 main glycoproteins__
1. hemaglutinin (HA)
| 2. neuramidase (NA)
4607
what is hemaglutinin (HA)?
a lectin that binds siallic acid receptor on cell surface, allowing binding and entry
4608
what is neuramidase (NA)?
enzyme that cleaves silalic acid, allowing progeny to be released from host
4609
describe the structure of capsid in complex virus
not purely icosohedral or helical, may have extra structures such as protein tail and complex out wall
4610
describe the structure of bacteriophage T4 (4)
1. dsDNA
2. helical tail
3. hexagonal base
4. protein tail
4611
each mL of seawater has about how many virus particles?
10 million
4612
T/F we carry viral genomes as part of our own genetic makeup
true
4613
what is a zoonotic infection?
can cross species barriers
4614
marine viruses affect the ___ cycle
carbon
4615
T/F microbes represent a large majority of the ocean's biomass
true
4616
what is the research of the Suttle lab at UBC based on?
ocean viruses
4617
whales are often infected by what virus? What are the symptoms?
calci virus; rashes, blisters, diarrhea
4618
what are the 8 human herpes viruses?
HSV-1, HSV2, HCMV, VZV, EBV, HHV-6, HHV-7, HHV-8
4619
T/F human herpesvirus is a persistent lifelong infection that is typically asymptomatic
true
4620
are there fossil records for viruses?
no
4621
how are viruses detected from ancient remains?
found in the genomes of hosts
4622
what are retroviruses?
RNA viruses that insert a copy of their DNA into the host genome
4623
about ___% of the human genome consists of retrovirus-like sequences
10
4624
how could retroviruses potentially affect human evolution?
by possibly turning other genes on/off
4625
what is the only type of cell that can carry sequences down generations?
germ cells
4626
T/F the koala retrovirus can be spread vertically or horizontally
true
4627
do these ancient retroviruses do anything? why/why not
no; they are crippled in ways that make them poor at replication
4628
syncytin is a viral gene belonging to ___ retrovirus
endogenous
4629
what is syncytin?
ancient cell attachment protein
4630
syncytin is located on human chromosome # __
7
4631
syncytin is essential to the development of ___ in humans
placenta
4632
syncytin is required to make which layer of the placenta? what is its function?
syncytiotroplast layer; maintains semipermeable barrier between mother/fetus
4633
T/F humans capture viral genes, but viruses also capture human genes
true
4634
the circular shape of KSHV (a human herpesvirus) plays a role in its ability to __
replicate in a host cell
4635
T/F KSHV contains genes from our primate ancestors
true
4636
what is the role of human genes in a viral genome?
makes it easier for virus to infect and evade host immune system
4637
what is the first written record of virus infection?
a hieroglyph in Memphis Egypt in 3700 BC of a priest with paralytic poliomyelitis
4638
what two viruses have been identified in ancient depictions and remains?
polio and smallpox
4639
what is the definition of "virus"?
submicroscopic obligate intracellular parasites
4640
can viruses be detected by a light microscope?
no
4641
virus is latin for __
poison/toxin
4642
can viruses live independent of a host?
no
4643
how are viruses produced?
they are assembled from pre-made components
4644
do viruses divide?
no
4645
what is the name for virus particles?
virions
4646
do virions divide?
no
4647
viruses lack the genetic information to perform what 2 functions that would be needed if it was not in a host?
1. metabolic activity
| 2. protein synthesis
4648
viruses can be described as simple Darwinian ___s
machines
4649
T/F viruses target a specific host
true
4650
T/F viruses multiply but do not grow
true
4651
outside of a host cell, viruses are ___
complex assemblies of metabolically inert chemicals
4652
inside a host cell viruses can be thought of as alive (T/F)
true
4653
what are three shapes of viruses?
1. filamentous
2. bacteriophage
3. surrounded by lipid envelope
4654
compare the size of viruses to bacteria
viruses are smaller
4655
in electron microscopy, the sample is placed on what type of grid? (chemical composition)
copper
4656
what is the purpose of staining with heavy atoms in electron microscopy?
allows for enough diffraction of electrons so the sample structures can be seen
4657
what are the 3 physical properties of viruses?
1. capsid
2. genome
3. optional components (tegument and envelopes)
4658
what is a capsid?
a protein shell
4659
what are the 4 types of possible genomes for viruses?
ds/ss DNA, dsRNA, +ssRNA and -ssRNA
4660
what is the role of a virus particle?
package viral genomes in infected cells and transmit them to new host cells
4661
are virus particles infectious?
np
4662
what is a virion?
a complete infectious virus particle
4663
in order to be successful, a virion must do what 5 things?
1. be correctly made
2. escape the cell
3. survive the extracellular environment
4. attach and enter another host
5. release viral genome
4664
what is a virus capsid?
symmetrical protein container for the viral genome
4665
the virus capsid protects the genome from what 3 things? Give an example for each
1. physical damage (mechanical force)
2. chemical damage (UV)
3. enzymatic damge (nucleases/defense)
4666
protein subunits in a virus capsid are multiply redundant, which means ___
they are present in many copies
4667
what are capsomeres?
protein subunits that make up a capsid
4668
T/F damage to 1/more capsid subunits destroys the infectivity of the whole viral particle
false
4669
T/F capsid can take damage without destroying the virion
true
4670
what are the 4 morphologies of virus capsids?
1. helical
2. icosahedral
3. enveloped
4. complex
4671
a tobacco mosaic virus is an example of what morphology?
helical
4672
what is the simplest type of capsid morphology?
helical
4673
describe the structure of helical capsids
single type of capsomer stacked around axis making a helical shape and a hollow center
4674
where is the genome housed in a helical capsid?
in the hollow center
4675
what type of genome do most helical capsids have?
ssRNA
4676
how do capsomers bind to the genome in a helical capsid? Are they species specific?
by charge interactions (therefor not species specific)
4677
what determines the length / diameter of helix in helical capsids
number of nucleotides in genome
4678
if tabacco mosaic RNA and coat protein are put together, will virus particles form spontaneously?
yes
4679
helical viruses are in what free energy state?
minimum
4680
T/F human viruses show helical structures
false
4681
many animal viruses take on what capsid morphology?
icosahedral
4682
poliovirus, adenovirus and Hep A all have what type of capsid morphology?
icosahedral
4683
what are the 4 benefits of the icosahedral shape of viruses?
1. strength
2. resistance to force
3. tight packing of viral genome
3. genetically inexpensive ( can be made from a few repeating subunits)
4684
T/F icoashedral capsids usually accomodate all types of viral genome
true
4685
many icosahedral viruses are enteric which is __
naked icosahedral
4686
what part of the body is most commonly infected by enteric icosahedral viruses?
GI tract
4687
how is the shape of an icosahedral capsid advantageous for the GI tract?
it gives it the strength to survive the harsh conditions
4688
in enveloped viruses, the space between the envelope and the capsid has ___
viral tegument
4689
what is viral tegument?
made of protein and RNA
4690
KSHV-8, influenza and HIV are examples of what type of virus morphology?
enveloped
4691
some viruses envelope themselves in host membranes derived from ____ (2)
1. plamsa membrane
| 2. internal membranes (nuc, ER etc)
4692
a viral envelope is studded with ___ (2)
1. virus encoded glycoproteins
| 2. captured host proteins
4693
how are viral proteins glycosylated?
with host sugars in ER and golgi aparatus
4694
what are the 2 types of viral glycosylation?
1. N--glycosylation
| 2. O--glycosylation
4695
what is N--glycosylation?
addition of sugar on amide of asparagine
4696
what is O--glycosylation?
addition of sugar to serine /threonine
4697
sugar decorations on the surface of viruses are often critical to what process?
protein function
4698
influenza has 2 main glycoproteins__
1. hemaglutinin (HA)
| 2. neuramidase (NA)
4699
what is hemaglutinin (HA)?
a lectin that binds siallic acid receptor on cell surface, allowing binding and entry
4700
what is neuramidase (NA)?
enzyme that cleaves silalic acid, allowing progeny to be released from host
4701
describe the structure of capsid in complex virus
not purely icosohedral or helical, may have extra structures such as protein tail and complex out wall
4702
describe the structure of bacteriophage T4 (4)
1. dsDNA
2. helical tail
3. hexagonal base
4. protein tail
4703
each mL of seawater has about how many virus particles?
10 million
4704
T/F we carry viral genomes as part of our own genetic makeup
true
4705
what is a zoonotic infection?
can cross species barriers
4706
marine viruses affect the ___ cycle
carbon
4707
T/F microbes represent a large majority of the ocean's biomass
true
4708
what is the research of the Suttle lab at UBC based on?
ocean viruses
4709
whales are often infected by what virus? What are the symptoms?
calci virus; rashes, blisters, diarrhea
4710
what are the 8 human herpes viruses?
HSV-1, HSV2, HCMV, VZV, EBV, HHV-6, HHV-7, HHV-8
4711
T/F human herpesvirus is a persistent lifelong infection that is typically asymptomatic
true
4712
are there fossil records for viruses?
no
4713
how are viruses detected from ancient remains?
found in the genomes of hosts
4714
what are retroviruses?
RNA viruses that insert a copy of their DNA into the host genome
4715
about ___% of the human genome consists of retrovirus-like sequences
10
4716
how could retroviruses potentially affect human evolution?
by possibly turning other genes on/off
4717
what is the only type of cell that can carry sequences down generations?
germ cells
4718
T/F the koala retrovirus can be spread vertically or horizontally
true
4719
do these ancient retroviruses do anything? why/why not
no; they are crippled in ways that make them poor at replication
4720
syncytin is a viral gene belonging to ___ retrovirus
endogenous
4721
what is syncytin?
ancient cell attachment protein
4722
syncytin is located on human chromosome # __
7
4723
syncytin is essential to the development of ___ in humans
placenta
4724
syncytin is required to make which layer of the placenta? what is its function?
syncytiotroplast layer; maintains semipermeable barrier between mother/fetus
4725
T/F humans capture viral genes, but viruses also capture human genes
true
4726
the circular shape of KSHV (a human herpesvirus) plays a role in its ability to __
replicate in a host cell
4727
T/F KSHV contains genes from our primate ancestors
true
4728
what is the role of human genes in a viral genome?
makes it easier for virus to infect and evade host immune system
4729
what is the first written record of virus infection?
a hieroglyph in Memphis Egypt in 3700 BC of a priest with paralytic poliomyelitis
4730
what two viruses have been identified in ancient depictions and remains?
polio and smallpox
4731
what is the definition of "virus"?
submicroscopic obligate intracellular parasites
4732
can viruses be detected by a light microscope?
no
4733
virus is latin for __
poison/toxin
4734
can viruses live independent of a host?
no
4735
how are viruses produced?
they are assembled from pre-made components
4736
do viruses divide?
no
4737
what is the name for virus particles?
virions
4738
do virions divide?
no
4739
viruses lack the genetic information to perform what 2 functions that would be needed if it was not in a host?
1. metabolic activity
| 2. protein synthesis
4740
viruses can be described as simple Darwinian ___s
machines
4741
T/F viruses target a specific host
true
4742
T/F viruses multiply but do not grow
true
4743
outside of a host cell, viruses are ___
complex assemblies of metabolically inert chemicals
4744
inside a host cell viruses can be thought of as alive (T/F)
true
4745
what are three shapes of viruses?
1. filamentous
2. bacteriophage
3. surrounded by lipid envelope
4746
compare the size of viruses to bacteria
viruses are smaller
4747
in electron microscopy, the sample is placed on what type of grid? (chemical composition)
copper
4748
what is the purpose of staining with heavy atoms in electron microscopy?
allows for enough diffraction of electrons so the sample structures can be seen
4749
what are the 3 physical properties of viruses?
1. capsid
2. genome
3. optional components (tegument and envelopes)
4750
what is a capsid?
a protein shell
4751
what are the 4 types of possible genomes for viruses?
ds/ss DNA, dsRNA, +ssRNA and -ssRNA
4752
what is the role of a virus particle?
package viral genomes in infected cells and transmit them to new host cells
4753
are virus particles infectious?
np
4754
what is a virion?
a complete infectious virus particle
4755
in order to be successful, a virion must do what 5 things?
1. be correctly made
2. escape the cell
3. survive the extracellular environment
4. attach and enter another host
5. release viral genome
4756
what is a virus capsid?
symmetrical protein container for the viral genome
4757
the virus capsid protects the genome from what 3 things? Give an example for each
1. physical damage (mechanical force)
2. chemical damage (UV)
3. enzymatic damge (nucleases/defense)
4758
protein subunits in a virus capsid are multiply redundant, which means ___
they are present in many copies
4759
what are capsomeres?
protein subunits that make up a capsid
4760
T/F damage to 1/more capsid subunits destroys the infectivity of the whole viral particle
false
4761
T/F capsid can take damage without destroying the virion
true
4762
what are the 4 morphologies of virus capsids?
1. helical
2. icosahedral
3. enveloped
4. complex
4763
a tobacco mosaic virus is an example of what morphology?
helical
4764
what is the simplest type of capsid morphology?
helical
4765
describe the structure of helical capsids
single type of capsomer stacked around axis making a helical shape and a hollow center
4766
where is the genome housed in a helical capsid?
in the hollow center
4767
what type of genome do most helical capsids have?
ssRNA
4768
how do capsomers bind to the genome in a helical capsid? Are they species specific?
by charge interactions (therefor not species specific)
4769
what determines the length / diameter of helix in helical capsids
number of nucleotides in genome
4770
if tabacco mosaic RNA and coat protein are put together, will virus particles form spontaneously?
yes
4771
helical viruses are in what free energy state?
minimum
4772
T/F human viruses show helical structures
false
4773
many animal viruses take on what capsid morphology?
icosahedral
4774
poliovirus, adenovirus and Hep A all have what type of capsid morphology?
icosahedral
4775
what are the 4 benefits of the icosahedral shape of viruses?
1. strength
2. resistance to force
3. tight packing of viral genome
3. genetically inexpensive ( can be made from a few repeating subunits)
4776
T/F icoashedral capsids usually accomodate all types of viral genome
true
4777
many icosahedral viruses are enteric which is __
naked icosahedral
4778
what part of the body is most commonly infected by enteric icosahedral viruses?
GI tract
4779
how is the shape of an icosahedral capsid advantageous for the GI tract?
it gives it the strength to survive the harsh conditions
4780
in enveloped viruses, the space between the envelope and the capsid has ___
viral tegument
4781
what is viral tegument?
made of protein and RNA
4782
KSHV-8, influenza and HIV are examples of what type of virus morphology?
enveloped
4783
some viruses envelope themselves in host membranes derived from ____ (2)
1. plamsa membrane
| 2. internal membranes (nuc, ER etc)
4784
a viral envelope is studded with ___ (2)
1. virus encoded glycoproteins
| 2. captured host proteins
4785
how are viral proteins glycosylated?
with host sugars in ER and golgi aparatus
4786
what are the 2 types of viral glycosylation?
1. N--glycosylation
| 2. O--glycosylation
4787
what is N--glycosylation?
addition of sugar on amide of asparagine
4788
what is O--glycosylation?
addition of sugar to serine /threonine
4789
sugar decorations on the surface of viruses are often critical to what process?
protein function
4790
influenza has 2 main glycoproteins__
1. hemaglutinin (HA)
| 2. neuramidase (NA)
4791
what is hemaglutinin (HA)?
a lectin that binds siallic acid receptor on cell surface, allowing binding and entry
4792
what is neuramidase (NA)?
enzyme that cleaves silalic acid, allowing progeny to be released from host
4793
describe the structure of capsid in complex virus
not purely icosohedral or helical, may have extra structures such as protein tail and complex out wall
4794
describe the structure of bacteriophage T4 (4)
1. dsDNA
2. helical tail
3. hexagonal base
4. protein tail
4795
each mL of seawater has about how many virus particles?
10 million
4796
T/F we carry viral genomes as part of our own genetic makeup
true
4797
what is a zoonotic infection?
can cross species barriers
4798
marine viruses affect the ___ cycle
carbon
4799
T/F microbes represent a large majority of the ocean's biomass
true
4800
what is the research of the Suttle lab at UBC based on?
ocean viruses
4801
whales are often infected by what virus? What are the symptoms?
calci virus; rashes, blisters, diarrhea
4802
what are the 8 human herpes viruses?
HSV-1, HSV2, HCMV, VZV, EBV, HHV-6, HHV-7, HHV-8
4803
T/F human herpesvirus is a persistent lifelong infection that is typically asymptomatic
true
4804
are there fossil records for viruses?
no
4805
how are viruses detected from ancient remains?
found in the genomes of hosts
4806
what are retroviruses?
RNA viruses that insert a copy of their DNA into the host genome
4807
about ___% of the human genome consists of retrovirus-like sequences
10
4808
how could retroviruses potentially affect human evolution?
by possibly turning other genes on/off
4809
what is the only type of cell that can carry sequences down generations?
germ cells
4810
T/F the koala retrovirus can be spread vertically or horizontally
true
4811
do these ancient retroviruses do anything? why/why not
no; they are crippled in ways that make them poor at replication
4812
syncytin is a viral gene belonging to ___ retrovirus
endogenous
4813
what is syncytin?
ancient cell attachment protein
4814
syncytin is located on human chromosome # __
7
4815
syncytin is essential to the development of ___ in humans
placenta
4816
syncytin is required to make which layer of the placenta? what is its function?
syncytiotroplast layer; maintains semipermeable barrier between mother/fetus
4817
T/F humans capture viral genes, but viruses also capture human genes
true
4818
the circular shape of KSHV (a human herpesvirus) plays a role in its ability to __
replicate in a host cell
4819
T/F KSHV contains genes from our primate ancestors
true
4820
what is the role of human genes in a viral genome?
makes it easier for virus to infect and evade host immune system
4821
what is the first written record of virus infection?
a hieroglyph in Memphis Egypt in 3700 BC of a priest with paralytic poliomyelitis
4822
what two viruses have been identified in ancient depictions and remains?
polio and smallpox
4823
what is the definition of "virus"?
submicroscopic obligate intracellular parasites
4824
can viruses be detected by a light microscope?
no
4825
virus is latin for __
poison/toxin
4826
can viruses live independent of a host?
no
4827
how are viruses produced?
they are assembled from pre-made components
4828
do viruses divide?
no
4829
what is the name for virus particles?
virions
4830
do virions divide?
no
4831
viruses lack the genetic information to perform what 2 functions that would be needed if it was not in a host?
1. metabolic activity
| 2. protein synthesis
4832
viruses can be described as simple Darwinian ___s
machines
4833
T/F viruses target a specific host
true
4834
T/F viruses multiply but do not grow
true
4835
outside of a host cell, viruses are ___
complex assemblies of metabolically inert chemicals
4836
inside a host cell viruses can be thought of as alive (T/F)
true
4837
what are three shapes of viruses?
1. filamentous
2. bacteriophage
3. surrounded by lipid envelope
4838
compare the size of viruses to bacteria
viruses are smaller
4839
in electron microscopy, the sample is placed on what type of grid? (chemical composition)
copper
4840
what is the purpose of staining with heavy atoms in electron microscopy?
allows for enough diffraction of electrons so the sample structures can be seen
4841
what are the 3 physical properties of viruses?
1. capsid
2. genome
3. optional components (tegument and envelopes)
4842
what is a capsid?
a protein shell
4843
what are the 4 types of possible genomes for viruses?
ds/ss DNA, dsRNA, +ssRNA and -ssRNA
4844
what is the role of a virus particle?
package viral genomes in infected cells and transmit them to new host cells
4845
are virus particles infectious?
np
4846
what is a virion?
a complete infectious virus particle
4847
in order to be successful, a virion must do what 5 things?
1. be correctly made
2. escape the cell
3. survive the extracellular environment
4. attach and enter another host
5. release viral genome
4848
what is a virus capsid?
symmetrical protein container for the viral genome
4849
the virus capsid protects the genome from what 3 things? Give an example for each
1. physical damage (mechanical force)
2. chemical damage (UV)
3. enzymatic damge (nucleases/defense)
4850
protein subunits in a virus capsid are multiply redundant, which means ___
they are present in many copies
4851
what are capsomeres?
protein subunits that make up a capsid
4852
T/F damage to 1/more capsid subunits destroys the infectivity of the whole viral particle
false
4853
T/F capsid can take damage without destroying the virion
true
4854
what are the 4 morphologies of virus capsids?
1. helical
2. icosahedral
3. enveloped
4. complex
4855
a tobacco mosaic virus is an example of what morphology?
helical
4856
what is the simplest type of capsid morphology?
helical
4857
describe the structure of helical capsids
single type of capsomer stacked around axis making a helical shape and a hollow center
4858
where is the genome housed in a helical capsid?
in the hollow center
4859
what type of genome do most helical capsids have?
ssRNA
4860
how do capsomers bind to the genome in a helical capsid? Are they species specific?
by charge interactions (therefor not species specific)
4861
what determines the length / diameter of helix in helical capsids
number of nucleotides in genome
4862
if tabacco mosaic RNA and coat protein are put together, will virus particles form spontaneously?
yes
4863
helical viruses are in what free energy state?
minimum
4864
T/F human viruses show helical structures
false
4865
many animal viruses take on what capsid morphology?
icosahedral
4866
poliovirus, adenovirus and Hep A all have what type of capsid morphology?
icosahedral
4867
what are the 4 benefits of the icosahedral shape of viruses?
1. strength
2. resistance to force
3. tight packing of viral genome
3. genetically inexpensive ( can be made from a few repeating subunits)
4868
T/F icoashedral capsids usually accomodate all types of viral genome
true
4869
many icosahedral viruses are enteric which is __
naked icosahedral
4870
what part of the body is most commonly infected by enteric icosahedral viruses?
GI tract
4871
how is the shape of an icosahedral capsid advantageous for the GI tract?
it gives it the strength to survive the harsh conditions
4872
in enveloped viruses, the space between the envelope and the capsid has ___
viral tegument
4873
what is viral tegument?
made of protein and RNA
4874
KSHV-8, influenza and HIV are examples of what type of virus morphology?
enveloped
4875
some viruses envelope themselves in host membranes derived from ____ (2)
1. plamsa membrane
| 2. internal membranes (nuc, ER etc)
4876
a viral envelope is studded with ___ (2)
1. virus encoded glycoproteins
| 2. captured host proteins
4877
how are viral proteins glycosylated?
with host sugars in ER and golgi aparatus
4878
what are the 2 types of viral glycosylation?
1. N--glycosylation
| 2. O--glycosylation
4879
what is N--glycosylation?
addition of sugar on amide of asparagine
4880
what is O--glycosylation?
addition of sugar to serine /threonine
4881
sugar decorations on the surface of viruses are often critical to what process?
protein function
4882
influenza has 2 main glycoproteins__
1. hemaglutinin (HA)
| 2. neuramidase (NA)
4883
what is hemaglutinin (HA)?
a lectin that binds siallic acid receptor on cell surface, allowing binding and entry
4884
what is neuramidase (NA)?
enzyme that cleaves silalic acid, allowing progeny to be released from host
4885
describe the structure of capsid in complex virus
not purely icosohedral or helical, may have extra structures such as protein tail and complex out wall
4886
describe the structure of bacteriophage T4 (4)
1. dsDNA
2. helical tail
3. hexagonal base
4. protein tail
