week 3

Question 1

sensation

Answer 1

the first stage in the functioning of the senses to represent stimuli from the environment
- stimulus –> process in receptors
- goal: detecting stimulus and its elementary properties

Question 2

perception

Answer 2

a higher brain function –> mental process/state representing awareness and understanding of events and objects in the world
- goal: creating useful information of the surroundings

Question 3

photoreceptors

Answer 3

cones (low light, no color) and roses (higher light, color) for vision

Question 4

mechanoreceptors

Answer 4

hearing (hair cells) and touch (free nerve ending)

Question 5

chemoreceptors

Answer 5

taste and smell
- chemical stimulus properties

Question 6

receptors

Answer 6

physical stimuli –> transducing –> electrical action potential –> neurons –> specific brain regions –> processed & interpreted

Question 7

somatosensory system

Answer 7

touch

Question 8

gustatory system

Answer 8

taste

Question 9

olfactory system

Answer 9

smell

Question 10

vestibular system

Answer 10

equilibriuception –> balance

Question 11

sensory cortex

Answer 11

cortical representation sites of the senses
- multiple brain regions at which sensory information is received and processed

Question 12

receptive field

Answer 12

area in which stimulation leads to a response of a particular sensory neuron (line of orientation, direction of motion and shapes)

Question 13

bottom-up processing

Answer 13

taking sensory information and then assembling/integrating it

Question 14

top-down processing

Answer 14

use knowledge, motivation and expectations to interpet sensory information

Question 15

Gestalt psychology

Answer 15

• sensory information –> patterns
• principles that help us make sense of complex scenes quickly and efficiently
• ‘the whole is greater than the sum of its parts’
• grouping principles (gestalt laws) –> perceive objects as patterns

Question 16

principle of good continuation

Answer 16

points are sent as lines that belong together & objects that are overlapped are seen as different objects

Question 17

law of pragnanz/principle of good figure/ principle of simplicity

Answer 17

every stimulus pattern in seen in such a wat that the resulting structure is as simple as possible

Question 18

principe of similarity

Answer 18

similar things appear to be grouped together

Question 19

proximity

Answer 19

close together –> belong together

Question 20

examples gestalt psychology

Answer 20

• proximity
• similarity
• closure
• common fate
• Pragnanz/simplicity
• good continuation

Question 21

closure

Answer 21

close figures in their mind

Question 22

Bayesian inference/the Bayesian brain/predictive coding

Answer 22

actively perceiving the world –> explains our sensations while updating our expectations

Question 23

prior

Answer 23

our initial belief about the probability of an outcome

Question 24

likelihood

Answer 24

the extent to which the available evidence is consistent with the outcome

Question 25

posterior

Answer 25

combines the prior and likelihood to form a new, updates belief or percept

Question 26

helmholtz theory of unconscious inference

Answer 26

symbols or representations of the physical world that can be interpreted and disambiguated through converging evidence from different senses

Question 27

likelihood principle

Answer 27

we perceive the object that is most likely to have caused the pattern of stimuli we have received

Question 28

unconscious inference

Answer 28

our perceptions are the result of unconscious assumptions/inferences that we make about the environment

Question 29

regulaties in the environment

Answer 29

frequently occurring characteristics - physical regularities - semantic regularities

Question 30

physical regularities

Answer 30

- oblique effect: people perceive horizontals and verticals more easily than other orientations - light-from-above assumption

Question 31

semantic regularities

Answer 31

the characteristics associated with the functions carries out in different types of scenes - scene schema: the knowledge of what a given scene typically contains

Question 32

examples top-down processing

Answer 32

- Helmholtz - regularities - Bayan data from the environment and experiences

Question 33

example bottom-up processing

Answer 33

- Gestalt principles are build in and over-ride the experience

Question 34

perceptual illusions

Answer 34

- our experience is an interpretation - rules and assumptions to interpret sensory information - pinpoint specific brain regions

Question 35

perceptual constancy

Answer 35

ability of perceptual systems to recognize the same object from widely varying sensory inputs - bistable stimulus: some inputs can be perceives in two ways

Question 36

inverse projections problem

Answer 36

the task of determining the object response for a particular image on the retina - because of our knowledge (environment) - viewpoint invariance: peoples ability to recognize an object from a different viewpoint

Question 37

speech segmentation

Answer 37

when one word in a conversation ends and the next one begins

Question 38

transitional probabilities

Answer 38

the likelihood that one sound will follow another (within an word)

Question 39

statistical learning

Answer 39

the process of learning about transitional probabilities and other characteristics of language - example: kids with made up words and light

Question 40

perceptual process (7 steps)

Answer 40

1 stimulus in environment 2 stimulus hits the receptors 3 receptor processes 4 Nepal processing 5 perception 6 recognition 7 action

Question 41

distal stimulus

Answer 41

in the environment

Question 42

proximal stimulus

Answer 42

the representation of the object on the receptor

Question 43

principle of transformation

Answer 43

stimuli and responses created by stimuli are transformed/changed between the distal stimulus and perception

Question 44

sensory receptors

Answer 44

respond to environmental energy

Question 45

transduction

Answer 45

1 transform environmental energy into electrical energy 2 shape perception by different properties

Question 46

neural processing

Answer 46

changes in the signals that occur as they are transmitter through a maze of neurons

Question 47

electrical signals

Answer 47

conscious experience of perception (awareness)

Question 48

recognition

Answer 48

placing a object in a category

Question 49

action

Answer 49

motor activities in response to the stimulus

Question 50

visual form agnosia

Answer 50

inability to recognize objects