W9D1 Flashcards
(31 cards)
Can a value affirmation essay improve performance?
Yes!
What self concepts do 3-5 months have?
Some understanding of physical self. Know that they can control objects with their hands.
At what point do infants experience separation anxiety? What’s it a sign of?
8 months, and it’s a sign of developing awareness of self and others.
3-5 month Infants looked longer at “flipped” video of their own legs compared to when it was at the correct orientation. What does this suggest?
Suggests they have some recognition of body.
At what age do infants link image in mirror to self/touch the mark in their head?
18 months
What are some species that pass the mirror test?
Chimps, bonobos, orangutans, elephants, killer whales, and magpies.
How does self-perception advance at age 2?
1) Children recognize themselves in photographs.
2) Children use pronoun in language?
3) Children show complex emotions: embarrassment, pride, shame, guilt.
The “terrible twos” are a time of what?
Self-assertion, as they understand they have their own goals.
What were Susan Harter’s “composite statements?”
Where children are interviewed about who they think they are, representing how children describe themselves as what age.
How do 3-4 year olds describe themselves?
- Self-concept focuses on concrete, observable characteristics
- Activities, abilities
- Basic psychological traits
- Unrealistically positive
How does a 8-11 year old describe themself?
- Social comparison plays a big role
- More nuanced concepts of traits. Not just “smart”, but smart at some things, not at others.
- More realistic (and less positive)
How do adolescents 11-13 year olds describe themselves?
- Even more abstract self-descriptions
- Understand that self can differ depending on context.
What is self-concept like in adolescence?
- My feelings and experiences are unique, special, weird, not shared
by others (a form of egocentrism, termed a personal fable) - Worry about other’s judgements: Imaginary audience focused on
self, a.k.a. ‘the spotlight effect’
What’s proof of the spotlight effect?
People thought that others would notice that they were wearing a bad t-shirt, but not many did.
What is a 15 year old’s self-concept like?
Introspective, concerned with apparent contradictions.
What is a 18 year old’s self-concept like?
More integrated, less concerned with what others think, focus on personal values and beliefs.
What is Erikson’s theory?
- Each stage of development has its own crisis.
- Adolescence/early adulthood is a crisis of identity, where you need to time to explore your option.
In Erikson’s theory, at what stage do you have no firm identity commitments, and not explore options?
Identity diffusion.
In Erikson’s theory, at what stage do you have no commitment to identity without exploration, based on values of others?
Foreclosure
In Erikson’s theory, at what stage are you exploring choice, not yet committed?
Moratorium.
In Erikson’s theory, at what stage do you have a coherent, stable identity?
Identity achievement.
Does identity relate to well being?
Yes: People who are committed to an identity tend to be higher in well
being, self-esteem, emotional stability. However: This is true whether commitment is through foreclosure,
or exploration!
What is the difference between race and ethnicity?
Race is the categorization of people, based in part by physical characteristics.
Ethnicity refers to cultural expression and cultural identity.
What are ethnic-minority children like in early school years?
- Know the common characteristics of their ethnic group
- Start to have feelings about being members of the group
- May have begun to form ethnically based preferences
