W1 - Gynaecological Pthology Flashcards
(18 cards)
label female anatomy
what infection is vital in cervical cancer
HPV
what subtypes of HPV cause cancer
16, 18, 31 and 45
what are some risk factors of cervical cancer
Young age, early age at coitarche, unvaccinated, multiple and promiscuous sexual partners
what viral genes are expressed and what oncology factor is released
E6 and E7 causing release of oncogene p16
what surgical treatment is available for cervical cancer
Loop eclectrosurgical excision procedure (LEEP) - (stage IA)
Radical hysterectomy with pelvic lymph node dissection +- radiotherapy if deeply invasive
Radiotherapy and cysplatin-based chemiotherapy if high stage
what is the prognosis of cervical cancer at stages 1, 2, 3 and 4
95% (stage IA)
70-85% (stage IB1 and IIA)
50-70% (Stage IB2 and IIB)
30-50% (Stage III)
5-15% (Stage IV)
overall 5yr disease free survival
what features would you see on the cervix to indicate cancer
Indurated, ulcerated or elevated irregular granular area (early)
Papillary, polypoid, nodular, ulcerated mass, or barrel-shaped cervix (late)
what type of cancer is most common in cervical cancer
squamous cell
what is the 2nd most common type of cervical cancer
Adenocarcinoma – 25% of all cervical carcinomas
what ca cause PID
STIs
what are some acute and chronic complications of PID
acute: peritonitis, bacteremia;
chronic: adhesions, tubal obstruction, ectopic pregnancy, infertility, pain
how does PID present
Abdominal or pelvic pain, sometimes fever, vaginal bleeding/ discharge and urinary symptoms; palpable abdominal mass
what are some infectios agents which can cause PID
(parasite, bacteria, fungi, viruses
Parasites
Schistosomiasis, Enterobius vermicularis, Trichomonas – discharge, pain, genital burning, itching, vaginal spotting, frequent urge to urinate
Bacteria
Chlamydia – similar or can be asymptomatic; Gonococcus, other rare (Actinomyces, usually complication of an IUD; Tuberculosis, Malacoplakia, Leprosy, Syphilis)
Fungi
Candida – discharge, redness, itching, irritation, frequent urge to urinate
Blastomyces dermatitidis, Coccidioidomycosis, Aspergillus (IUD)
Virus
CMV (immunosuppressed), Mumps oophoritis (rare since introduction of MMR vaccine); HSV – Pain, HPV - asymptomatic
how do polyps and hyperplasia typically present
normal asymptomatic
what are the types of ovarian cancer
Serous
Mucinous
Other - Brenner- transitional cell,
Endometrioid (20%)
Clear cell
what subtype is the most common form of ovarian cancer
serous - 70%
what are the 7 key features of menopause
grumpy
sleepy
itchy
sweaty
bloated
moody
forgetful
