[W10] Cellular pathology - cytology and andrology Flashcards
(17 cards)
What is the primary test in UK cervical screening?
HPV testing, followed by LBC for positives
LBC stands for Liquid-Based Cytology, which is used for further examination of cells after HPV testing.
What do HPV E6/E7 proteins target?
E6 targets p53, E7 targets Rb – leading to cell cycle dysregulation
p53 is a tumor suppressor protein, and Rb is a retinoblastoma protein, both crucial in regulating the cell cycle.
What age is HPV vaccination given in the UK?
Ages 12–13 (both girls and boys)
The vaccination program aims to protect against cervical cancer caused by HPV.
What is LLETZ?
Large Loop Excision of the Transformation Zone – treatment for CIN
CIN stands for Cervical Intraepithelial Neoplasia, which is a precursor to cervical cancer.
What is cytology best for?
Rapid, less invasive diagnosis, especially in one-stop clinics
Cytology involves examining cells for abnormalities, typically from smears.
What stain is used for nuclear detail in cytology?
Papanicolaou stain
This stain helps visualize cellular details in cytological samples.
What urinary cancer is most common?
Urothelial (transitional cell) carcinoma (~90%)
Urothelial carcinoma arises from the urothelium, which lines the bladder.
What is a BAL and when is it used?
Bronchoalveolar lavage – samples deep lung tissue, especially in HIV or persistent symptoms
BAL is often used to diagnose infections or diseases in the lungs.
What is the most common thyroid cancer?
Papillary thyroid carcinoma
This type of cancer generally has a good prognosis.
What is the most common breast cancer?
Ductal carcinoma
Ductal carcinoma originates in the milk ducts of the breast.
Which thyroid cancer originates from parafollicular cells?
Medullary carcinoma
Parafollicular cells produce calcitonin, and medullary carcinoma can be associated with genetic syndromes.
What is a fibroadenoma?
Benign breast lesion, common in young women
Fibroadenomas are usually painless and can vary in size.
What hormones stimulate sperm production?
FSH and LH
FSH is Follicle-Stimulating Hormone, and LH is Luteinizing Hormone; both are crucial in male reproductive health.
What is considered low sperm concentration?
<15 million/mL
This threshold is used to diagnose male infertility.
What percentage of normal sperm is needed for fertility (WHO)?
4% or more
The World Health Organization sets this criterion for assessing sperm quality.
What is ICSI?
Intra-Cytoplasmic Sperm Injection – injecting a single sperm into an egg
ICSI is a common assisted reproductive technology used in IVF.
What structure powers the sperm tail?
Axoneme (9+2 microtubule arrangement)
The axoneme is essential for the movement of the sperm flagellum.
