Urbanisation
Increases risk of aseismic buildings & destruction
high population density and poverty result in dense informal settlements without infrastructure which are at a much greater risk.
higher economic impact.
The 2011 Christchurch earthquake resulted in $15 billion US dollars’ worth of damage
Education
Lack of formal education:
- not prepared
- unable to participate in decision mkaing
Housing access
Some people not able to afford houses that can withstand hazards
Location e.g. coasts or steep slopes
Health care access
Unable to afford doctor access
cant stop disease spread
medical aid not always fairly distributed
Income
informal employment sector / unemployed dont have wage
- can stockpile emergency resources
- no insurance
population density
denser population, larger number of people that can be affected by a tectonic hazard
rural urban migratoin
Governance
corruption in local / national gov prevents investment in hazard mitigation & adaptation e.g. warning systems
Reliance on international aid
Low preparedness for hazards
Accessibility
Some countries / regions isolated by distance or physical barriers ( mountains or sea )
huge liquefaction and burial of settlements in Palu 2018 from a 7.5 magnitude earthquake where 4340 died
THE PHILIPPINES: A MULTI HAZARD ZONE
2024 case study
- location
- deaths
- economic loss
- 3 notable events
- prediction, forecasting, planning
- archipelago of over 7000 islands. Pacific Ring of Fire
destructive plate boundary
3rd in 2017 world risk report - 600 deaths estimated
- over $1.9 billion USD
- Mayon volcano eruptions
- Major quakes struck Mindanao and Luzon
- Typhoons brought severe flooring &damage (350 deaths)
- Mayon volcano eruptions
PHIVOLC agencies provide warnings and monitoring
satellite data, seismic networks, warnings
enable evacuations, education & preparedness
Difference between prediction and forecasting
prediction: estimating a specific future outcome using data
forecasting: projecting future trends over time
PREDICTION EXAMPLE IN PHILIPPINES
1991 Mount Pinatubo evacuated 60 000
1965 Taal volcano no prediction, no evacuations
FORECASTING EXAMPLE IN PHILIPPINES
PHIVOLCS use historical quake records, monitoring networks, hazard maps
2020 Taal eruption evacuated over 376 000
3 methods of predicting earthquakes
- seismic monitoring and comms
- foreshocks may indicate
- absence along a fault shows strain
3 methods of predicting volcanoes
- Geological evidence of past eruptions
- measurements of gas emissions, tremors, magma allows relatively accurate
- fixed location allows constant monitoring
3 methods of predicting Tsunamis
- Computer modelling used to predict arrival times and wave height
- warning systems based on seismograph readings and buoys
- any submarine earthquake
EXAMPLE OF EARTHQUAKE PROOF BUILDING
Hint: in Mexico City
Mexico city context:
built on dried lakebed (lack of stability)
active earthquake zone
1985 9000 died from earthquake
Torre Major
- deep piles
- hydraulic pistons
- steel diagonal diamond shape
- can withstand up to 8.5 Mw
What does Park’s response curve show?
response and recovery after a disaster.
Can help inform planning and prep for future events
Compares economic standard of living with time
MODIFY LOSS STRATEGIES
- Rescue teams, Emergency aid (med care)
- Evacuation
- LIC’s may depend on NGOs
- Some people may reply on insurance or belief-
MODIFY VULNERABILITY STRATEGIES
- Public education & awareness
- Regularly practicing procedures e.g. quake drills
- Emergency preparedness kits
- Educational materials
MODIFY THE EVENT STRATEGIES
LAND USE ZONING:
- settlements limited
- certain structures/facilities prohibited e.g. nuclear power stations or hospitals
- some communities resettled
- limited development in area w natural protection
e.g. mangrove swamps
DIVERTING LAVA FLOW: building barriers / digging channels
What is GIS Mapping
used in all stages of disaster management such as for identifying where evacuation routes should be placed or to help w rescue and recovery
Modelling hazard impact
Computer models allow scientist to predict the impacts of hazard events on communities. Use info to model effects
Example of land use zoning
The Land Use Recovery Plan after Christchurch
Example of education use
Before 9.1 magnitude 2011 earthquake in Japan there had been regular quake drills in schools, offices and public spaces.
