Vocabulary for Test 3 Flashcards
(151 cards)
1
Q
Rate of return earned on a firm’s total assets invested. Computed as operating income divided by assets.
A
Return on Assets
2
Q
Rate of return earned on the owner’s equity investment. Computed as net income divided by owner’s equity investment.
A
Return on Equity
3
Q
An informal agreement between a borrower and a bank as to the maximum amount of funds the bank will provide at any one time.
A
Line of Credit
4
Q
A commitment by a bank to lend up to a maximum amount.
A
Revolving Credit Agreement
5
Q
Money loaned for a 5-10 year period, corresponding to the length of time the investment will bring in profits.
A
Term Loans
6
Q
A loan for which items of inventory or other moveable property serve as collateral.
A
Chattel Mortgage
7
Q
A long-term loan with real property held as collateral.
A
Real Estate Mortgage
8
Q
The interest rate charged by commercial banks on loans to their most creditworthy customers.
A
Prime Rate (Base Rate)
9
Q
The interest rate on loans that London-based banks charge other banks in London.
A
LIBOR (London Interbank Offered Rate)
10
Q
A very large payment that may be required about half-way through the term over which payments were calculated, repaying the loan balance in full.
A
Balloon Payment
11
Q
Bank-imposed restrictions on a borrower that increase the chance of timely repayment.
A
Loan Covenants
12
Q
The owner can escape personal liability (personal assets) for the firm’s debts.
A
Limited Liability
13
Q
Supplier-provided financing of inventory to a company, which sets up one of these for the amount. This is of short duration (30 days) and the amount of credit available depends on the type of firm and supplier’s willingness to extend credit.
A
Accounts Payable (Trade Credit)
14
Q
An installment loan from a seller of machinery used by a business.
A
Equipment Loan
15
Q
A line of credit secured by working capital assets.
A
Asset-Based Loan
16
Q
Obtaining cash by selling accounts receivable to another firm.
A
Factoring
17
Q
Obtaining cash from a lender who, for a fee, advances the amount of the borrower’s cost of goods sold for a specific customer order.
A
Purchase-Order Financing
18
Q
Private individuals who invest in early-stage ventures.
A
Business Angels
19
Q
Funds provided by wealthy private individuals, usually to small, local startups.
A
Informal Venture Capital
20
Q
individuals who form limited partnerships for the purpose of raising venture capital from large institutional investors.
A
Formal Venture Capitalists
21
Q
The SBA’s primary business loan program, which helps qualified small companies obtain financing when they might not be eligible through normal lending channels.
A
7(a) Loan Guaranty Program
22
Q
An SBA loan program that provides long-term, fixed-rate financing for small business to acquire real estate or machinery and equipment.
A
Certified Development Company (CDC) 504 Loan Program
23
Q
An SBA loan program that provides short-term loans of up to %50,000 to small businesses and not-for-profit child-care centers.
A
7(m) Microloan Program
24
Q
Privately owned banks, regulated by the SBA, that provide long-term loans and/or equity capital to small businesses.
A
Small Business Investment Companies (SBICs)
25
An SBA program that helps to finance companies that plan to transform laboratory research into marketable products.
Small Business Innovative Research Program (SBIR)
26
A lender that uses funds from federal, state, and private sources to provide financing to small businesses in low-income communities.
Community-Based Financial Institution
27
The sale of a firm's capital stock to select individuals.
Private Placement
28
The issuance of stock to be traded in public financial markets.
Initial Public Offering (IPO)
29
The processes used to create and deliver a product or service.
Operations
30
The planning and control of a conversion process that includes turning inputs into outputs that customers desire.
Operations Management
31
Manufacturing operations designed for short production runs of small quantities of items.
Job Shops
32
Manufacturing operations used to create unique but similar products.
Project Manufacturing
33
Manufacturing operations designed for long production runs of high volume, standardized products.
Repetitive Manufacturing
34
A form of repetitive manufacturing with output that more closely resembles a product stream than individual products.
Continuous Manufacturing
35
Manufacturing operations that usually involve computer-controlled equipment that can turn out products in smaller or more flexible quantities.
Flexible Manufacturing Systems
36
Operational strategies used to stimulate customer demand when it is normally low.
Demand Management Strategies
37
An index that determines the quantity to purchase in order to minimize total inventory costs.
Economic Order Quantity
38
A method of controlling inventory that uses a targeted service level, allowing statistical determination of the appropriate amount of inventory to carry.
Statistical Inventory Control
39
A system of classifying items in inventory by dollar velocity (purchase price X annual quantity consumed).
ABC Method
40
A method of cutting inventory carrying costs by making or buying what is needed just as it is needed.
Just-in-Time Inventory System
41
A method that provides for periodic counting of items in inventory.
Physical Inventory System
42
A method of inventory control based on the use of two containers for each item in inventory, one to meet current demand and the other to meet future demand.
Two-Bin Inventory System
43
The features of a product or service that enable it to satisfy customers' stated and implied needs.
Quality
44
An all-encompassing management approach to providing high-quality products and services.
Total Quality Management (TQM)
45
The examination of a part or a product to determine whether it meets quality standards.
Inspection
46
A proactive approach to quality management that seeks to mistake-proof a firm's operations.
Poka-Yoke
47
The use of random, representative portion of products to determine the acceptability of an entire lot.
Acceptance Sampling
48
Product or service parameters that can be counted as being present or absent.
Attributes
49
Measured parameters that fall on continuum, such as weight or length.
Variables
50
The standards governing international certification of a firm's quality management procedures.
ISO 9000
51
A choice that companies must make when they have the option of making or buying component parts for products they produce, or the option of purchasing necessary services or providing them in-house.
Make-or-Buy Decisions
52
Contracting with a third party to take on and manage one or more of a firm's functions.
Outsourcing
53
An organization in which small businesses combine their demand for products or services in order to negotiate as a group with suppliers.
Cooperative Purchasing Organizations (COOP)
54
A list of critical factors that help in accessing a supplier's performance.
Supply Chain Operations Reference (SCOR) Model
55
An approach that emphasizes efficiency through elimination of all forms of waste in a company's operations.
Lean Production
56
An approach that recognizes the interdependence of assets and activities and manages them to optimize the entire company's performance.
Synchronous Management
57
Any point in the operations process where limited capacity reduces the production capability of an entire chain of activities.
Bottleneck
58
The most restrictive of bottlenecks, determining the capacity of the entire system.
Constraint
59
A specification of what a seller requires in exchange for transferring ownership or use of a product or service.
Price
60
An agreement between a buyer and a seller that allows for delayed payment for a product or service.
Credit
61
The sum of cost of goods sold, selling expenses, and overhead costs.
Total Cost
62
An approach in which the total cost for a given period is divided by the quantity sold in that period to set a price.
Average Pricing
63
The degree to which a change in price affects the quantity demanded.
Elasticity of Demand
64
Demand that changes significantly when there is a change in the price of a product or service.
Elastic Demand
65
Demand that does not change significantly when there is a change in the price of a product or service.
Inelastic Demand
66
An approach based on setting a high price to convey an image of high quality or uniqueness.
Prestige Pricing
67
Sales volume at which total sales revenue equals total costs and expenses.
Break-Even Point
68
The difference between the unit selling price and the unit variable costs and expenses.
Contribution Margin
69
An approach based on applying a percentage to a product's cost to obtain its selling price.
Markup Pricing
70
A technique that sets lower than normal prices to hasten market acceptance of a produce or service or to increase market share.
Penetration Pricing Strategy
71
A technique that sets very high prices for a limited period before reducing them to more competitive levels.
Price Skimming Strategy
72
A technique that uses a particular competitor as a model in setting prices.
Follow-the-Leader Pricing Strategy
73
A technique that sets more than one price for a product or service in order to offer price concessions to certain customers.
Variable Pricing Strategy
74
Charging more than one price when the customer's profile suggests that the higher price will be accepted.
Dynamic (Personalized) Pricing
75
A technique that sets a range of several distinct merchandise price levels.
Price Lining Strategy
76
Financing granted by retailers to individuals who purchase for personal or family use.
Consumer Credit
77
Financing provided by suppliers to client companies.
Trade Credit
78
A line of credit that allows the customer to obtain a product or service at the time of purchase, with payment due when billed.
Open Charge Account
79
A line of credit that requires a down payment, with the balance paid over a specified period of time.
Installment Account
80
A line of credit on which the customer may charge purchases at any time, up to a pre-established limit.
Revolving Charge Account
81
Privately owned organizations that collect credit information on businesses.
Trade-Credit Agencies
82
Privately owned organizations that summarize a number of firms' credit experiences with particular individuals.
Credit Bureaus
83
A categorization if accounts receivable based on the length of time they have been outstanding.
Aging Schedule
84
Bad debts divided by credit sales.
Bad Debt Ratio
85
Marketing communications that inform and persuade consumers.
Promotion
86
A blend of nonpersonal, personal, combined and special forms of communication aimed at a target market.
Promotional Mix
87
A face-to-face meeting with a customer.
Personal Selling
88
A systematic process of continually looking for new customers.
Prospecting
89
A strategy to sell by informing, persuading, and reminding customers of the availability of superiority of a firm's products or services.
Advertising
90
A presentation designed to make potential customers aware of a specific product or service and create a desire for it.
Product Advertising
91
A presentation of information about a particular firm, designed to enhance to firm's image in order to make its product advertising more credible and effective.
Institutional Advertising
92
An inclusive term for any promotional technique other than personal selling and advertising that stimulates the purchase of a particular product or service.
Sales Promotion
93
A promotional strategy that provides visibility for a business at little or no cost.
Publicity
94
The possibility of losses associated with the assets and earnings potential of a firm.
Business Risk
95
The uncertainty associated with an investment decision.
Market Risk
96
The uncertainty associated with a situation where only loss or no loss can occur.
Pure Risk
97
Land and anything physically attached to the land, such as buildings.
Real Property
98
Any property other than real property, including machinery, equipment, inventory, and vehicles.
Personal Property
99
The cost of replacing personal property and rebuilding real property at today's prices.
Replacement Value of Property
100
An insurance term that refers to the depreciated value of property.
Actual Cash Value (ACV)
101
A cause of loss, either through natural events or through the actions of people.
Peril
102
A loss in which physical damage to property reduces its value to the property owner.
Direct Loss
103
A loss arising from an inability to carry on normal operations due to a direct loss of property.
Indirect Loss
104
Laws that obligate an employer to pay employees for injury or illness related to employment, regardless of fault.
Workers' Compensation Legislation
105
A contractual clause that requires one party to assume the financial consequences of another party's legal liabilities.
Indemnification Clause
106
Wrongful acts of omissions for which an injured party can take legal action against the wrongdoer for monetary damages.
Torts
107
The typical standard of care, based on what a reasonable or prudent person would have done under similar circumstances.
Reasonable (Prudent Person) Standard
108
Economic or noneconomic damages intended to make the claimant whole by compensating the claimant for the injuries of loss arising from the negligent action.
Compensatory Damages
109
Compensatory damages that relate to economic loss, such as medical expenses and loss of income.
Economic Damages
110
Compensatory damages for such losses as pain and suffering, mental anguish, and loss of physical abilities.
Noneconomic Damages
111
A form of punishment beyond compensatory damages that intends to punish wrongdoers for gross negligence or callous disregard and to have deterrent effect.
Punitive Damages
112
A negligent act that is the clear cause of damages sustained.
Proximate Cause
113
A defect resulting from a problem that occurs during the manufacturing process, causing the product to subsequently not be made according to specification.
Manufacturing Defect
114
A defect resulting from a dangerous design, even though the product was made according to specifications.
Design Defect
115
A defect resulting from failure to convey to the user that hazards are associated with a product or to provide adequate instructions on safe product use.
Marketing Defect
116
Risks that directly affect individual employees but may have an indirect impact on a business as well.
Personnel Risks
117
Ways of coping with risk that are designed to preserve the assets and earning power of a firm.
Risk Management
118
Minimizing potential losses by preventing, avoiding, and/or reducing risk.
Risk Control
119
Keeping loss form happening.
Loss Prevention
120
Choosing not to engage in hazardous activities.
Loss Avoidance
121
Lessening the frequency, severity, or unpredictability of potential losses.
Loss Reduction
122
Making funds available to cover losses that cannot be eliminated by risk control.
Risk Financing
123
Buying insurance or making contractual arrangements that transfer risk to others.
Risk Transfer
124
Financing loss intentionally, through a firm's cash flows.
Risk Retention
125
Coverage that designates part of a firm's earnings as a cushion against possible future losses.
Self-Insurance
126
Program that designate part of a firm's earnings to fund a portion of employee medical coverage.
Partially Self-Funded Program
127
A firm's per employee limit on self-funding for medical claims.
Specific Stop Loss Limit
128
A comprehensive limit on annual expenses should a number of employees reach the specific stop loss limit.
Aggregate Stop Loss Limit
129
Identifying the specific perils covered in a property insurance policy.
Named-Peril Approach
130
Stating in a property insurance policy that all direct damages are covered except those caused by perils specifically excluded.
All-Risk Approach
131
A provision in a property insurance policy that requires the owner to have insurance for at least 80 percent of what it would cost to rebuild the building or replace the personal property.
Coinsurance Clause
132
Coverage that reimburses a business for the loss of anticipated income following the interruption of business operations.
Business Interruption Insurance
133
Coverage for general liability loss exposure, including premises liability, operations liability, product liability, completed operations liability, and personal and advertising injury liability.
Commercial General Liability (CGL) Insurance
134
Coverage designed to provide liability and physical damage protection for a vehicle.
Automobile Insurance
135
Coverage that provides benefits to employees injured at work.
Workers' Compensation Insurance
136
Coverage primarily against employee dishonesty.
Crime Insurance
137
A business version of a homeowner's policy, designed to meet the property and general liability insurance needs of some small business owners.
Business Owner's Policy (BOP)
138
A policy for small businesses that do not qualify for BOP that combines property insurance, commercial general liability insurance, business interruption insurance, and crime insurance.
Package Policy
139
Coverage for medical care at hospitals, doctors' offices, and rehabilitation facilities, that usually includes outpatient services and prescription drugs.
Health Insurance
140
A managed-care network providing health insurance that is less expensive than that of a PPO but more limiting in choice of medical care providers.
Health Maintenance Organizations (HMO)
141
A managed-care network providing health insurance that is more expensive than that of an HMO but offers a broader choice of medical providers.
Preferred Provider Organizations (PPO)
142
Coverage that provides benefits to a firm upon death of key personnel.
Key-Person Life Insurance
143
Coverage that provides benefits upon the disability of a firm's partner or other key employees.
Disability Insurance
144
A search firm that identifies qualified candidates for executive positions.
Headhunters
145
The extent to which a test assesses true job performance ability.
Validity
146
The consistency of a test in measuring job performance ability.
Reliability
147
Financial incentive based on number of units produced.
Piecework
148
Legislation prohibiting discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, or national origin.
- employers of 15 or more people
Civil Rights Act
149
Legislation that regulates the safety of workplaces and work practices.
Occupational Safety and Health Act
150
Federal law that establishes a minimum wage and provides for overtime pay.
- No less than time and a half for working over 40 hours a week.
Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA)
151
Legislation that assures employees of unpaid leave for childbirth or other family needs.
- Firms of 50 or more employees as much as 12 weeks unpaid leave, employed for at least 12 months and worked at least 1,250 hours over those 12 months
- Must continue healthcare coverage
Family and Medical Leave Act
