Neuroanatomy > Visual Systems > Flashcards

Visual Systems Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the 3 layers (tunics) called?

A
  1. fibrous tunic
  2. vascular tunic
  3. sensory tunic
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2
Q

What does the fibrous tunic consist of? (2)

A
  1. cornea
  2. sclera
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3
Q

What does the vascular tunic consist of? (3)

A
  1. iris
  2. ciliary body
  3. choroid
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4
Q

What does the sensory tunic consist of? (1)

A
  1. retina (pigmented layer and neural layer)
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5
Q

What is a transparent structure that allows light to enter the eye while slightly refracting it?

A

cornea

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6
Q

What is made of collagen and is an extension of the dura mater of the brain?

A

sclera

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7
Q

What is referred to as the typical “white of the eye” and is observed through the overlying conjunctiva?

A

sclera

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8
Q

What contains blood vessels, as well as numerous melanocytes for light absorption?

A

choroid

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9
Q

The choroid provides nourishment for the ___________, as well as absorbing any scattered light rays

A

retina

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10
Q

What three things modify the amount and quality of light that enters the eye?

A
  1. iris
  2. lens
  3. ciliary body
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11
Q

The eye is divided into two regions:

A
  1. anterior chamber
  2. posterior chamber
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12
Q

The anterior chamber is filled with ______________ body.

A

aqueous

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13
Q

The posterior chamber is filled with ____________ body.

A

vitreous

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14
Q

What are the four components that comprise the anterior chamber?

A
  1. ciliary body
  2. cornea
  3. iris
  4. lens
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15
Q

What are the four components that comprise the posterior chamber?

A
  1. choroid
  2. retina
  3. optic nerve
  4. optic disc
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16
Q

The ciliary body produces _______________

A

aqueous humor

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17
Q

The ____________________ relaxes the suspensory ligaments allowing the lens to round it up.

A

ciliary muscle

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18
Q

The iris is associated with two smooth muscles:

A
  1. the circular sphincter pupillae muscle (outer edge of the iris)
  2. the radial dilator pupillae muscle
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19
Q

Retinal vessels from the __________ artery originate from the __________.

A

ophthalmic
optic disk

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20
Q

What is the name of the structure that is where the optic nerve fibers exit the retina?

A

optic disk

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21
Q

The _____________ is responsible for the high-resolution, color vision possible in good light .

A

macula

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22
Q

The __________ is the area of the macula with the highest concentration of photoreceptors, and highest sensitivity to color and fine details.

A

fovea

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23
Q

The part of the retina that lies closer to the nose than the fovea is referred to as _________________.

A

nasal retina

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24
Q

The part of the retina that lies near the temple is called _______________.

A

temporal retina

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25
The retina is composed of 3 sections:
1.) 3 neural cell body layers 2.) 3 intermediate layers with neural projection (axons and dendrites) 3.) 2 external layers
26
What are the 2 external layers of the retina called?
1. optic nerve fiber layer 2. pigment cell layer
27
What are the 3 neural cell body layers called?
1. ganglion cell layer 2. inner nuclear layer 3. outer nuclear layer
28
What are the 3 intermediate layers with neural projections called?
1. inner plexiform layer 2. outer plexiform layer 3. layer of rods and cones
29
What mediate night vision?
rods
30
What mediates bright light and color vision?
cones
31
What provide visual and color acuity?
cones
32
What respond to low light?
rods
33
What helps with black and white vision?
rods
34
What is the name of the light receptor in the rods?
rhodopsin
35
What are the photopsins in the cones?
blue, red, and green
36
How many rods and cones are there in the eye?
120 million rods 6 million cones
37
All cones are concentrated in the _________.
fovea
38
The visual cortex processes vision from the _____________ eye and visual field.
contralateral
39
Fibers from the nasal retina decussate at the __________________.
Optic chiasm
40
Fibers from the temporal retina remain ________________________.
ipsilateral
41
A _________________ is one half of the visual field.
hemifield
42
A hemifield is usually divided vertically through the _______________ into the left or fight visual field.
fovea
43
The ___________________ of the contralateral side conveys the majority of visual information for a given hemifield.
nasal retina
44
(LEFT/RIGHT) hemifield includes the right temporal retina and left nasal retina.
LEFT
45
(LEFT/RIGHT) hemifield involve the left temporal retina and right nasal retina.
RIGHT
46
What is the visual pathway? (7 steps)
1. Retina 2. Optic nerve 3. Optic chiasm 4. Optic tract 5. Lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) 6. Optic radiation 7. Primary visual cortex
47
Each point of the 2D visual field perceived by the ____________, maps on to a specific group of neurons in the visual cortex to create 3D image representation!.
retina
48
The visual cortex organizes _________________________-lly.
somatotopically
49
What is formed by 6 cell layers, which receive alternating projections from fibers originated in the nasal (contralateral) and temporal (ipsilateral) retina.
LGN
50
The LGN then projects organized retinotopic fibers to the _______________.
cortex
51
How many visual cortices are there?
8
52
Which visual cortices involve primary visual cortex, receives inputs from LGN?
V1
53
Which visual cortices involve secondary receives afferents from V1 and the pulvinar?
V2
54
V2 sends efferents to V___ and V___
V3 & V4
55
Which visual cortices process form and motion info?
V3 and V3a
56
Which visual cortex involve color and form processing?
V4
57
Which cortices involve association processes?
V7 and V8
58
The ventral pathway is known as the ______ stream.
"what"
59
The dorsal pathway is known as the ______ stream.
"where"
60
Which visual processing pathway involves color, texture, pictorial detail, shape, and size?
Ventral ("what")
61
What visual processing pathway involves spatial processing, location, and movement?
Dorsal ("where")
62
The ventral pathway goes to which cortex?
inferotemporal cortex
63
The dorsal pathway goes to which cortex?
parietal cortex
64
What is the ventral pathway of the control of the lateral eye position?
retina --> superior colliculus --> pons (paraabducens nucleus, PPRF) --> CN VI abducens
65
What is the dorsal pathway of the lateral eye position?
Retina --> LGN --> Primary visual cortex --> Post parietal cortex --> Frontal eye fields --> Basal ganglia--> Superior colliculus -->Pons, CV VI
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