Lecture 8: Biotechnology

Question 1

the use of microorganisms has the potential to advance what three fields?

Answer 1

1, health

2. industrial
3. clinical and scientific

Question 2

what MO is used in botox?

Answer 2

C. botulinium

Question 3

C. botulinium is a ____- neurotoxin (a ____ toxin)

Answer 3

paralysing (endotoxin)

Question 4

C. botulinium affects ___ cells

Answer 4

nerve

Question 5

C. botulinium is ___ to be used in cosmetics

Answer 5

purified

Question 6

aside from cosmetics, C. botulinium can be used to cure ___

Answer 6

twitches

Question 7

streptomyces bacteria is a natural ___

Answer 7

anti-biotic

Question 8

it is the ___ of streptomyces that display anti-biotic character

Answer 8

metabolic products

Question 9

what are some common streptomyces anti-biotics? (4)

Answer 9

streptomycin, tetracycline, erythromycin, clindamycin

Question 10

streptomyces are commonly found in the ___

Answer 10

soil

Question 11

insulin is a(n) ___

Answer 11

enzyme

Question 12

insulin used to be produced from ___

Answer 12

porcine/pig

Question 13

how is insulin mass produced today?

Answer 13

a gene from human insulin is cloned and placed into a plasmid that is placed into E.coli or yeast

Question 14

despite the cost savings, what are some issues with producing insulin from bacteria and fungi?

Answer 14

contaminants such as LPS,LTA and yeast cell walls

Question 15

what is an attenuated strain vaccine?

Answer 15

a weakened form of the pathogen is used to get an immune response

Question 16

how are the pathogens in an attenuated vaccine usually treated?

Answer 16

inactivated by heat, or genetically altered

Question 17

what are 2 risks associated with attenuated strain vaccines ?

Answer 17

1. pathogen not treated enough

2. patient immune response not strong enough

Question 18

what is a whole cel vaccine?

Answer 18

uses the whole cell of the pathogen

Question 19

a whole cell is ___ efficient at mounting an immune response, but ___

Answer 19

highly, there are more risks

Question 20

whole cell vaccinations sometimes have harsh side effects, such as ___. What causes this?

Answer 20

inflammation and swelling. large amount of LPS / LTA

Question 21

what are acellular vaccines?

Answer 21

do not use the cell of pathogen

Question 22

what are component vaccines?

Answer 22

use a particular, very detailed part of the pathogen

Question 23

give 2 examples of acellular vaccines

Answer 23

capsular polysaccharides (such as for typhoid fever) and Gardasil

Question 24

by using component vaccines, there is ___ chance of getting the disease caused by the pathogens

Answer 24

no

Question 25

gardasil protects against ___, specifically types ___

Answer 25

HPV : 6, 11, 16, 18

Question 26

the gardasil vaccine is a ___ vaccine composed of which part of the pathogen?

Answer 26

component. recombinant viral capsids

Question 27

why are heat stable enzymes important to industry?

Answer 27

many industrial processed take place at high temperature

Question 28

example of industrial process that takes place at high temperatures

Answer 28

fermentation

Question 29

___ are natural sources of heat stable proteins (enzymes)

Answer 29

thermophilic bacteria

Question 30

thermophilic bacteria have ___ that codes for heat stable enzymes

Answer 30

genes

Question 31

example of heat stable enzyme used in industry to convert fructose to glucose

Answer 31

fractases

Question 32

amalases can be isolated from ___ and convert starch to sugar

Answer 32

clostridia

Question 33

methanogenic archaea produce methane from __ and __ while also forming ___

Answer 33

CO2 and H2; ATP

Question 34

methanogenic archaea are found in about ___% of people

Answer 34

20

Question 35

the production of methane and ATP by methogenic archaea is ___ and ___

Answer 35

slow and inefficient

Question 36

methanogenic archaea must invest __ ATP to get __ ATP

Answer 36

4; 6

Question 37

the process of methanogenic archaea is strictly ___ process

Answer 37

anaerobic

Question 38

can enzymes from methanogenic archaea by cloned and put into E. coli like insulin? Why/ why not?

Answer 38

No, because it needs to be anaerobic

Question 39

bioleaching is involved in metal ___

Answer 39

oxidizing

Question 40

___ is a metal oxidizing chemolithotropic bacteria

Answer 40

Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans

Question 41

A. ferrooxidans is used to oxidize low quality ___ to get a pure sample

Answer 41

copper

Question 42

gold leaching from ___ deposits

Answer 42

mixed ore

Question 43

harvesting gold usually involves ___ contaminants

Answer 43

cyanide

Question 44

complex metals can be ___ by bacteria

Answer 44

purified

Question 45

PCR requires a ___ enzyme

Answer 45

heat stable

Question 46

the thermostable enzyme market is __ and always ___

Answer 46

competitive; improving

Question 47

biotechnology has allowed for genetic engineering of faster, more reliable ___ that are able to ____

Answer 47

polymerases; proof-read with a single enzyme and advance processivity

Question 48

what is proof reading?

Answer 48

ability to correct random mistakes in nucleotides and replace them with the correct ones

Question 49

PCR detects __ in material

Answer 49

nucleic acids / genetic material

Question 50

all diagnostic tests require ____ sources for assay kits for efficient delivery of info for patient care

Answer 50

biotechnological

Question 51

___ and ___ are used in diagnostic tests to make them faster

Answer 51

polymerases and enzymes

Question 52

what is next generation sequencing?

Answer 52

accessing information about your own genetic code

Question 53

sequencing technology is now ___

Answer 53

faster, cheaper, more comprehensive

Question 54

sequencing technology can provide people with information about genes or mutations that are linked to

Answer 54

diseases

Question 55

what is a risk of having all this information on people by sequencing?

Answer 55

can get into the wrong hands (insurance)

Question 56

what is bioterrorism?

Answer 56

use of biological agents in terrorist activities

Question 57

because of bioterrorism and other safety and health concerns, labs must have a ___ to work with certain pathogens

Answer 57

license

Question 58

examples of things that have been used in bioterrorism

Answer 58

anthrax, ebola, smallpox, tularemia, EHEC and clostridia toxins