W 3 Personality and acculturation

Question 1

what are the five factors of the Five-Factor Model

Answer 1

(1) extraversion (surgency, sociability), (2) agreeableness
(warmth, likeability), (3) conscientiousness (control, orderliness), (4) neuroticism
(emotionality, anxiety), and (5) intellect/autonomy (independence, curiosity)= openness to exp

Question 3

conscientiousness positively predicted psychosocial adjustment in what population

Answer 3

respondents went to Taiwan to teach English= helped with task

Question 4

what personality variables helped expatriates

Answer 4

The evidence particularly supports extra-
version, agreeableness, emotional stability and intellect/autonomy as factors that are
positively related to supervisor-rated performance (Caligiuri, 2000), adjustment to the
new cultural context and expatriate
effectiveness

Question 5

what aout for immigrants (Cuban refugees in Miami)

Answer 5

extraversion was negatively related to psychopathology among these
refugee

Question 6

igrants who emigrated from The
Netherland findings

Answer 6

all Big Five factors and indicators of health and well-being

Question 7

impact of immigration on personality?

Answer 7

canada born chinese revealed the
highest level of extraversion, the recent immigrants showed the lowest scores
on this dimension.

Question 8

impact of cultural frame switching on personality?

Answer 8

bilingual individuals were more extraverted, agreeable
and conscientious when describing themselves in English than in Spanish

Question 9

limmitation of FFM

Answer 9

the five dimensions are not specifically attuned to behavioral tendencies that are
relevant in intercultural situations

Question 10

Multicultural Personality Questionnaire= five-dimensional model of
personality traits that are directly relevant in an intercultural context: what are the 5

Answer 10

cultural
empathy, open-mindedness, social initiative, emotional stabi1lity, and flexibility

Question 11

MPQ successfully predict acculturation outcomes among migrants: what was found

Answer 11

open-mindedness and emotional stability to be
important predictors of adjustment outcomes among Dutch expatriates based in
several different countries. A study by Van Oudenhoven et al. (2003) among
Western expatriates in Taiwan revealed that social initiative was a strong
predictor of their levels of psychological well-being

Question 12

what are meta traits? examples and which focus of migrants?

Answer 12

focus= core self-evaluations
others = general sense of control in life, perseverance, and self-confidence

Question 13

what are core self evaluations

Answer 13

basic evaluations of themselves and their success in and control over
their life (predicted by self-esteem, generalized self-efficacy, internal locus of
control and emotional stability)

Question 14

Self-monitoring entails regulating one’s behavior, thought processes
and emotions in social interaction how related to success

Answer 14

Individuals high in self-
monitoring are more sensitive to social situations and changes. This may imply
that they are better at reading the requirements of a new cultural context= more effective

Question 15

define coping

Answer 15

cognitive and behavioral
efforts that are used by an individual to reduce the effects of stress

Question 16

T: the strain that occurs when individuals experience
difficulties in the process of adjusting to a new culture

Answer 16

acculturation stress = anxiety, negative affect and depression

Question 17

The coping literature distinguishes between active,
problem-focused coping and passive, emotion or cognitive-focused coping what are these and impacts

Answer 17

active coping strategies, such as seeking
a job, making contact with neighbors or learning the language of the host culture,
seem most successful in protecting immigrants against stress
Passive coping strategies such as
acceptance, compromise, and avoidance may be useful for a short period in order to
facilitate acceptance of migration reality

Question 18

when are active coping strategies not helpful

Answer 18

active coping
strategies may not seem very helpful in uncontrollable situations

Question 19

long term impacts of passive coping

Answer 19

preventing migrants from
undertaking action to improve their situation.

Question 20

Four adult attachment styles have been identified based on indivi-
duals’ standing on two dimensions: …

Answer 20

(a) positive versus negative model of self and
(b) positive versus negative model of others.

Question 21

what are the 4

Answer 21

secure, preoccupied (reoccupation
toward the unworthiness of oneself, combined with a positive evaluation of others.), dismissive (positive model of self and a negative
model of others), fearful (negative
view of both of the self and of others)

Question 22

which best for immigrants and impact

Answer 22

secure attachment style
facilitates adaptation to new cultures. secure attachment style was related to psychological
adjustment but not to sociocultural adjustment

Question 23

Reversely, immigration may also function as a form of…, causing migrants to be less securely attached

Answer 23

attachment disrup-
tion

Question 24

Berrys acculturation model commonality of each approach

Answer 24

most common strategy used is
integration/biculturalism, followed by separation, assimilation and marginalization

Question 25

Berrys acculturation model commonality of each approach

Answer 25

most common strategy used is integration/biculturalism, followed by separation, assimilation and marginalization

Question 26

summerize the personality variables that influence acculturation

Answer 26

developing dual cultural identities and approaching a new culture are facilitated by personality traits such as emotional stability and extraversion, and by having a secure attachment style.

Question 27

are these variables seperate? how might they be related

Answer 27

The relationship between personality and acculturation may actually be mediated by attachment, with high emotional stability combined with extraversion providing the personality basis for devel- oping a secure attachment style which in turn predicts integration eversely, personality and attachment may both be affected by cultural transitions, so that, situations of rejection and discrination towards newcomers, for instance, elecit from acculturating individuals a reserved and emotionaly untable personality profile and an insecure attachment style

Question 28

in cognitive appraisal theory the process of perceiving and interpreting situational stressors is ...

Answer 28

“primary apprai- sal.”

Question 29

what is secondary apprisal

Answer 29

indicating beliefs about one’s own available resources and the effectiveness of those resources in a stressful situation

Question 30

Primary appraisals of situations in the new country as ... and secondary appraisals that ... may cause immigrants to prefer marginalization and separation over assimilation and integration

Answer 30

threatening, one cannot easily handle this threat

Question 31

good appraisal strat?

Answer 31

Primary appraisals of the new context’s features as a positive challenge and secondary appraisals that one is skillful enough to deal with the challenges likely result in tendencies to assimilate or integrate into the new society

Question 32

how does personality influence the perception of threat?

Question 33

neurological basis of perception to threat?

Answer 33

(in-)sensitivity to threat to the behavioral inhibition system (BIS) in the brain, and (in-)sensitivity to rewards (positive stimuli) to the behavioral activation system

Question 34

neurological basis of perception to threat?

Answer 34

(in-)sensitivity to threat to the behavioral inhibition system (BIS) in the brain, and (in-)sensitivity to rewards (positive stimuli) to the behavioral activation system

Question 35

personality dimensions that are associated with low sensitivity of the BIS as ... traits that are good for migrants (e.g., emotional stability and flexibility), and personality dimensions that are associated with high sensitivity of the BAS (e.g., social initiative and open-mindedness) as .... also good for them (less threat perception)

Answer 35

stress-buffering, social-perceptual traits

Question 36

under what conditions is the BAS not associated with positive outcomes

Answer 36

under high stress

Question 37

how does influence flex of identity switching influence outcomes

Answer 37

switching between the cultural identity of the old and the new culture may be stressful

Question 38

3 types of biculturalism?

Answer 38

blended, alternating, seperated

Question 39

T: affirm their biculturalism, express pride in their background and consider themselves equally ethnic and mainstream in their cultural orientations. They see the mainstream and ethnic cultures as different but not in conflict, and they are reluctant to choose one culture over the other.

Answer 39

blended bicultural

Question 40

T: change in response to sitch. find it more difficult to have two cultures at the same time. Alternating biculturals perceive the mainstream and ethnic cultures as highly disparate, with distinct values, ideas and norms, and they experience conflict between the two.

Answer 40

alternating bi

Question 41

T: not truly bicultural as defined by their psychological identification and attach- ment; they do not feel welcome in the larger society and do not see themselves as part of the dominant culture. In short, they identify with their ethnic cultures only.

Answer 41

seperated bi

Question 42

problem with these types of bi?

Answer 42

confound subjective identity and behaviours

Question 43

In another extension of Berry’s model, Roccas and Brewer (2002) proposed that individuals manage their dual social identities using one of four strategies:

Answer 43

intersectoon, dominance, compartmentalization , merger

Question 44

T: identification with the intersection of multiple social groups e.g. Asian-American biculturals who mainly identify with others who also are Asian-American biculturals)

Answer 44

itnersection

Question 45

T: identification with one social group (e.g., Asian-American biculturals who mainly identify with American culture)

Answer 45

dominance

Question 46

T: identification with either social group depending on the social context (e.g., Asian-American biculturals who identify with Asians in one setting and with Americans in another setting),

Answer 46

compartmentalization

Question 47

T: identification with both social groups simultaneously (Asian-American biculturals who identify with both Asians and Americans).

Answer 47

merger

Question 48

problem with this model?

Answer 48

people use many dif strategies

Question 49

The individual difference dimension underlying differences between blended and alternating biculturalism has been captured by the concept of ...

Answer 49

bicultural identity integration (BII

Question 50

T: the degree to which “biculturals perceive their mainstream and ethnic cultural identities as compatible and integrated versus oppositional and difficult to integrate”

Answer 50

bicultural identity integration (BII)

Question 51

high BII looks like what

Answer 51

perceive overlap rather than disassociation between their two cultural orientations, and perceive harmony rather than tension between their two cultures

Question 52

low BII?

Answer 52

low on bicultural identity integration perceive disassociation and ten- sion between their two cultural orientations.

Question 53

what does BII add to Berrys model

Answer 53

by focuses on individuals’ perceptions and feelings about the relationship between their different cultural identities rather than on the cultural group(s) with which biculturals identify

Question 54

does objective or subjectives differ- ences between ethnic and host cultures relate to adjustment

Answer 54

subjective

Question 55

pros of biculturalism?

Answer 55

better psycho- logical and sociocultural adjustment, integrated relationships, cog complexity, creative performance, more adept at drawing ideas from the knowl- edge sets associated with both cultures

Question 56

for blended and alternating biculturalism, both individuals high and low in bicultural identity integration endorse the mainstream (e.g., American) and ethnic (e.g., Chinese) cultures, but differ in their ability to create ...

Answer 56

a synergistic, integrated cultural identity.

Question 57

low vs high BII when primed with asian or American cues??

Answer 57

high in bicultural identity integration assimilated to cultural cues by making more prototypical Asian attributions (external) when primed with Asian cues, and making more prototypical American attributions (internal) when primed with American cues. Surprisingly, low-BII individuals made more prototypically American attributions when primed with Asian cues, and more prototypically Asian attributions when primed with American cues.

Question 58

bicultural identity integration involves two relatively independent psychological constructs, ...

Answer 58

cultural harmony vs. conflict and cultural blendedness vs. compartmentalization

Question 59

Bicultural identity integration’s components of cultural harmony and blend- edness are relatively independent and have different personality correlates: how does neurotisism and openness relate

Answer 59

individuals high in neu- roticism perceive less harmony between their native and host culture, and individuals low in openness to experience blend less their native and host cultures.

Question 60

polish immigrants in Italy suggests that the relationship between acculturation and psy- chological adjustment is moderated by disposition toward ...

Answer 60

self-monitoring

Question 61

assimilation is more negative and integration is more positive for psychological well-being among high or low self monitoring ?

Answer 61

high

Question 62

the question of which acculturation orientation evokes most acceptance by majority members is very much dependent upon ...

Answer 62

the context (polish must have contact BCS jobs otherwise might isolate to avoid disproval

Question 63

how does attachment style relate to orientation toward new culture

Answer 63

negative relationship between having an anxious attachment style and orientation towards the new culture

Question 64

majority attitudes toward minority members suggest that majority members prefer migrants who integrate t or f

Answer 64

assimilate into the dominant culture above immigrants who choose to integrate at least in the case of immigrant groups that are perceived as threatening= assimilate rather than to integrate for those w strong approval need

Question 65

3 theoretical perspectives for how personality related to acculturation style?

Answer 65

1. personality may be linked to differential appraisals of intercultural contexts as threatening or positively challenging 2 individual differences may facilitate individuals’ ability to integrate different cultural frames 3 some personalities are characterized by a high need for social approval and this may affect their acculturation tendencies

Question 66

what could be the way these processes dominate in dif phases in time?

Answer 66

situations are simply appraised in terms of pleasant/unpleasant or reward/threat and in terms of one’s resources to cope with the situation. Over time, immigrants start to relate to both cultures. From that moment on, appraisals may be preceded by identity frames. Whether a situation is a threat or a positive challenge is then colored by the cultural frame. approval concerns linked to different identities become more important when individuals start to relate themselves to both the old and the new culture

Question 67

In what way can integration policies benefit from these personality perspectives?

Answer 67

First, for those immigrants who develop serious adjustment problems, cognitive therapy could be aimed at understanding how certain personalities are vulnerable to (1) dysfunctional appraisals, (2) difficulties with integrating in the self different cultural frames and identities and (3) use of self-defeating rather than self-enhancing strategies.

Question 68

Diagnosis by means of personality assessment may provide a useful starting point for identifying the nature of dysfunctional cognitions. Second, the ability to connect to two cultures, as is exemplified by Berry’s integrationist strategy, has been associated with creativity and innovation (Benet-Martínez, 2012; Tadmor et al., 2012). Countries may capitalize on the potential resource that immigrants bring into society by efforts to (a) stress the opportunities of multicultural societies rather than their threatening features, (b) make multiple identity frames accessible, for example via the media and (c) define integration policies that value integration rather than separation and assimilation. Many countries still have a way to go on that road.

Answer 68

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