W9 - Textbook

Question 1

What is it called when the immune system can become functionally depressed?

Answer 1

Immunodepression

Question 2

What may immunodepression result in?

Answer 2

⬆️ susceptibility to infection

especially URTIs.

Question 3

What can lead to immunodepression in athletes?

Answer 3

Stress i.e heavy training schedule + comp

Question 4

What activates the innate immune system?

Answer 4

When an infectious agent tries to enter the body

Question 5

The innate immune system is known as the 1st line of defence, what 3 general mechanisms in this have the common goal of restricting microorganism entry into the body?

Answer 5

1. Physical/Structural barriers
2. Chemical barriers
3. Phagocytic cells

Question 6

Give examples of physical/structural barriers in the 1st line defence of the innate immune system

Answer 6

Skin

Epithelial linings

Mucosal secretions

Question 7

Give examples of chemical barriers in the 1st line defence of the innate immune system

Answer 7

pH of bodily fluids

Soluble factors

Question 8

Give examples of phagocytic cells in the 1st line defence of the innate immune system

Answer 8

Neutrophils

Macrophages or monocytes

Question 9

What activates the adaptive/acquired/specific immune system?

Answer 9

Infection due to failure of the innate immune system

Question 10

Which lymphocytes play a big role in the adaptive/acquired/specific immune system?

Answer 10

T-lymphocyte

B-lymphocyte

Question 11

What do T-lymphocyte and B-lymphocyte do?

Answer 11

Their receptors recognise the foreign mol (antigens) and cause specificity + memory that enable the immune system to create an augmented response when the body is REinfected by the SAME pathogen.

Question 12

What is a pathogen?

Answer 12

Organism that causes disease

Question 13

Where do WBCs (leukocytes) comes from?

Answer 13

Stem cells of bone marrow

Question 14

What do leukocytes consist of?

Answer 14

Granulocytes (60-70%)

Monocytes (10-15%)

Lymphocytes (20-25%)

Question 15

What protein do all T-lymphocytes express on the cell surface?

What does this mean they are designated as?

Answer 15

CD3

Designated as: CD3+

Question 16

What protein do all B-lymphocytes express on the cell surface?

Answer 16

CD19
CD20
CD22

Question 17

What do the T helper cells (subset of T-lymphocytes) express on their cell surface?

Answer 17

CD4

Question 18

What protein do the cytotoxic T-cells express on their cell surface?

Answer 18

CD8

Question 19

What do T-cells do?

Answer 19

Recognise short peptide sequences from antigens if on the surface of the cell + complexed w/ a major histocompatibility complex (MHC) mol.

Question 20

What are cytokines?

Answer 20

Proteins acting as chemical messengers to stimulate growth, differentiation + functional development of the immune system cells through specific receptor sites on secretory cells or on adjacent cells.

Question 21

Is cytokine action confined to the immune system?

Answer 21

NO, they also influence the CNS + neuroendocrine system

Question 22

Innate immune system –> chemical barriers –> Soluble factors.

What comes under the soluble factors?

Answer 22

Lysozymes

Cytokines

Complement

Acute-phase proteins

Question 23

What are the cellular components of the innate immune system?

Answer 23

Natural killer cells

Phagocytes

Question 24

What are the natural killer cells in the cellular components of the innate immune system?

Answer 24

CD16+

CD56+

Question 25

What comes under the phagocytes in the cellular components of the innate immune system?

Answer 25

Neutrophils Eosinophils Basophils Monocytes Macrophages

Question 26

What are the cellular components of the adaptive immune system?

Answer 26

T-cells B-cells

Question 27

What are the SOLUBLE components of the adaptive immune system?

Answer 27

Immunoglobulins

Question 28

What does ACUTE inflammation from the inflammatory response of the immune system cause?

Answer 28

⬆️ local bf in infected area - Coupled w/ ⬆️ permeability of blood capillaries = facilitates entry of leukocytes + plasma proteins into the infected tissue.

Question 29

What are the overall innate immune responses to an infectious agent?

Answer 29

Tissue macrophages Neutrophils/Nk cells

Question 30

What are the overall adaptive immune responses to an infectious agent?

Answer 30

T + B-lymphocytes Antibodies

Question 31

What does the macrophage do to the invading microorganism?

Answer 31

Ingests + isolates it in a vacuole in the cell by phagocytosis. Macrophage secretes digestive enzymes (i.e lysozyme + elastase) + oxidising agents (i.e H peroxide). Antigens on microorganism are digested + processed by macrophage + incorporated into its own cell surface. Antigen is presented to other cellular immune components. Helper T cells coordinate the response through cytokine release to activate other immune cells. Mature b-cell stimulation results in proliferation + differentiation into immunoglobulin-secreting plasma cells. Reaction of the immunoglobulin w/ a specific antigen forms an antibody-antigen complex.

Question 32

What are antibodies essential to?

Answer 32

Antigen recognition + memory of earlier exposure to specific antigens

Question 33

What do activated T-lymphocytes include?

Answer 33

Memory cells Cytotoxic T-cells - attack infected host cells or foreign cells.

Question 34

What are helper T-cells + suppressor T-cells important in?

Answer 34

Mobilising + regulating the entire immune response.

Question 35

In what type of curve has the relationship between exercise + susceptibility to infection been modeled as?

Answer 35

J-curve (Nieman 1994) | Remember to look this up

Question 36

What does the J-curve model suggest?

Answer 36

Although moderate PA may enhance immune function above sedentary levels, excessive amounts of prolonged, high-intensity exercise may induce detrimental effects on the immune function.

Question 37

When is the extent of the depression in immune function following exercise most pronounced?

Answer 37

When exercise is: - prolonged (1.5hr +) - of moderate to high intensity - Continuous rather than intermittent - Performed w/out any CHO intake

Question 38

Overview of why you get ill post exercise

Answer 38

⬇️ Blood glucose, muscle glycogen ⬆️ IL-6, stress hormones + free radicals = Depression of immune cell function