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Repro Phys > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Oviparous

A

Female lay eggs which hatch outside the body Ex. birds

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2
Q

Ovoviviparous

A

Give birth to live young which hatch from eggs inside the body Ex. snakes

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3
Q

Viviparous

A

Give birth to live young which are nourished by contact between placenta and uterus Ex. mammals

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4
Q

Induced ovulation

A

Must be induced by mating Ex. cats

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5
Q

Spontaneous ovulation

A

Happens every time naturally Ex. humans

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6
Q

Delayed Fertilization

A

When a fertilized egg develops into a blastocyte which remains unattached to the uterus

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7
Q

Delayed development (embryonic diapause)

A

Suspension of embryonic development

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8
Q

Obligate

A

Delayed implantation happens every time Ex. Badger

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9
Q

Faculative

A

Delayed implantation happens based on lactation Ex. mouse

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10
Q

In facultative diapause species what is the stimulus for entry into diapause

A

lactation and metabolic stress

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11
Q

In facultative diapause species what is the exogenous stimulus out of diapuase

A

weaning

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12
Q

In facultative diapause species what is the endogenous stimulus out of diapause

A

ovarian estrogen in rodents and prolactin withdrawal in marsupials

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13
Q

In obligate diapause species what is the stimulus for entry into diapause

A

Developmental stage in all gestations

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14
Q

In obligate diapause what is the exogenous stimulus out of diapause

A

photoperiod

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15
Q

In obligate diapause what is the endogenous stimulus out of diapause

A

prolactin secretion unknown ovarian factors

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16
Q

Spontaneous abortion

A

A female terminates her current pregnancy when exposed to an unfamiliar male due to a surge in progesterone

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17
Q

Monozygotic Polyembryony

A

One egg is fertilized then divides forming identical embryos

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18
Q

Intrafollicular fertilization

A

Fertilization occurs into the follicle prior to ovulation

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19
Q

What is the concept of environmental control of gestation length

A

Females in a herd give birth shortly before the herd is suppose to migrate

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20
Q

what are the 4 ways hormones can communicate in the body

A

endocrine, paracrine, autocrine, and intracrine

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21
Q

Steps of endocrine communication

A

chemical messenger, secreted by endocrine glands, transported by blood, then hits the target tissue (phyiologic response)

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22
Q

How does paracrine communication affect the body

A

Hormone stimulates adjacent cells w/o entering the blood never entering the blood

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23
Q

How does the autocrine communication affect the body

A

Hormone stimulates the same cell that secretes the hormone

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24
Q

How does the intracrine communication affect the body

A

Hormone stimulates the cell w/o being secreted never leaving the cytoplasm

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25
Q

Characteristics of protein hormones

A

Particularly large molecules, polar (dissolved in water), and must have receptor

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26
Q

Charactistics of steroid molecules

A

Smaller molecule, non polar (can not mix w/ blood), and there are proteins steroids can blind to

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27
Q

Characteristic of fatty acid hormones

A

Contains OH and COOH

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28
Q

What are the 3 types of protein hormones

A

Peptides, proteins, glycoproteins

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29
Q

What are peptide hormones

A

Short chain of two or more amino acids

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30
Q

What are protein hormones

A

Long chains of amino acids

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31
Q

What are glycoprotein hormones

A

protein + carbohydrates and has two subunits alpha and beta

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32
Q

What are steroid hormones

A

synthesized from cholesterol and has 4 rings

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33
Q

Characteristics of lipid hormones (prostaglandins)

A

Derived from arachidonic acid and are produced by most tissues in autocrine, paracrine, and endocrine actions

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34
Q

What are the functions of lipid hormones

A

triangulate smooth muscle contractions, lipid metabolism, mediate inflammation, vasodilation/constriction, maintenance/regresses CL, ovulation, and parturition

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35
Q

4 things that affect the control of the hormone

A

amount of homrone secreted, number of receptors present, rate of metabolism, affinity of hormone binding to the receptor

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36
Q

Characteristics of protein hormone metabolism

A

hormone binds to receptor and is internalized, metabolism in circulation and the liver, glycoproteins can be excreted in the urine, liver metabolizes hormones then transports them to the kidneys for excretion

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37
Q

Characteristics of prostaglandin metabolism

A

metabolized by enzymes in the lungs degraded hormones quickly and horses cannot process prostaglandin in their lungs

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38
Q

Steps of steroid hormone metabolism

A

Liver removing the double bonds and adding glucuronic acid or suphate group making it water soluble kidneys then remove the steroid metabolite from circulation

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39
Q

Characteristics of hormones

A

Do not supply energy, regulates rates of specific processes, act in small quantities, short half life, bind to receptors, immediate or delayed action, and help maintain homeostasis

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40
Q

What is negative feedback

A

The effect of the hormone slow down or stop the hormone from being released ex. when testosterone hits the testis negatively effects the production of the hypothalamus

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41
Q

What is positive feedback regulation

A

The effect of the hormone enhance or amplifies the hormone being released ex. LH causes more estrogen to be released from the ovary then increases GnRH hormones in the bloodstream

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42
Q

Relationship between the release of GnRH, FSH, and LH

A

GnRH is released first then shortly after is a surge of FSH, and then finally almost immediately after a surge of LH

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43
Q

Where are the receptors for protein hormones located

A

on the outer layer of the cell membrane

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44
Q

What are the two different receptors used for steroid hormones

A

cell membrane receptors triggers fast response and nuclear receptors triggers slow response

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45
Q

What is the process of the 2nd messenger system of protein hormones

A

G protein triggers adenylate cyclase which turns ATP into cAMP

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46
Q

What do hormone receptors trigger

A

the promoter inducing transcription

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47
Q

What does the surge center have to produce in order for a female to ovulate

A

LH

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48
Q

what is the hypothalamus

A

neuro endocrine cells synthesis of releasing factors and oxytocin

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49
Q

How does close association of the anterior pituitary and the hypothalamus affect hormone disturbation

A

allows for minute quantities of the hormone to be carried out no dilution in circulation required

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50
Q

Is there a physical connection between HYPO and AP

A

no

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51
Q

Are HYPO and PP physically connected

A

yes

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52
Q

How do HYPO neurons and hormones travel to PP capillary plexus

A

nerve axons

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53
Q

What are the secreting neurons

A

two groups of nerve cells which release peptide hormones that produce hormones for the posterior and anterior (GnRH) pituitary

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54
Q

What is the function of the hypophyseal portal vessels

A

carry releasing hormones to anterior pituitary

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55
Q

Where does the posterior pituitary originate

A

neural ectoderm

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56
Q

Where does the anterior pituirary originate

A

oral ectoderm

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57
Q

What does kisspeptin stimulate

A

GnRH

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58
Q

What is the relationship between testosterone and kisspeptin

A

Testosterone blocks kisspeptin when testosterone decreases kisspeptin signals the release of GnRH

59
Q

Where does the hormonal surge of LH come from in the female brain

A

AVPV

60
Q

What is the function of GnRH

A

Stimulating the release of FSH and LH from anterior pituitary driving reproduction

61
Q

What hormones does Parlodel-Bromocriptine Ergotalkaloid gland produce

A

Dopamine, Corticotropic Releasing Hormone (CRH), Growth Releaseing Hormone (GRH), and Oxytocin

62
Q

What is the function of CRH

A

Stimulates ACTH release and can trigger parturition

63
Q

What hormones does the anterior pituitary produce

A

FSH, LH, prolactin, Growth hormone, and Adrenalcorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

64
Q

What is the function of FSH

A

Stimulates follicle growth, estrogen, and spermatogenesis in males

65
Q

What is the function of LH

A

Stimulates ovulation, supports CL formation and progesterone secretion, testosterone, and synthesis by leydig cells of testis

66
Q

What is the function of Adrenalcorticotropic Hormone (ACTH)

A

Release of corticosteroids and glucocorticoids from adrenal cortex and initiates parturition

67
Q

What is the function of estrogen

A

Controls mating behavior, secondary sex characteristics, maintenance of female duct system, and mammary growth

68
Q

What hormone does Corpus Luteum produce

A

progesterone

69
Q

What is the function of progesterone

A

Maintenance of pregnancy, mammary growth and secretion, and final follicular growth

70
Q

What hormone does the uterus produce

A

Prostaglandin F2 alpha

71
Q

What are the functions of prostaglandin

A

Regression of the CL, stimulate myometrial contractions, ovulation, and sperm transport

72
Q

What hormone does the pineal gland produce

A

Melatonin

73
Q

What are the functions of melatonin

A

Control of seasonal reproduction in mares and ewes and regulates hair growth

74
Q

What is the gene that triggers the development of testes by binding to regulatory elements to DNA to alter gene expression

A

SRY

75
Q

What is the function of SOX9 gene

A

It blocks the activation of female genes such as Wnt4, Rspo1, and FoxL2

76
Q

What does the Y chromosome in Klinefelter’s syndrome (XXY) trigger

A

The development of male attributes such as testicular hypoplasia (sterile)

77
Q

How are people w/ Turner’s syndrome sterile (XO)

A

Ovaries are inactive

78
Q

What two genes trigger the formation of the genital ridge

A

WT1 (Wilms Tumor Gene) and SF1 (Steroidogenic Factor 1)

79
Q

What is the genital ridge

A

It begins the ventral surface of the mesonephros as paired thickenings of the coelomic epithelial layer

80
Q

In the embryo where are the primordial germ cells located

A

The yolk that then travel to the midgut to be inserted into circulation

81
Q

What is the genitial tubercle

A

The penis or clitoris

82
Q

What is the genitial fold

A

The prepuce or inner vulva

83
Q

What is the genitial swelling

A

Scrotum or outer vulva

84
Q

What does PGC mean

A

Primordid germ cells

85
Q

What do PGCs form into in the testes

A

spermatogonia

86
Q

What do PGCs form into in the ovaries

A

oogonium/oocytes and granulosa cell formation

87
Q

What is the tubular reproductive tract of females

A

Oviduct, uterus, cervix, and anterior vagina

88
Q

What is the tubular reproductive tract of males

A

Epididymis, vas deferens, and vesicular glands

89
Q

What two hormones trigger the formation of the male tubular tract and stops the formation of the female tubular tract

A

Testosterone and Anti mullerian hormone

90
Q

What produces testosterone

A

The leydig cells in the testes

91
Q

What is Gubernaculum

A

An elastic ligament that attaches to the testicle

92
Q

What has to happen for testicles to descend from the abdomen and into the scrotum

A

Shortening of the inguinal ligament and increase in the intra abdominal pressure

93
Q

What is the inguinal canal

A

Where the testicle has to descend through to reach the scrotum

94
Q

Whatis the role of 5 alpha reductase

A

Turning testosterone into DHT

95
Q

What is the role of DHT

A

It triggers the development of external genitalia

96
Q

What hormone can naturally cross the blood brain barrier

A

Testosterone

97
Q

What enzyme does estrogen bind to that keeps it from crossing the blood brain barrier

A

Alpha fetoprotein produced in the liver

98
Q

What happens to testosterone in the brain

A

Aromatase converts it into estrogen inducing the male brain

99
Q

What is the role of the blood brain barrier

A

Filters things in the blood so that everything does not reach the brain

100
Q

What is the genotype, gonads, repro hormones, tubular tract, external genitalia, and brain of testicular feminization

A

XY, testes, testosterone & AMH but no testosterone receptors, no male or female tract, female, male

101
Q

What is the genotype, gonads, repro hormones, tubular tract, external genitalia, and brain of androgenital syndrome

A

XX, ovaries, testosterone (fetal adrenal), male and female tract, male, male

102
Q

What is the genotype, gonads, repro hormones, tubular tract, external genitalia, and brain of persistent mullerian duct

A

XY, testes, testosterone but no AMH or AMH activity, male and female, male, male

103
Q

What is the genotype, gonads, repro hormones, tubular tract, external genitalia, and brain of penis at twelve

A

XY, testes, testosteron & AMH but no alpha reductase enzyme activity, male, female at birth then male at puberty, male

104
Q

Where do sperm form in the penis

A

Seminiferous tubule

105
Q

What is the route of sperm

A

Seminiferous tubule, rete tubules, efferent ducts, head of epididymis, body of epididmyis, tail of epididymis, ductus deferens

106
Q

What are the four things involved in regulating the testicular temp

A

Scrotum, dartos muscle, cremaster muscle, pampiniform plexus

107
Q

How does the scrotum assist in thermo regulation

A

The temp of the scrotum triggers the body to raise the testis into the body to maintain the temp thru receptor that communicate directly w/ the brain

108
Q

How does the tunica dartos muscle assist in thermo regulation

A

Contracts during cold weather and relaxes during warm weather

109
Q

How does the cremaster muscle assist in thermo regulation

A

It pulls the testicle to the body during cold weather relaxes during warm weather pulling it away

110
Q

How does the pampiniform plexus assist in thermo regulation

A

The veins surround the artery cooling the temp of the blood coming from the body

111
Q

What is the function of the rete testis

A

Network of collecting tubules

112
Q

What is the function of the efferent ducts

A

Fluid absorption

113
Q

What is the function of the epididymis

A

Transport, concentration, maturation, and storage of sperm

114
Q

What is the function of the vas deferens

A

Transport of sperm

115
Q

What is teh cytoplasmic droplet

A

A droplet of cytoplasm that starts at the base of the head of the sperm and gradually works it way to the tail keeping it sterile untill it is removed at the tail of the epididymis

116
Q

What are the four things that affect sperm production

A

Size of testes, size cauda epididymis, cryptorchidism, effect of ejactulation

117
Q

What is the function of the ductus deferens

A

Takes the sperm from the epididymis

118
Q

What are the three glands that produces seminal plasma

A

Vesticular gland, prostate gland, and cowper’s gland

119
Q

What are the four muscles that are involved in ejactulation

A

Bulbospongiosus, ischiocavernosus, retractor penis, urethralis muscle

120
Q

What is the funcion of the seminal plasma

A

To protect the sperm from any pH change

121
Q

What is the colliculus seminal

A

Opening where sperm and seminal fluid are released together

122
Q

What is the function of the bulbospongiosus muscle

A

When it contracts it pushes semen through the penis to the outside world during ejaculation

123
Q

What is the function ischiocavernosus muscle

A

When it contracts it closes the crura stopping blood flow to the penis and the lack of blood return increases the BP of the penis

124
Q

What is the function of the retractor penis muscle

A

When it contracts it pulls the penis pulling the penis inside creating the S shape but when relaxed it allows the penis to become straight

125
Q

What is the helicine arteries

A

Two arteries in the penis that is stimulated by nitric oxide which causes vasodilation when GTP is converted to cGMP by guanylate cyclase and stops occuring when phosphodiesterase cleaves cGMP to GMP

126
Q

Where does blood come from

A

The cavernosal artery aka erection canal

127
Q

What are the steps of ejaculation

A

Intromission, sensory stimulation of glans penis, sudden powerful contraction of the urethralis, ischiocavernous, and bulbospongiosus, finally expulsion of semen

128
Q

What is intromission

A

Process where penis is inside the vagina

129
Q

What is inside the vagina that stimulates teh glans penis

A

An increase in temp and pressure

130
Q

What happes if you cut the sigma flexure on a ram

A

They will become sterile

131
Q

What does it mean for a penis to be fibroelastic

A

It will never increase in length or diameter

132
Q

What are the steps of erection in ruminants

A

Vasodilation of the helicine arteries increasing the blood flow into the cavernous spaces, the ischiocovernosus muscle contracts forcing blood into erection canals, an increase in blood pressure, and retractor penis muscle relaxes straightening the sigmoid flexure

133
Q

What is emission

A

Contractions of tail epididymis and vas deferens moves sperm into pelvic urethra in front of the colliculus seminalis

134
Q

What is the function of the urethralis muscle

A

It moves semen to the root of the penis

135
Q

What is the function of the hypothalamo-hypophyseal portal vessels

A

Close association allows for minute quantities of hormone to carry out their action and their is no dilution in circulation

136
Q

What nerves produce oxytocin

A

PVN

137
Q

What is the path of hormones produced in the HYPO neurons

A

They travel via nerve axons to the PP capillary plexus moving to the rest of the body via the carotid artery

138
Q

What is the gland that produces, chemical class, and function of GnRH

A

The hypothalamus, decapeptide, and stimuluates release of FSH and LH

139
Q

What is the gland that produces, chemical class, and function of corticotropic releasing hormone (CRH)

A

Parlodel-bromocriptine ergotalkaloid, peptide, and stimulates ACTH release

140
Q

What is the gland that produces, chemical class, and function of adrenalcorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

A

Anterior pituitary, protein, and release of corticosteroids and glucocorticoids from adrenal cortex and initiates parturition

141
Q

What is the gland that produces, chemical class, and function of prostaglandin F2 alpha

A

Uterus, lipid, and regression of CL

142
Q

What is the gland that produces, chemical class, and function of melatonin

A

Pineal gland, biogenic amine, and control of seasonal repro in mare and ewe and regulates hair growth

143
Q

What duct system from the kidney is used to form the oviduct and epididymis

A

The mesonephric duct

Repro Phys (10 decks)

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