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Nutrition & Metabolism > W7 - Exercise & Hunger > Flashcards

W7 - Exercise & Hunger Flashcards

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1
Q

Difference between appetite + hunger?

A

Appetite = Desire to eat

Hunger = Internal drive to eat

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2
Q

Where is appetite derived from?

A

External + psych factors

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3
Q

Where is hunger derived from?

A

Hypothalamus + vagus nerve (central)

Blood glucose + hormones (peripheral)

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4
Q

From what external factors can appetite be derived from?

A

Smell

Sight

Temp

Humidity

Learned

Situation

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5
Q

What effect does the CCK hormone have on food?

A

Decreases food intake

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6
Q

What effect does the pancreatic polypeptide (PP) hormone have on food?

A

Decreases food intake

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7
Q

What is the pancreatic polypeptide (PP) hormone released in response to?

A

Ingestion of food

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8
Q

What effect does the peptide YY (PYY) hormone have on the intake of food?

A

Decreases it

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9
Q

What effect does the Glucagon like peptide 1 (GLP-1) hormone have on the intake of food?

A

Decreases it

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10
Q

What effect does the Excess glucocorticoids hormone have on the intake of food?

A

Increases it

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11
Q

What effect does the Leptin hormone have on the intake of food?

A

Decreases it

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12
Q

What effect does the ghrelin hormone have on the intake of food?

A

Increases it

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13
Q

Where is ghrelin released from?

A

Stomach + duodenum

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14
Q

What does Orexigenic mean?

A

Substance that stimulates appetite.

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15
Q

What is the only orexigenic out of the brain?

A

Ghrelin

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16
Q

When do levels of ghrelin increase?

A

Between meals + when stomach is empty

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17
Q

What does central administration of a substance mean?

A

Injecting it into CNS

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18
Q

What is the active form of ghrelin called?

A

Acylated form of ghrelin

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19
Q

Mechanism of action for ghrelin

A

Released from stomach when empty

Travels in blood to hypothalamus

Neuropeptide Y is released = ⬆️ food intake

Eating surpasses release of ghrelin

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20
Q

Which hormone is the opposite to ghrelin?

A

Leptin

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21
Q

Where is leptin produced?

A

In the white adipose tissue

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22
Q

What does leptin do?

A

Stimulates release of melanocyte - stimulating hormone (MSH)

Controls level of stored body fat

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23
Q

What does it mean if there’s more triacylglycerides in your adipocytes?

A

More leptin released

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24
Q

What happens to the levels of leptin released in a starvation state?

A

Less leptin released

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25
What does leptin suppress?
Release of Neuropeptide Y
26
What does melanocyte - stimulating hormone (MSH) do?
Surpresses hunger
27
What can happen to obese individuals in regards to leptin?
Can become resistant to it
28
What type of hormone is CCK?
Neuropeptide
29
Where is CCK released from?
Small intestine
30
Within how long after starting a meal will levels of CCK increase?
15 mins
31
What does the increase in CCK release cause for the gall bladder?
Causes it to release bile
32
What does peripherally administered CCK cause?
⬇️ size + meal duration
33
Where is Pancreatic polypeptide (PP) released from?
Pancreas
34
Where does Pancreatic polypeptide (PP) act?
Hypothalamus
35
What would infusing the Pancreatic polypeptide (PP) hormone into someone do?
⬇️ their food intake
36
Where is the polypeptide YY (PYY) hormone secreted from?
Ileum + colon
37
What can polypeptide YY (PYY) hormone do?
Suppress appetite for a long period of time
38
What does the amount of polypeptide YY (PYY) hormone released depend on?
Energy in meal Composition of meal
39
Where is GLP-1 released from?
Small intestine + colon
40
What is the release of the GLP-1 hormone proportional to?
Energy intake
41
What does GLP-1 hormone promote when administered centrally or peripherally?
Weight loss
42
What is oxytomodulin co released with?
GLP-1
43
What is the release of the oxytomodulin hormone proportional to?
Energy intake
44
What type of hormone is adiponectin?
Adipocyte derived hormone
45
What is adiponectin involved with? What happens to levels of adiponectin with obesity?
Involved in regulating glucose levels + FA breakdown Decreases w/ obesity
46
What happens to levels of adiponectin with weight loss?
Increases
47
What helps with the release of leptin?
Insulin
48
Where are glucocorticoids derived from?
Adrenal glands Meaning... Adrenal gland failure = anorexia
49
What does excess amounts of glucocorticoids lead to?
Hyperphagia
50
What is hyperphagia?
Abnormally great desire for food; excessive eating.
51
What does short exposure to normobaric hypoxia whilst performing exercise cause?
⬇️ appetite
52
What does the Benedicts test test for?
Reducing sugars
53
What does the biuret test test for?
Protein Blue --> Purple if present If peptides present = pink
54
What does the ethanol test test for?
Fat
55
What in reducing sugars is the reducing agent?
The aldehyde functional group
56
Reducing sugars have 1 of 2 groups, what are they?
Aldehyde functional group Ketone group (can be converted into an aldehyde)
57
What does the aldehyde group in a reducing sugar do?
Reduces the soluble copper (II) ions in copper (II) sulphate TO insoluble copper (I) ions in copper (I) oxide.
58
What sugars are classified as reducing sugars?
Simple sugars (mono + most di-saccharides)
59
How do you prepare a test solution for the Benedicts test?
Crush food + mod. amount of distilled H20 Decant suspension to remove large particles Use decanted liquid as test solution
60
Procedure for Benedicts test
+ 1ml of sample solution to test tube + 2ml of Benedicts solution to test tube + swirl mixture Leave in a boiling H20 bath for ~5 minsk Observe colour changes during time + as final colour
61
OBSERVATIONS FOR BENEDICTS TEST No change (blue)
No reducing sugars present
62
OBSERVATIONS FOR BENEDICTS TEST Green
Trace amounts of reducing sugars present
63
OBSERVATIONS FOR BENEDICTS TEST Yellow
Low amounts of reducing sugars present
64
OBSERVATIONS FOR BENEDICTS TEST Orange
Mod amounts of reducing sugars present
65
OBSERVATIONS FOR BENEDICTS TEST Brick-red
Large amounts of reducing sugars present
66
Procedure for biuret test
+ 2ml of liquid food sample to test tube +2ml of biuret reagent Shake Stand for 5 mins Observe colour change
67
What other tests are there besides ethanol test for testing for lipids in food?
Grease spot test Sudan stain test
68
Procedure for solid sample in ethanol test
Crush food sample Place in dry test tube + ethanol to about 2ml above level of sample Shake Allow solid to settle (~3mins) to allow lipid to be extracted Decant ethanol into another test tube +2ml of de-ionised H20 to 2nd test tube Make observations
69
Procedure for liquid sample in ethanol test
+ few drops of liquid food sample to dry test tube + 2ml ethanol Shake + 2ml of deionised H20 Make observations
70
Why did granulated sugar not change colour when it was heated with the benedicts solution?
Because there’s no reducing sugar present
71
Which hormone most commonly increases satiety?
GLP-1
72
What do low levels of insulin + leptin in the body do?
Stimulate hunger + appetite for high calorie foods
73
Which hormone is elevated post bariatric surgery
Polypeptide yy
74
What happens to food intake after exercise in the cold + why?
Increased due to more CHO intake
75
What will ingesting CHO in the hours before exercise do to the plasma?
Raise plasma insulin = suppressing fat oxidation by ~35% -- This effect may last up to 6-8hrs meaning the highest fat oxidation rates can be achieved after an overnight fast.
76
It has been suggested that CHO intake DURING exercise may interfere w/ training adaptations. What is this notion based on?
Observation that CHO intake during exercise can ⬇️ the expression of the mRNA of certain proteins after exercise, i.e the CPT1 mRNA.
77
What would happen to liver glycogen and muscle glycogen after an overnight fast?
Liver glycogen may be low Muscle glycogen wouldn't be affected.
78
Which BCAA particularly stimulates muscles signalling pathways?
Leucine
79
What are low energy dense foods?
Foods high in H20 +/or fibre
80
What do low energy dense foods do? How?
Promote satiety Because they expand the stomach + intestines to a greater extent than lighter-weight foods
81
Give examples of lighter-weight foods
Oils + snack foods
82
What in the small intestine is thought to help promote satiety?
Nutrient receptors
83
What is the obesity gene?
ob gene
84
What does the ob gene code for?
Synthesis of leptin
85
What happens when the ob gene is functioning normally?
Leptin is made + signals satiety.
86
What happens when there's a mutation in the ob gene + leptin isn't made in sufficient quantities?
Desire to eat ⬆️ dramatically Metabolic rate ⬇️ weight gain.
87
What is the process of satiety?
Flavour of food Knowing a meal has been eaten Influence of stomach + intestinal expansion + activity Influence of nutrient use in liver + related communication w. hypothalamus Conscious thinking in brains cortex + can overcome hunger or satiety signals.

Nutrition & Metabolism (17 decks)

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