Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Repro Phys > Vocab quiz 1 > Flashcards

Vocab quiz 1 Flashcards

(108 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

Cell membrane

A

Consists of a lipid bilayer that is interspersed w/ proteins some of which serve as receptors for hormones and can move w/in the membrane. Forms the boundary of the cell and regulates the entry and exit of substances

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Centrosome

A

Cytoskeleton organizer that is composed of two centrioles and helps w/ transport through the endoplasmic reticulum and golgi apparatus. The centrioles separate at mitosis and aid in the formation of the mitotic spindle.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Chromatin

A

That part of the cell’s nuclear substance which forms the most conspicuous part of the nuclear network; it includes the chromosomes, and stains deeply w/ certain types of dyes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Cytoskeleton

A

generally consists of proteins that provide a dynamic structural framework for the cell and can effect cell shape, locomotion, intracellular transport, and gene expression

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Endoplasmic membrane

A

The ER is defined as rough or smooth. The RER contains ribosomes which serve as the location for protein synthesis; whereas the SER has an important role in steroidogenesis. In general the ER is involved in the segregation, storage, and transport of various cellular products

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Extracellular matrix

A

Consists of an intricate meshwork of proteins and polysaccharide molecules that is located in the extracellular space. It is dynamic and provides structural support as well as being reservoir for a number of biologically important molecules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Genome

A

Total amount of genetic info in a complete set of chromosomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Golgi apparatus

A

Plays an important role in the packaging and secretion of proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Lysosomes

A

Serve as an intracellular disgestive system that breaks down products that may originate inside or outside the cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Mitochondria

A

Serve as the source of energy (ATP) production for the cell. The mitochondria also contains a small amount of extra genomic DNA (maternally contributed)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Microtubules and Microfilaments

A

These structures are componests ofthe cytoskeleton which provide structural support for a cell. The cytoskeleton is connected to the nuclear matrix and the extracellular matrix. Changes in the extracellular matrix can cause changes in the cytoskeleton and nuclear matrix which can changes in gene expression

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Nucleus

A

Contains chromosomes and is the site of almost all DNA replication and RNA synthesis. Following transcription mRNA is transported out of the nucleus and translated by ribosomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Nucleolus

A

Located in the nucleus and is involved in the production and assembly of ribosomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Alveolus

A

An oval sac lined w/ epithelial cells and lumen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Cilium

A

Minute hairlike process attached to the luminal surface certain cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Duct

A

A tube or canal that carries fluid or secretions from a gland

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Epithelium

A

The tissue covering the external and internal surfaces of the body, including the linings of vessels and cavities. The description of an epithelium is based on the number of cell layers and the shape of the cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Lumen

A

Hollow center of a tubular organ

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Mucosa

A

Includes an epithelial lining, the underlying connective tissue and underlying glands if present

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Mucularis

A

Layers of smooth muscle wich normally consist of an inner circular layer and an outer longitudinal layer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Serosa

A

Outside covering of a connective tissue. Present on organs that are w/in a body cavity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Simple

A

Refers to a singular layer of epithelial cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Squamous

A

Plate like cells that resemble scales

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Stratified

A

Refers to more than one layer of epithelial cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
5' cap
A methylated guanine residue added to the 5' (beginning) end of the mature mRNA transcript during mRNA processing. Important for export of the transcript from the nucleus, increasing the half life of the transcript, and in promoting translation
26
Exon
Protein coding region of a gene, represented in the mature mRNA transcipt
27
HRE
Hormone Repsone Element, A DNA sequence that binds to a hormone stimulated transcription factor to alter the rate of transcription of a proximal gene
28
Intron
The portion of a gene that is transcribed to form the primary mRNA transcipt but is removed by splicing during processing into mature mRNA transcipt does not encode the protein
29
Promoter
DNA sequence to which the transcription apparatus (RNA pol) binds to initiate transcription
30
Polyadenylation
Addition of a poly (A) tail (a string of adenine residues) to the 3' end of mature mRNA during proccessing. The poly (A) tail aids in the termination of translation, affects the stability of the mature mRNA transcript, assists w/ export of the mature transcript from the nucleus, and is important for translation
31
RNA Polymerase (RNA pol)
An enzyme that transcribes pre-mRNA from a DNA template; is recruited (or blocked) by transcription factors to the promoter
32
Transcription
Transfer of information from a segment of double stranded DNA to a single strand of messenger RNA
33
Transcription Factor (TF)
A protein that can regulate the rate of transcription of a gene by interacting w/ a DNA sequence that may or may not be near the gene
34
Translation (protein synthesis)
Translation of the nucleotide sequence of a messenger RNA molecule to the amino acid sequence of a protein
35
UTR
Untranslated region, region of mRNA still present in mature mRNA that is no translated into protein, upstream of the start codon = 5'UTR downstream of the stop codon = 3' UTR
36
Oviparous
Female lay eggs which hatch outside the body Ex. birds
37
Ovoviviparous
Give birht to live young which hatch from eggs inside the body Ex. snakes
38
Viviparous
Give birth to live young which are nourished by contact between placenta and uterus Ex. mammals
39
Induced ovulation
Must be induced by mating Ex. cats
40
Spontaneous ovulation
Happens every time naturally Ex. humans
41
Delayed Fertilization
When a fertilized egg develops into a blastocyte which remains unattached to the uterus
42
Delayed development (embryonic diapause)
Suspension of embryonic development
43
Obligate
Delayed implantation happens every time Ex. Badger
44
Faculative
Delayed implantation happens based on lactation Ex. mouse
45
In facultative diapause species what is the stimulus for entry into diapause
lactation and metabolic stress
46
In facultative diapause species what is the exogenous stimulus out of diapuase
weaning
47
In facultative diapause species what is the endogenous stimulus out of diapause
ovarian estrogen in rodents and prolactin withdrawal in marsupials
48
In obligate diapause species what is the stimulus for entry into diapause
Developmental stage in all gestations
49
In obligate diapause what is the exogenous stimulus out of diapause
photoperiod
50
In obligate diapause what is the endogenous stimulus out of diapause
prolactin secretion unknown ovarian factors
51
Spontaneous abortion
A female terminates her current pregnancy when exposed to an unfamiliar male due to a surge in progesterone
52
Monozygotic Polyembryony
One egg is fertilized then divides forming identical embryos
53
Intrafollicular fertilization
Fertilization occurs into the follicle prior to ovulation
54
What is the concept of environmental control of gestation length
Females in a herd give birth shortly before the herd is suppose to migrate
55
what are the 4 ways hormones can communicate in the body
endocrine, paracrine, autocrine, and intracrine
56
Steps of endocrine communication
chemical messenger, secreted by endocrine glands, transported by blood, then hits the target tissue (phyiologic response)
57
How does paracrine communication affect the body
Hormone stimulates adjacent cells w/o entering the blood never entering the blood
58
How does the autocrine communication affect the body
Hormone stimulates the same cell that secretes the hormone
59
How does the intracrine communication affect the body
Hormone stimulates the cell w/o being secreted never leaving the cytoplasm
60
Characteristics of protein hormones
Particularly large molecules, polar (dissolved in water), must have receptor
61
Charactistics of steroid molecules
Smaller molecule, non polar (can not mix w/ blood), there are proteins steroids can blind to
62
Characteristic of fatty acid hormones
Contains OH and COOH
63
What are the 3 types of protein hormones
Peptides, proteins, glycoproteins
64
What are peptide hormones
Short chain of two or more amino acids
65
What are protein hormones
Long chains of amino acids
66
What are glycoprotein hormones
protein + carbohydrates and has two subunits alpha and beta
67
What are steroid hormones
synthesized from cholesterol and has 4 rings
68
Characteristics of lipid hormones (prostaglandins)
Derived from arachidonic acid and are produced by most tissues in autocrine, paracrine, and endocrine actions
69
What are the functions of lipid hormones
triangulate smooth muscle contractions, lipid metabolism, mediate inflammation, vasodilation/constriction, maintenance/regresses CL, ovulation, and parturition
70
4 things that affect the control of the hormone
amount of homrone secreted, number of receptors present, rate of metabolism, affinity of hormone binding to the receptor
71
Characteristics of protein hormone metabolism
hormone binds to receptor and is internalized, metabolism in circulation and the liver, glycoproteins can be excreted in the urine, liver metabolizes hormones then transports them to the kidneys for excretion
72
Characteristics of prostaglandin metabolism
metabolized by enzymes in the lungs degraded hormones quickly and horses cannot process prostaglandin in their lungs
73
Steps of steroid hormone metabolism
Liver removing the double bonds and adding glucuronic acid or suphate group making it water soluble kidneys then remove the steroid metabolite from circulation
74
Characteristics of hormones
Do not supply energy, regulates rates of specific processes, act in small quantities, short half life, bind to receptors, immediate or delayed action, and help maintain homeostasis
75
What is negative feedback
The effect of the hormone slow down or stop the hormone from being released
76
What is positive feedback regulation
The effect of the hormone enhance or amplifies the hormone being released
77
Relationship between the release of GnRH, FSH, and LH
GnRH is released first then shortly after is a surge of FSH, and then finally almost immediately after a surge of LH
78
Where are the receptors for protein hormones located
on the outer layer of the cell membrane
79
What are the two different receptors used for steroid hormones
cell membrane receptors triggers fast response and nuclear receptors triggers slow response
80
What is the process of the 2nd messenger system of protein hormones
G protein triggers adenylate cyclase which turns ATP into cAMP
81
What do hormone receptors trigger
the promoter inducing transcription
82
What does the surge center have to produce in order for a female to ovulate
LH
83
what is the hypothalamus
neuro endocrine cells synthesis of releasing factors and oxytocin
84
How does close association of the anterior pituitary and the hypothalamus affect hormone disturbation
allows for minute quantities of the hormone to be carried out no dilution in circulation required
85
Is there a physical connection between HYPO and AP
no
86
Are HYPO and PP physically connected
yes
87
How do HYPO neurons and hormones trabel to PP capillary plexus
nerve axons
88
What are the secreting neurons
two groups of nerve cells which release peptide hormones that produce hormones for the posterior and anterior (GnRH) pituitary
89
What is the function of the hypophyseal portal vessels
carry releasing hormones to anterior pituitary
90
Where does the posterior pituitary originate
neural ectoderm
91
Where does the anterior pituirary originate
oral ectoderm
92
What does kisspeptin stimulate
GnRH
93
What is the relationship between testosterone and kisspeptin
Testosterone blocks kisspeptin when testosterone decreases kisspeptin signals the release of GnRh
94
Where does the hormonal surge of LH come from in the female brain
AVPV
95
What is the function of GnRH
Stimulating the release of FSH and LH from anterior pituitary driving reproduction
96
What hormones does Parlodel-Bromocriptine Ergotalkaloid gland produce
Dopamine, Corticotropic Releasing Hormone (CRH), Growth Releaseing Hormone (GRH), and Oxytocin
97
What is the function of CRH
Stimulates ACTH release and can trigger parturition
98
What hormones does the anterior pituitary produce
FSH, LH, prolactin, Growth hormone, and Adrenalcorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
99
What is the function of FSH
Stimulates follicle growth, estrogen, and spermatogenesis in males
100
What is the function of LH
Stimulates ovulation, supports CL formation and progesterone secretion, testosterone, and synthesis by leydig cells of testis
101
What is the function of Adrenalcorticotropic Hormone (ACTH)
Release of corticosteroids and glucocorticoids from adrenal cortex and initiates parturition
102
What is the function of estrogen
Controls mating behavior, secondary sex characteristics, maintenance of female duct system, and mammary growth
103
What hormone does Corpus Luteum produce
progesterone
104
What is the function of progesterone
Maintenance of pregnancy, mammary growth and secretion, and final follicular growth
105
What hormone does the uterus produce
Prostaglandin F2 alpha
106
What are the functions does prostaglandin
Regression of the CL, stimulate myometrial contractions, ovulation, and sperm transport
107
What hormone does the pineal gland produce
Melatonin
108
What are the functions does melatonin
Control of seasonal reproduction in mares and ewes and regulates hair growth

Repro Phys (10 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions