W9 - Immune System & Exercise

Question 1

What are the 2 ways in which our immune system can be divided?

Answer 1

Innate / Natural / non-specific

Acquired / Specific

Question 2

When is the innate immune system activated?

Answer 2

When an infectious agent attempts to enter the body.

Question 3

MECHANISMS UNDER THE INNATE IMMUNE SYSTEM

What immune cells come under phagocytes?

Answer 3

Neutrophils

Eosinophils

Basophils

Monocytes

Macrophages

Question 4

What is required for the Acquired / Specific immune system?

Answer 4

Previous exposure, so failure of the innate immune system.

Question 5

How does the acquired / specific immune system develop/build/protect you?

Answer 5

With age + based on what you’ve been exposed to.

Question 6

How does the acquired immune system build up and protect you?

Answer 6

Responding specifically to the infectious agent.

Antigen processing (carried out by macrophages).

Question 7

What do macrophages interact with?

What do they result in?

Answer 7

Cytotoxic t lymphocytes

Result in the formation of clones of antigen specific T + B lymphocytes.

Question 8

How does the adaptive immune system aim to combat infections?

Answer 8

By preventing colonisation of pathogens + keeping them out of the body.

Question 9

Into what can the acquired immune system be split into?

Answer 9

Cell-mediated (involving Cytotoxic t lymphocytes)

Humoral (involving antibodies prod by the b lymphocytes)

Question 10

Do the acquired + innate immune systems work together?

Answer 10

YES

Question 11

Main function of neutrophils

Answer 11

Phagocytosis

Question 12

Main function of eosinophils

Answer 12

Destroy parasites

Question 13

Main function of basophil

Answer 13

Inflammation

Question 14

Main function of lymphocyte

Answer 14

Immune response

Question 15

Main function of monocyte

Answer 15

Phagocytosis

Question 16

What are the ways in which one can get increased susceptibility to URI symptoms?

Answer 16

Allergy or inflammation of airways

⬆️ exposure to pathogens

Too much stress for athlete = depressed immune function

Question 17

What are the ways in which you can get increased exposure to pathogens?

Answer 17

⬆️ Lunge ventilation

Skin abrasions

Foreign travel

Crowds

Poor hygiene

Question 18

What curve demonstrates athletes susceptibility to illness?

Answer 18

S shaped curve

Question 19

What is supra maximal exercise?

Answer 19

Exercise at an intensity higher than that requires to elicit VO2 max

Question 20

Define leukocytosis

Answer 20

Cond in which the white cell (leukocyte count) is above the normal range in blood.

Question 21

What is leukocytosis a sign of?

Answer 21

Inflammatory response, most commonly the result of infection.

May also occur following certain parasitic infections or bone tumours.

Question 22

Exercise + circulating immune cells

Answer 22

After exercise:

Biphasic leukocytosis

1st ⬆️ is driven by neutrophils + lymphocytes

2nd ⬆️ is driven. by neutrophils

Question 23

What accounts for the 1st leukocytosis seen in biphasic leukocytosis when exercising?

Answer 23

⬆️ bf = ⬆️ shear stress on bv

⬆️ sheer stress + ⬆️ release of catecholamines = ⬇️ adherence of WBCs to walls of bv = ⬆️ WBC circulating in bloodstream.

Question 24

What accounts for the 2nd leukocytosis seen in biphasic leukocytosis when exercising?

Answer 24

Release of cortisol from adrenal cortex causes mobilisation of neutrophils from bone marrow.

= ⬆️ leukocytes (mainly driven by the neutrophil still tho)

Question 25

What is lymphocytopenia?

Answer 25

Fall in lymphocytes below baseline after exercsie

Question 26

How can you measure the function of neutrophils?

Answer 26

By looking at the degranulation.

Question 27

Neutrophil response to acute exercise?

Answer 27

Exercise ⬆️ levels of neutrophils Inhibited function

Question 28

What is another measure of neutrophil function?

Answer 28

Elastase release

Question 29

Neutrophil response to chronic exercise?

Answer 29

⬇️ Function Depletes bone marrow reserves

Question 30

What does normal functioning of lymphocytes involve?

Answer 30

Selective proliferation

Question 31

What is the specific surface antigen receptor for T cells?

Answer 31

TCR

Question 32

What is the specific surface antigen receptor for B cells?

Answer 32

Ig

Question 33

Selective proliferation

Answer 33

When more T or B cells are made to get rid of foreign agents as a result of which has the complementary specific surface antigen.

Question 34

What happens to lymphocyte proliferation post-exercise?

Answer 34

Temporarily lowered

Question 35

What can happen to T cell proliferation when cortisol is released during exercise?

Answer 35

Prevents/reduces T cell proliferation

Question 36

How do lymphocytes always start out?

Answer 36

As T helper naive cells Can then differentiate into either T helper 1 or T helper 2 cells. T helper 2 cells a.k.a B lymphocytes

Question 37

What are T lymphocytes related to?

Answer 37

Cell mediated immunity

Question 38

What do T lymphocytes fight viruses with?

Answer 38

Cytokines releasing IFN-y, IL-2 + TNF-beta

Question 39

What do B lymphocytes release to fight bacteria?

Answer 39

Antibodies

Question 40

What type of immunity do B lymphocytes carry out?

Answer 40

Humoral or antibody immunity

Question 41

How can you measure your cell mediated immunity after severe exercise?

Answer 41

Using an antigen skin test Response means you have some immunity. No response = no immunity

Question 42

What happens to the immune system during intense training?

Answer 42

⬇️ Function of neutrophils + lymphocytes

Question 43

Give an example of an immune marker

Answer 43

Salivary IgA A ⬇️ in IgA can make you more susceptible to infection

Question 44

Based on Salivary IgA, when is there a 1 in 2 chance of coming down with an infection?

Answer 44

When theres a 40%+ fall below baseline

Question 45

What nutrients assist in maintaining immune function?

Answer 45

Protein Energy Vitamin A + D iron Zinc Copper Selenium

Question 46

What should be taken if you want to train intensely but don't want to come down with an infection?

Answer 46

CHO during exercise - Prevents rise in cortisol + adrenaline levels + Maintains blood glucose conc

Question 47

What can cortisol do to our immune function?

Answer 47

Can damage it

Question 48

What is the name of a questionnaire that monitors the state of well being + mood state of athletes?

Answer 48

DALDA questionnaire

Question 49

As well as preventing rise in cortisol + adrenaline levels, what else can CHO do?

Answer 49

Prevent fall in IFN-y (coming from t-lymphocytes) - Good

Question 50

What else can be taken as well as CHO to ⬇️ susceptibility to infection when or after exercise?

Answer 50

Quercetin

Question 51

What happens to cortisol levels during and following exercise when carbohydrate is taken during the exercise compared to placebo?

Answer 51

Levels stay constant during exercise and in recovery.

Question 52

What effect does carbohydrate ingestion compared to placebo during intense training have on DALDA part B?

Answer 52

⬇️ scores

Question 53

What effect does carbohydrate ingestion compared to placebo have on IFN gamma production when taken during intense exercise?

Answer 53

Prevents the fall

Question 54

What effect does quercetin have on days of illness post intense training?

Answer 54

⬇️ No.

Question 55

What effect does non -alcoholic beer have on risk of URTI post a marathon?

Answer 55

⬇️ risk

Question 56

What happens to neutrophil oxidative burst activity and lymphocyte proliferation during normal training, intense training and recovery training?

Answer 56

Neutrophil oxidative burst activity ⬇️ in intensified training Lymphocyte proliferation is ONLY ⬇️ w intense training + recovery training.

Question 57

What happens to SIgA with increased training load?

Answer 57

Decreases making you more susceptible to infection

Question 58

What is the most cytotoxic CD8 T lymphocyte?

Answer 58

RA+ effector memory

Question 59

What happened to the egress of the RA+EM CD8 T lymphocytes following high intense training?

Answer 59

Stayed the same

Question 60

What are probiotics?

Answer 60

Live microorganisms that can modify gut bacteria.

Question 61

NUTRITIONAL INTERVENTIONS What do zinc lozenges do?

Answer 61

⬇️ Viral activity in oropharyngeal region

Question 62

NUTRITIONAL INTERVENTIONS What does Vitamin C do?

Answer 62

Strong support for prevention

Question 63

NUTRITIONAL INTERVENTIONS What does glutamine do for lymphocytes?

Answer 63

Acts as an energy substrate

Question 64

NUTRITIONAL INTERVENTIONS What does caffeine do?

Answer 64

Activates lymphocytes + ⬇️ fall in neutrophil function.

Question 65

What effect does supplements of vitamin E have on the immune system?

Answer 65

No effect

Question 66

What effect did protein ingestion have on the release of RA+EM CD8 T lymphocytes during intense training?

Answer 66

Prevents fall

Question 67

What effect does probiotics have on the incidence of URTI?

Answer 67

⬇️ incidence