Lecture 2.1: What Makes a Bacterium?

Question 1

Nucleus

Answer 1

membrane enclosed organelle containing a cell’s primary genetic material

Question 2

chromosome

Answer 2

genetic element carrying genes essential to cellular function

Question 3

plasmid

Answer 3

extrachomosomal genetic element that is non-essential for growth

Question 4

plasmids are used extensively in ___

Answer 4

recombinant DNA technology (cloning)

Question 5

Nucleiod

Answer 5

dense electron focusof nucleic acid in cytoplasm

Question 6

nucleoid is usually associated with __

Answer 6

DNA binding proteins involved in chromosome maintenance

Question 7

a nucleoid is usually how many chromosome? Shape?

Answer 7

1; circular

Question 8

is it better to classify organisms by appearance or by chemical, physical, biological features?

Answer 8

the latter

Question 9

what features can be used as an accurate reflection of the life history of organisms?

Answer 9

rRNA, and phylogenetic tree of life

Question 10

what are the 3 main sectors of the phylogenetic tree of life?

Answer 10

archaea, bacteria, eukarya

Question 11

which group has similar protein translation and transcriptin paradigms to eukarya?

Answer 11

archaea

Question 12

which group is capable of living in extreme environments?

Answer 12

archaea

Question 13

are archaea single or multi-celled?

Answer 13

single

Question 14

do archaea cause disease?

Answer 14

NO

Question 15

archaea have lipids linked by ___

Answer 15

ether

Question 16

do archaea have introns?

Answer 16

no

Question 17

do archaea swim? Do they have a flagella?

Answer 17

yes. no.

Question 18

a prototypic bacterial cell has which 2 features?

Answer 18

nucleoid; flagella

Question 19

what causes gram stain to stain?

Answer 19

crystal violet forms a complex with iodine that cannot escape from thick cell walls in gram positive

Question 20

peptidoglycan is made of which 2 molecules? Linked by?

Answer 20

NAG and NAM; 2 tetrapeptide chains, cross-linked by peptide

Question 21

the major component of CW in gram + is ___

Answer 21

lipotechoic acids

Question 22

the innate immune system recognizes which part of a gram + cell?

Answer 22

the lipotechoic acids

Question 23

what is the core polysaccharide made of?

Answer 23

KDO, heptoses, glucose, galactose, and acetylglucosamine

Question 24

which gram stain cells have a second lipid bi-layer?

Answer 24

gram -

Question 25

a polysaccharide is linked by a lipid moiety to make a__

Answer 25

lipopolysaccharide

Question 26

lipid A is part of the ___

Answer 26

LPS

Question 27

Lipid A is embedded in the

Answer 27

outer membrane

Question 28

KDO is covalently bonded to __ and also linked to ___ polysaccharide

Answer 28

disaccharide in Lipid A; o-specific

Question 29

Lipid A is a __ that can cause __

Answer 29

endotoxin; severe illness

Question 30

Lipid A is similar to ___ in Gram +

Answer 30

LTA

Question 31

the 2 bilayers of gram - are separated by thin layer of __ and ___

Answer 31

peptidoglycan and periplasm

Question 32

__ in the membrane allow transport of soluble things

Answer 32

porins

Question 33

gram - bacteria usually have a different, defining length of __

Answer 33

O chain

Question 34

what species of bacteria has a linear plasmid?

Answer 34

borrelia

Question 35

plasmids contain __ stranded DNA that can perform ___ DNA replication

Answer 35

double stranded; bilateral

Question 36

why use rRNA to reflect on the history of an organism?

Answer 36

it is resistant to change over time

Question 37

archaea have DNA polymerase that can ___ and ____ all in one unit

Answer 37

make; proofread

Question 38

archaea DNA polymerase enzyme is often harvested for __-

Answer 38

PCR

Question 39

LPS is found in gram __- only

Answer 39

negative

Question 40

LTA is found in gram ___ only

Answer 40

positive

Question 41

two examples of anti-biotics that function by blocking CW synthesis in G+ cells

Answer 41

vancomycin, ampicillin

Question 42

LTA are lipoproteins that ___ to the cell membrane

Answer 42

interconnect

Question 43

KDO is exclusive to gram __

Answer 43

negative