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Research Methods > W4 > Flashcards

W4 Flashcards

1
Q

CENTRAL TENDENCIES

Advantages to using the mean

A

Uses every value in data set

Tends to be stable in different samples

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2
Q

CENTRAL TENDENCIES

Disadvantages to using the mean

A

Can only be used w/ interval + ratio data

Can be influenced by extreme values

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3
Q

CENTRAL TENDENCIES

Advantages to using the median

A

Not affected by extreme values or skewed distribution

Can be used w. ordinal, interval + ratio data

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4
Q

CENTRAL TENDENCIES

Disadvantages to using the median

A

Ignores most values in data set

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5
Q

CENTRAL TENDENCIES

Advantages to using the mode

A

Easy to determine

Not affected by extreme values

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6
Q

CENTRAL TENDENCIES

Disadvantages to using the mode

A

Ignores most values in data set

Can be influenced by small number of values

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7
Q

SPREAD OF DATA

What comes under dispersion of data

A

Range

Quartiles

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8
Q

SPREAD OF DATA

What comes under distance from mean value

A

Variance

SD

SE

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9
Q

Disadvantage to range

A

Greatly affected by extreme values

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10
Q

Advantage to interquartile range

A

Not affected by extreme values

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11
Q

Disadvantahes to interquartile range

A

Doesn’t consider half the data set

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12
Q

What 2 key concepts for inferential statistics can we derive from variance?

A

SD

SE

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12
Q

What are the statistical tests that can tell us whether our data is normal enough for parametric stats

A

Kolmogrov-Smirnov test

Shapiro-Wilk test

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13
Q

What does it mean if the p value is less than 0.05 in the Shapiro-Wilk test and the kolmogrov-smironv test

A

Data is NOT normally distributed

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14
Q

2 tailed test

A

Testing for effects in both directions

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15
Q

What is the sum of squared errors dependent on?

A

Number of values in a data set

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16
Q

When looking at SPSS….

Table showing independent samples test

What are the degrees of freedom for the data set?

A

The df in the row stating ‘Equal variances not assumed’.

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17
Q

Which measure of the spread of a data set is determined by subtracting the mean of a data set from each individual value?

A

Deviance

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18
Q

What sample size is the Shapiro-Wilk test best for (provide a value)?

A

<50

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19
Q

Your significance value for the Kolmogrov-Smirnov test of normality is 0.012. Does this value indicate that the distribution of your data set is normal?

A

No

if p value is less than 0.05 then test is significant so the distribution of data is probably NOT normal.

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20
Q

What does the Shapiro-Wilk test assess?

A

Normality

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21
Q

Your significance value for the Shapiro-Wilk test of normality is 0.115. Does this value indicate that the distribution of your data set is normal?

A

Yes

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22
Q

True or False? The median is affected by skewed distributions

A

False

23
Q

Which percentile is the lower quartile equal to?

A

25th

24
Q

What is the term for a data set that has two numbers that occur most frequently?

A

Bimodal

25
Q

If you calculate the average value of a data set that has been trimmed what is this called?

A

Trimmed mean

26
Q

Your significance value for the Kolmogrov-Smirnov test of normality is 0.078. Does this value indicate that the distribution of your data set is normal?

A

Yes

27
Q

Your output from an independent t-test reveals a p value of 0.912. Is there a significant difference between the groups?

A

No

28
Q

You are conducting a paired t-test with 32 participants. What are the degrees of freedom?

A

31

29
Q

You have a value for kurtosis of 1.398 and a value for standard error of kurtosis of 0.824. Does this data suggest you have a non-normal distribution?

A

NO

30
Q

What do we call it when two groups have the same spread of data around the mean?

A

Homogeneity of variance

31
Q

Which type of distribution is said to have negative kurtosis?

A

Platykurtic

32
Q

If the sample variance for your study is 524.18, what is the standard deviation?

A

22.89

Square root the sample variance

33
Q

Identify the lower quartile of the following data set:

32, 26, 42, 28, 31, 41, 29, 33, 27, 37, 23

A

27

34
Q

You have a value for kurtosis of 1.284 and a value for standard error of kurtosis of 0.972. Does this data suggest you have a non-normal distribution?

A

No

(If the value for kurtosis is MORE than double the value for the SE of kurtosis you may have a non-normal distribution).

35
Q

Your significance value for the Levene’stest of homogeneity of variance is 0.031. Is the assumption of homogeneity met?

A

No

(Assumption can only be met when the homogeneity of variance is greater than 0.05).

36
Q

If a data set is normally distributed what will be the value for skew or kurtosis ?

A

0

37
Q

If the standard deviation for your study is 18.26 and you have 12 participants, what is the standard error?

A

5.27

Divide SD by square root of sample size

38
Q

You have an SPSS output that reveals a value for skewness of 0.958 and a value for standard error of skewness of 0.362. Is it possible you have a skewed distribution?

A

Yes

if the value for skewness is more than double the value for the SE of skewness you may have a skewed distribution

39
Q

You have a value for kurtosis of 1.634 and a value for standard error of kurtosis of 0.605. Does this data suggest you have a non-normal distribution?

A

Yes

If the value for kurtosis is more than double the value for the SE of kurtosis you may have a non-normal distribution

40
Q

Which value tells us the total dispersion of values in the data set from the mean?

A

Sum of squared errors

41
Q

What is the easiest solution for a data set that is not normally distributed?

A

Collect more data

42
Q

What value is calculated to counteract the effect of extreme values on the range of a data set?

A

Interquartile range

43
Q

Your significance value for the Shapiro-Wilk test of normality is 0.026. Does this value indicate that the distribution of your data set is normal?

A

No

As it is less than 0.05.

44
Q

If the sample variance for your study is 364.22, what is the standard deviation?

A

19.08

45
Q

You have an SPSS output that reveals a value for skewness of 0.624 and a value for standard error of skewness of 0.408. Does this data indicate a skewed distribution?

A

No

46
Q

What is another term for the deviance squared?

A

Sum of squared errors

47
Q

Which measure of central tendency is the second quartile of a data set equal to?

A

Median

48
Q

Your significance value for the Levene’stest of homogeneity of variance is 0.091. Is the assumption of homogeneity met?

A

Yes

49
Q

Which value is defined as the square root of a data set?

A

SD

50
Q

You have an SPSS output that reveals a value for skewness of 0.761 and a value for standard error of skewness of 0.523. Do you have a skewed distribution?

A

No

51
Q

You are conducting a paired t-test for a study with 15 participants. The mean of the differences is 4.28 and the standard deviation is 6.36. What is the t value?

A

2.61

52
Q

You are conducting an independent t-test. The mean for your first group is 48 and the mean for your second group is 38. SEM² for group 1 is 6.24 and the SEM² for group 2 is 5.46. What is the t value?

A

2.92

53
Q

What test is used to examine the homogeneity of variance?

A

Levene’stest

54
Q

Equation to calculate t value from independent samples t test

A

Research Methods (13 decks)

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