Vocab

Question 1

Social institution that organizes a society’s production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services

Answer 1

economy

Question 2

Productive system based on service work and high technology

Answer 2

Postindustrial economy

Question 3

Part of the economy that draws raw materials from the natural environment

Answer 3

Primary sector

Question 4

part of the economy that transforms raw materials into manufactured goods

Answer 4

secondary sector

Question 5

part of the economy that involves services rather than good

Answer 5

tertiary sector

Question 6

Economic activity that crosses national borders

Answer 6

Global economy

Question 7

jobs that provide extensive benefits to workers

Answer 7

Primary labor market

Question 8

jobs that provide minimal benefits for workers

Answer 8

Secondary Labor market

Question 9

The ability to achieve desired ends despite resistance from others

Answer 9

power

Question 10

the social institution that distributes power, sets society’s goals and makes decisions

Answer 10

politics

Question 11

power that people perceive as legitimate rather than coercive

Answer 11

authority

Question 12

power legitimized by legal enacted rules

Answer 12

Rational-legal authority

Question 13

power legitimized through extraordinary personal abilities that inspire devotion and obedience

Answer 13

Charismatic Authority

Question 14

a political system in which a single family rules from generation to generation

Answer 14

monarchy

Question 15

a political system that gives power to the people as a whole

Answer 15

Democracy

Question 16

a political system that denies people participation in government

Answer 16

authoritarianism

Question 17

a highly centralized political system that extensively regulates people’s

Answer 17

totalitarianism

Question 18

a social bond based on common ancestry, marriage, or adoption

Answer 18

kinship

Question 19

a legal relationship usually involving economic cooperation, sexual activity, and child-barring

Answer 19

marriage

Question 20

a family consisting of parents and children as well as other kin; also known as consanguine family

Answer 20

extended family

Question 21

a family consisting of one or two parents and their children; also known as conjugal family

Answer 21

nuclear family

Question 22

a marriage that unites two partners

Answer 22

monogamy

Question 23

marriage that unites a person with two or more spouses

Answer 23

polygamy

Question 24

a marriage that unites one man and two or more women

Answer 24

polygyny

Question 25

a marriage that unites one woman and two or more men

Answer 25

polyandry

Question 26

a form of social organization in which males dominate females

Answer 26

patriarchy

Question 27

a form of social organization in which females dominate males

Answer 27

matriarchy

Question 28

a system tracking kinship through men

Answer 28

patrilineal descent

Question 29

a system tracking kinship through women

Answer 29

Matrilineal descent

Question 30

a system tracking kinship through men and women

Answer 30

bilateral descent

Question 31

the social institution through which society provides its members with important knowledge, including basic facts, job skills, and cultural norms and values

Answer 31

education

Question 32

formal instruction under the direction of specially trained teachers

Answer 32

schooling

Question 33

a lack of the reading and writing skills needed for everyday life

Answer 33

functional illiteracy

Question 34

little individualism is allowed; everyone learns the same information

Answer 34

student passivity

Question 35

dominate trends

Answer 35

mainstreamed

Question 36

the study of human population

Answer 36

demography

Question 37

the incidence of childbearing in a country’s population

Answer 37

fertility

Question 38

the incidence of death in a country’s population

Answer 38

morality

Question 39

the number of deaths among infants under one year of age for each 1,000 live births given a year

Answer 39

infant mortality rate

Question 40

a thesis that links population patterns to a society’s level of technological development

Answer 40

demographic transition theory

Question 41

a type of social organization in which people are closely tied by kinship and tradition

Answer 41

gemeinschaft

Question 42

a type of social organization in which people come together only on the basis of individual interests

Answer 42

gesellschaft

Question 43

Durkheim’s term for social bonds based on common sentiments and shared moral values that are strong among members of pre-industrial societies

Answer 43

mechanical solidarity

Question 44

profound long-term harm to the natural environment caused by humanities focus on short-term material affluents

Answer 44

environmental deficit

Question 45

patterns of development that expose poor people, especially minorities, to environmental hazards

Answer 45

environmental racism