W1 & W2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is a systematic review?

A

Review of a clearly formulated question

Uses systematic + explicit methods to identify, select + critically appraise relevant research, to collect + analyses data from the studies that are included in the review.

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2
Q

List the 5 steps involved in a systematic review

A

Formulate the q

Search for studies

Asses quality of studies

Summarise evidence

Interpret the new findings

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3
Q

List some characteristics of a systematic review

A

Clear question that needs answering

Exhaustive search strategy

Clear inclusion + exclusion criteria

Explicit + transparent methods that are accountable, replicable + updatable

Clear logical rationale that is reported to the reader

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4
Q

A systematic review is a review of a clearly formulated question using what kinds of methods?

A

Systematic + explicit methods

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5
Q

What comes under the search process for systematic reviews?

A

Searching multiple bibliographic databases

Utilise advanced search techniques

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6
Q

Why search multiple bibliographic databases?

A

To ensure you have been systematic + comprehensive in your approach

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7
Q

Why Utilise advanced search techniques

A

To ensure all relevant studies are identified.

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8
Q

File drawer problem

A

Publication bias

When the outcome of an experiment affects the decision to publish it

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9
Q

Reasons for the file drawer problem

A

Journals want to publish clear findings

Non-sig (null) findings are often ambiguous

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10
Q

Harking

A

Hypothesising after the results are known

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11
Q

Why is harking really problematic?

A

Due to impacting on how the p-values are interpreted.

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12
Q

P-hacking

A

Doing whatever to the data to get a sig. result

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13
Q

Data fishing

A

Digging through large datasets to hunt for associations/differences will most likely give you a few.

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14
Q

What does a researcher decide?

A

Which observations are recorded

Which factors to control for

How terms are defined

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15
Q

When were p values developed

A

1930s

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16
Q

What are p values calculated from?

A

Mean scores

Variance

Sample size

17
Q

p value

<0.05

A

Significant

Reject null hypothesis (no difference between the means)

18
Q

Type 1 error

A

Finding a sig difference when there actually isn’t one.

Incorrect rejection of a true null hypothesis

19
Q

What does a type 1 error usually lead researchers to do?

A

Conclude that a supposed effect or relationship exists when actually it doesn’t;t

20
Q

How should p-values be interpreted?

A

In context of their effect sizes + prior likelihood.

21
Q

What guidelines are there for helping what science is real and what isn’t?

A

PRISMA guidelines

22
Q

What can a small sample mean?

A

Can often mean the study is underpowered

Problematic w/ imprecise measurement.

23
Q

Chance for a type 1 error

24
Q

Preregistration

A

Outlining methods + analysis strategy before conducting your research,

25
What can preregistration do?
Reduce the researcher degrees of freedom
26
Open science
Uploading data alongside the journal article
27
What does open science allow other scientists to do?
Analyse data in other ways Combine datasets Find errors
28
Triangulation
Using multiple methods or data sources in qualitative research to develop comprehensive understanding
29
What comes under the nuremberg code
Informed consent is essential Research should be based on prior animal work Risks should be justified by the anticipated benefits Research must be conducted by qualified scientists Physical + mental suffering must be avoided Research in which death or disabling injury is expected should not be conducted.
30
Implications of research misconduct
Harm to participants wellbeing, safety + dignity Damage to public trust Waste of research resources + participant effort Loss of ability to apply for funding