Lecture 1: Introduction to Microbio and Immunology

Question 1

microorganisms have evolved over __ years

Answer 1

4 billion years

Question 2

our understanding of microbio is based on what?

Answer 2

a small sample of what we can isolate and grow

Question 3

the link between micro and immunology is critical to: (4)

Answer 3

1. the planet
2. human health and medicine
3. biotechnology
4. therapeutics

Question 4

the first modified microscope was invented by

Answer 4

Antony Van Leeuwenhook

Question 5

the first description of bacteria was by __ and described as ___

Answer 5

Leeuwenhook; “wee animalcules”

Question 6

who discovered vaccination in 1796? How?

Answer 6

Edward Jenner

injecting with cowpox and they got a mild form, but no sickness

Question 7

who performed the swan neck experiment?

Answer 7

Louis Pasteur

Question 8

which experiment disproved Aristotle’s theory of spontaneous generation

Answer 8

swan neck

Question 9

who performed a similar experiment to the swan neck, but with maggots?

Answer 9

Reddi

Question 10

who discovered the cause of “consumption”?

Answer 10

Robert Koch

Question 11

who had the first methods for identifying organisms in pure culture?

Answer 11

Koch

Question 12

who developed the solid growth media and sterile technique?

Answer 12

Koch

Question 13

who was essential to causative agent debates?

Answer 13

Koch

Question 14

what are the 4 Koch’s Postulates?

Answer 14

1. the suspected causal agent must always be associated with the disease
2. it must be isolated from an infected individual and be grown in pure culture
3. when a healthy host is inoculated with the SCA, they must develop the symptoms
4. the SCA must be re-isolated from infected host

Question 15

who had the initial discovery of phagocytosis and innate immune system?

Answer 15

Elie Metchnikoff

Question 16

who discovered penicillin?

Answer 16

Flemming

Question 17

who discovered the DNA helix?

Answer 17

Watson and Crick

Question 18

Sanger used the ____ method and could identify the physical sequence of ____ in DNA fragments

Answer 18

chain termination; nucleotides

Question 19

Sanger was the first to sequence and entire ___

Answer 19

bacteriophage DNA genome

Question 20

who discovered insulin?

Answer 20

Banting

Question 21

it was once believed that ___ was the coding part of life

Answer 21

protein

Question 22

who developed PCR?

Answer 22

Kary Mullis

Question 23

what does PCR stand for?

Answer 23

Polymerase Chain Reaction

Question 24

who discovered that DNA replicates with enzymes?

Answer 24

Kornberg

Question 25

Mullis set out to build DNA in what shape?

Answer 25

Tube

Question 26

what did Micheal Smith (Canadian) discover?

Answer 26

Site directed mutagenesis

Question 27

site directed mutagenesis works to specifically alter ___ in a DNA sequence

Answer 27

nucleic acid sequence

Question 28

site directed mutagenesis allows for exact determination of how DNA works as ___

Answer 28

the blue-print of life

Question 29

what did Marshal and Warren discover? what is the significance?

Answer 29

Heliobacter pylori: causal agent in may gastro cancers

Question 30

what is the normal flora?

Answer 30

MO that co-exist in a host without being harmful

Question 31

when can normal flora be dangerous?

Answer 31

when it gets trapped in places it shouldnt be

Question 32

Campbell and Omura won a Nobel Prize for__

Answer 32

new therapy against roundworm parasites (avermectin drug)

Question 33

the drug "avermectin" is naturally produced by __ which inhibits many __

Answer 33

streptomyces bacteria; phyllarial parasites

Question 34

YouYou Tu won a Nobel Prize for therapy against __ using ___, which is made of ___

Answer 34

therapy against malaria by Artemisinin, which is made by sweet wormwood

Question 35

traditional medicine consists of ___ compounds that can be ____ for improvements

Answer 35

natural; reverse engineered

Question 36

who introduced the ability to stitch pieces of DNA together to make simple engineered organism?

Answer 36

Craig Venter et.al

Question 37

what is consumption?

Answer 37

respiratory disease

Question 38

what are the symptoms of consumption?

Answer 38

weakness, phlem build-up, sometimes with blood

Question 39

what is the cause of consumption?

Answer 39

mycobacterium tuberculosis

Question 40

pure culture allows for MO to be grown in pure, almost ___ conditions, so it is an ____, pure source

Answer 40

sterile; isolated

Question 41

a pure sample allows for ____ and to perform ___ tests

Answer 41

identification; empirical

Question 42

what was Elie Metchnikoff's field of study?

Answer 42

embryology studying starfish

Question 43

in what year was penicillin discovered?

Answer 43

1928

Question 44

the discovery of the ___ disproved the belief that protein was the coding part of life

Answer 44

helix

Question 45

thanks to Mullis' discovery of PCR, any ___ can be studied in isolation

Answer 45

gene

Question 46

before PCR, work was limited by ability to ___

Answer 46

synthesize DNA

Question 47

what happens in the annealing phase of PCR?

Answer 47

2 smalle primers will anneal at opposite ends of complimentary DNA strands

Question 48

what happens in the extension phase of PCR?

Answer 48

enzyme polymerization of a new strand

Question 49

end product of PCR

Answer 49

2 copies of template DNA

Question 50

DNA generated by PCR is dependent on the ___ used

Answer 50

primers

Question 51

site directed mutagenesis was the start of discoveries into: ___ function, how ___ work (__coding), human genetic ___, leading to genetic___ discovery

Answer 51

gene; proteins (amino acids); fingerprinting; genetic disease

Question 52

Micheal smith shared his Nobel prize with __-

Answer 52

Muliis

Question 53

Mullis ___ pieces of DNA and Smith ___ sequences of DNA in a defined way

Answer 53

engineered; altered/changed

Question 54

the combined work of Mullis and Smith allows for exact determination of how __ works and the effects of ___

Answer 54

DNA; changes

Question 55

normal flora can be mutually __ or __-

Answer 55

commensal/ beneficial

Question 56

2 examples of diseases caused by round worm parasites

Answer 56

elephantitis, river blindness