week 1

Question 1

cognition

Answer 1

the process of knowing

Question 2

neuroscience

Answer 2

how the nervous system is organized and functions

Question 3

rationalism

Answer 3

knowledge is gained through reasoning (deduction)

Question 4

empirism

Answer 4

knowledge comes from experience (induction), brain starts a blank space

Question 5

behaviorism

Answer 5

everyone has the same neural equipment on which learning can be build

Question 6

limits behaviorism

Answer 6

• neglects internal mental processes
• no room for consciousness
• doesn’t address complex behavior
• no individual differences?

Question 7

classical conditioning

Answer 7

• behavior is understood by observable stimulus-response relationships and shaped by environmental factors.
• stimulus + neutral stimulus –> changes response to neutral stimulus
• dog food + bell –> conditioned –> bell = conditioned stimulus

Question 8

operant conditioning (Skinner)

Answer 8

behavior is strengthened by the representation of positive reinforcers

Question 9

associationism

Answer 9

mental processes operate by the association of one mental slate with its succes rates

Question 10

cognitive map

Answer 10

a conception of a layout in the mind
- rat in a maze

Question 11

phrenology (Gall)

Answer 11

the study of the information of the skull al indicative of mental faculties and traits of character –> character through the skull
- anatomical personology

Question 12

lesion studies

Answer 12

investigate the effects of brain damage
- Broca’s aphasia
- Wernicke’s aphasia
- HM
- Phineas Gage

Question 13

Broca’s aphasia

Answer 13

• understand perfect
• poorly produced (grammar)
• reasonable meaning
• insight into disability
• brodmann area 44

Question 14

Wernicke’s aphasia

Answer 14

• grammatically correct production
• absent meaning
• unaware of disability
• left posterior STG
• brodmann area 22

Question 15

Brodmann’s cytoarchitectonic map

Answer 15

how cells differ between brain regions
- different regions for different functions

Question 16

computers

Answer 16

• data analysis
  new way of thinking about the mind
• input –> processed –> memory unit –> arithmetic unit –> output

Question 17

Turing test

Answer 17

human cannot find the differences between a computer and human

Question 18

attention

Answer 18

multiple inputs –> filter –> detector –> memory

Question 19

Broadbent’s filter model of attention

Answer 19

the unattended message is blocked in the selective filter (bottleneck)
- filers out irrelevant noise –> not completely blocked –> can switch

Question 20

Treisman’s leaky filter model

Answer 20

auttentuator instead of filter –> flexible bottleneck

Question 21

sensory memory

Answer 21

fraction for second

Question 22

short term memory

Answer 22

• limited capacity
• seconds

Question 23

long term memory

Answer 23

• high capacity
• long period of time

Question 24

episodic

Answer 24

life event in LT memory

Question 25

semantic

Answer 25

facts in LT memory

Question 26

procedural

Answer 26

physical actions in LT memory

Question 27

prefrontal cortex

Answer 27

control processes that enable an individual to optimize performance in situations requiring the operation and coordination of several more basic cognitive processes - CEO - planning - abstract and conceptual thinking - error correction and trouble-shooting - organizing behaviors toward a specific goal - overcoming a strong habitual response or resisting temptation

Question 28

aggregate field theory

Answer 28

the whole brain participates in behavior

Question 29

Thomas Willis

Answer 29

brain damage --> effect behavior

Question 30

Descartes

Answer 30

mind influenced the body

Question 31

Gall

Answer 31

- brain is the organ of the mind - specific locations in the brain - phrenology

Question 32

Flourens

Answer 32

aggregate field theory

Question 33

Jackson

Answer 33

- topographic organization --> a map of the body - many regions of the brain contribute to a given behavior

Question 34

Brocca

Answer 34

a specific aspect of language is impaired by a specific lesion

Question 35

Brodmann

Answer 35

cytoarchitectonic

Question 36

Golgi

Answer 36

- the black reaction - different types of ganglion cells

Question 37

Cajal

Answer 37

- brain is a syncytium: a continuous mass of tissue that shares a common cytoplasm - neurodoctrine electrical information in one way (dendrites --> axons)

Question 38

neurodoctrine

Answer 38

nervous system is made up of individual cells

Question 39

Purkinje

Answer 39

described the first nerve cell in the nervous system

Question 40

Helmholtz

Answer 40

electrical current in the medium that carries information along the axon

Question 41

Montreal procedure

Answer 41

destroyed neurons in the brain --> prevent seizures

Question 42

electroencephalography

Answer 42

- noninvasive - electrical currents

Question 43

CT

Answer 43

transverse X-rays --> 3D

Question 44

CAT

Answer 44

2D --> 3D

Question 45

PET

Answer 45

- noninvasive - information on function - traces/isotopes

Question 46

MRI

Answer 46

- nuclear magnetic resonance - material in blood

Question 47

fMRI

Answer 47

- no ionized radiation/sensitive - detailed images related to brain function

Question 48

neuropsychology

Answer 48

the study of the behavior of people with brain damage

Question 49

electrophysiology

Answer 49

measuring electrical response of the nervous system --> listen to activity of single neurons

Question 50

Donders pioneering experiment

Answer 50

the difference in RT between simple and choice conditions indicate the time it takes to make a decision that leads to pressing the correct button (1/10 of a sec)

Question 51

Wundt's psychology laboratory

Answer 51

- structuralism - analytic introspection

Question 52

structuralism

Answer 52

our overall experience is determined by combining sensations

Question 53

analytic introspection

Answer 53

participant describe their experiments and thought processes in response to a stimuli

Question 54

Ebbinghaus's memory experiment

Answer 54

learn a list --> wait (errors) --> relearn (faster)

Question 55

savings

Answer 55

how much is forgotten after a particular delay

Question 56

savings curve

Answer 56

memory drops quick after 2 days

Question 57

William James's principles of psychology

Answer 57

paying attention to one thing involved with-drawing from other things

Question 58

cognitive revolution

Answer 58

behaviorist focus on stimulus-response to understand the operation of the mind

Question 59

scientific revolution

Answer 59

a shift from 1 paradigm to another --> paradigm shift

Question 60

paradigm

Answer 60

system of ideas that dominate science