W1: Multiculturalism Flashcards by Kate Healy

three different meanings of the
cultural diversity component of multiculturalism

demographic fact (most societies are)
ideology: individuals and groups hold general views about
their acceptance or rejection of this diversity
some governments articu-
late public policies and develop programs with respect to the acceptability and
promotion of diversity

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how do these 3 parts relate

These three features are closely related. Without the pre-
sence of diversity there is no need to be concerned with what people think about it,
and there would be no need for governmental action

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While there is no question that multiculturalism refers to the presence of cultural
diversity in a society, a second core element of multiculturalism is that of …

equitable participation

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diversity without equal participation will lead
to ….; equal participation without diversity will result in
…; in the absence of diversity and equity,
… will likely occur; but when both diversity and equity
are present, …. are found.

separation or segregation
assimilation or the pursuit of the melting pot
marginalization and exclusion
integration and multiculturalism

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Multiculturalism as demography

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… is home to the most diverse nations

Africa

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This figure shows that
… are the most diverse societies, while Japan, (South)
… 3 are the least.

Canada, Spain and Belgium
Korea and Iceland

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negative impacts of diversity ?

immigration and ethnic diversity reduce social solidarity,
lower trust and altruism, and are associated with fewer friendships
anti-immigrant sentiments, perceived threat and hostile ethnic attitudes

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valuing of immigrants
generally increases and immigrants’ perceptions of discrimination decrease as
a function of …

immigrant density= broader
demographic, social and political factors

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diversity can have detrimental effects on academic achievement for both
majority and minority group students

t or posotive consequences

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how ethnic and cultural diversity plays out in educational settings is
very much affected by …

other aspects of the school environment, including a
broader approach to multicultural education, student–teacher relationships and
peer norms

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good and bad of diversity in workplace?

exposure to diversity can promote enhanced crea-
tivity and perspective-taking or greater conflict, diminished cohesion and lower
productivity= depends upon the context in which the
work takes place

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what causes these differences of outcomes of diversity

how diversity and equitable inclusion are managed or
accommodated, which leads us to examine multicultural policy

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T: legislated to deal with the management and accommoda-
tion of diversity

multicultural policy

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the presence of policies and
programs alone is not sufficient to achieve a truly multicultural society; it is
imperative that the policies and programs are …

systematically implemented

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multicultural policy index nine criteria to assess the degree of promotion of
multiculturalism

a government policy promoting multiculturalism, a multicul-
tural ministry or secretariat, adoption of multiculturalism in the school curricula,
ethnic representation in the media, exemptions of cultural groups from codes that
are rooted in the dominant society (e.g., Sunday closing), allowing dual citizenship,
funding of cultural organizations and funding of bilingual or heritage language
instruction

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The rankings on this index put … in first
place

Canada and Australia

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in europe The
practice of diverse cultures and religions is guaranteed under the Charter of
Fundamental Rights and must be safeguarded, unless ….

The
practice of diverse cultures and religions is guaranteed under the Charter of
Fundamental Rights and must be safeguarded, unless practices conflict with
other inviolable European rights or with national law.”

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how to promote integration

accepts the right to cultural maintenance, Frequent interaction between immigrants and Member States citizens, Access for immigrants to institutions, as well as
to private goods and services, learning the national language

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Integration is a dynamic, long-term, and continuous two-way process of mutual
accommodation . . . It demands the participation not only of immigrants and their
descendants but of …

every resident”

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What are the effects of multicultural policies? discrimination policies

Anti-discrimination policies improve economic outcomes for immigrants

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What are the effects of multicultural policies? multicultural policies

more belongingness in terms of citizenship acquisition, have higher
levels of trust and report lower levels of discrimination in countries with more
multicultural policies

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that multicultural policies appear to have some modest positive effect on first and second generation immigrants t or f

effects on socio-political integration for first-generation immigrants and likely
little direct effect, positive or negative, on those in the second generation

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how dos multi policy benefit dom groups

increase belongingness

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what approach (not multicultural has been adopted by some places to promote equality and has negative impacts

colour blind ideologies

T: idespread consensual beliefs and evaluations about diversity and equity. an appreciation of diversity and support for cultural maintenance in conjunction with a recognized need for mutual accommodation that promotes equitable participation

Multiculturalism as ideology

The view of multiculturalism as only ,,, seems to have been the basis of recent assertions in some European societies stating "multiculturalism has failed."

cultural diversity (multi- culturalism has not failed because it was not really attempted in these societies)

If multiculturalism is viewed and accepted only as the tolerated presence of different cultures in a society, without the simultaneous ... through programs to reduce barriers to equitable participation, then a form of ... is the correct name for such policies, practices and ideologies

promotion of inclusion, segregation

T: any cultural practice is legitimate, no matter what the laws of the land may state

cultural relativity

what is the counter to arguments of against multiculturalism that anything goes 2

diversity in places of origin (e.g. islam), many Western democracies that place limits on cultural practices.

multiculturalism in ideological terms rests on the joint value placed on ...(the cultural diversity element) and ... (the intercultural element), but not that of ....

cultural maintenance , equitable participation cultural relativity.

T: individuals are more likely to sup- port abstract principles than concrete policies designed to achieve goals

principle-implementation gap

how to multicultural ideologies influences relations?

inclusive and positive intergroup attitudes, pro-immigration sentiments and intercultural contact, less racial bias and out-group distance and greater support for liberal policies about the number and sources of immigrants

threat reduces support for multiculturalism for dominant but not for non dominant groups

f both

hree popular understandings of multi- culturalism as ...

diversity, policy and ideology = all intertwined

diversity negatively, and policy positively predicted self-esteem for I'm yyouth

Psychological aspects of multiculturalism

T: how intercultural contact is commonly viewed and experienced as positive or negative, threatening and anxiety-provoking or interesting and enjoyable on individual level

everyday multiculturalism

can the presence of multiculturalism in a society (as policy or as practice) be linked to how individuals seek to acculturate, to how well they adapt to the process, and to the character of their intercultural relations?

One of these ways was described as integration of ethnocultural groups and their members, and as multiculturalism in the larger society (as ...) and among its members (as ...)

policy, multicultural ideology

two core elements of multiculturalism?

presence of cultural diversity and equal participation

how do settler societies view immigration

asset, correlations between national and ethnic identities were all positive

the process of acculturation involves contact between two or more cultural groups and their members, leading to ...2, and eventually to various forms and levels of adaptation

cultural changes in the groups and to psychological changes in behavior among individuals

there is a single way acculturnation takes place f

various ways in which acculturation can take place (Figure 2.3), in both the ethnocultural groups and in the larger society. One of these ways was described as integration

how does settle attitiude translate to im experience

immigrant youth figured out that it is possible to be “both” in settler societies, but see these two identities as opposed in other societies

how does acculturation adn relations inlfuecned by degree of diversity

societies that are high on diversity, there was greater frequency of a preference for integration- also a higher level of perceived discrimination

why both psychological and sociocultural dimensions of adaption

managing acculturative stress and learning new cultural skills are challenges for all people who engage in intercultural contact.

T: psychological and emotional well-being that results from coping effectively with acculturative stress.

adaptation

what does adaptiation look like in practice

acquisition and demonstration of culture-specific skills required to negotiate intercultural interactions

3 dimensions of adaptation

psyc, socio, ntercultural adaptation

T: how well individuals relate to each other in a multicultural society, and includes both affect (liking or disliking) and behaviors (acting on these preferences)

intercultural adaptation

domain-specific adaptation may be a subset of the more general adaptation domains

How does acculturation relate to adaptation in a multicultural society?

Integration (biculturalism)

what is the integration hypothesis

individuals who seek to acculturate by way of the integration strategy, by being involved with two or more cultures, will have higher levels of well-being than those who acculturate in other ways, especially by marginalization

why the rel bw integration and + outcomes

those who are “doubly engaged” with both cultures receive support and resources from both and are competent in dealing with both cultures

result of non cultural mantience policy (receptive, multicultural environment supported by appropriate policies is required) in Estonia?

maintenance of Russian culture is associated with lower levels of life satisfaction and participation in Estonian culture further decreases life satisfaction, suggesting a negative impact of integration

The linkages between multiculturalism in terms of policies, practices and ideol- ogies at the national level and adaptive outcomes for individuals are based not only on objective indicators of these phenomena, but also .... :T

how the individuals perceive and interpret them – in other words, subjective multiculturalism.

Some researchers (e.g., Chirkov, 2009) have proposed that cultural practices, identifications, and values can all be grouped under the heading of “...

what changes during the process of acculturation.”

We contend that at least among voluntary immigrants, asylum seekers, and refugees, acculturation represents changes in ...

cultural identity

define cultural identity

ones cultural practices, values, and identifications

a person is or isnt acculturated

f One would have to specify what one means by “acculturated” and to identify the dimensions in which this acculturation has, or has not, occurred

six components of acculturation?

practices, values, and identifications of the heritage culture as well as those of the receiving culture

change in one dimension of acculturation necessitates change in another

threat plays a paramount role in ... attitudes

authoritarianism and right wing

Perceptions of threat have consistently negative implications for intercultural relations, particularly when the threatening out- group is of ..., as is often the case for immigrants and ethnic minorities

lower status

contact leads to increased prejudice

contact leads to reductions in prejudice; stronger effects occur under conditions of optimal contact and in majority, compared to minority, groups; and knowledge, anxiety and perspective-taking mediate the link between contact and prejudice

the relationship between con- tact and prejudice is bidirectional explain

so that contact not only leads to prejudice reduction, but prejudice diminishes contact

matched versus mismatched acculturation prefer- ences which better

percep- tions of convergence result in threat reduction and stronger expectations for enrich- ing relations

this lack of equitable inclusion is the practice and experience of discrimination at three levels: ...

systemic (in the society); group (excluding groups of people because of their membership); and personal (diminishing an individual’s opportunity to parti- cipate as a member of a cultural community)

the single most important contributor to mutual hostility (that is, reciprocating negative affect) as well as to poor psycho- logical and sociocultural adaptation- what

discrimination

the contact hypothesis has been repeatedly assessed and has been found to be largely valid

t Intercultural contact, of course, is a prerequisite for the inclusion component of multiculturalism

positive ethnic identity and a positive national identity are compatible ways to think of oneself how to promote

promote a common in-group identity (Dovidio, Gaertner & Kafati, 2000), which is a superordinate inclusive identity, one that accommodates both national and ethnic attachments

construing multiculturalism in abstract terms and in relation to broad goals reduced the extent to which diversity was viewed as threatening by members of dominant groups; conversely, highlighting the concrete ways in which multiculturalism can be achieved increased perceptions of threat- how to solve

onus on governments to balance the benefits of multiculturalism with its costs

is preserving the heritage culture by integrating it with the receiving culture be associated with the most favorable mental and physical health profiles?

yes but emperical support is needed

what is context of reception

perceptions of receiving members attitudes and expectations = unfavorable context of reception are hypothesized as being among the major sources of stress in the lives of immigrants

match and mismatch between the acculturating group and the receiving society has what influence

match or mismatch between a given migrant’s practices, values, and identifications and those that the local and national communities find most desirable in newcomers would either modulate or increase the extent of discrimination that that migrant would experience or perceive.

unfavorable context of reception includes ...

not only discrimination and lack of access to jobs and other social resources but also being marginalized to poor and unsafe neighborhoods

the match—or lack thereof—between .... 2 serves as a contributing factor to the extent of discrimination, stress, and hostility that migrants will experience as they acculturate

migrants’ acculturation orientations (e.g., separated, assimilated, bicultural) and the expectations of receiving-society individuals

T: unfavorable context of reception

acculturative stress

stressors can come from perceptions that either...2

(a) receiving-culture individuals may scorn the person for not being sufficiently oriented toward the receiving culture and/or (b) the heritage-culture community may be displeased with the person for abandoning the heritage culture.

how to solve?

become bicultural

different locales within a given country can have vastly different contexts of reception give an example

toronto or Amsterdam have long histories of receiving migrants, and indeed migrants comprise sizable shares of the populations of these cities. In some cases, these co-ethnic communities may represent sources of support

contexts of reception change over time give an eg

irish use to be discrim or event litke 911 influe middle eastern migration

Context of reception also includes support that migrants receive from members of the local community and ... (is it always objective?

perception of context of perception

W1: Multiculturalism Flashcards

(84 cards)