Week 1 Flashcards
(39 cards)
What is pharmacokinetics?
Pharmacokinetics is the science that analyzes how the human body interacts with a drug.
What does pharmacokinetics examine?
Pharmacokinetics examines how the drug is absorbed, distributed, metabolized, and excreted by the body.
What is pharmacodynamics?
Pharmacodynamics is the science that studies the biochemical and physiologic effects of a drug and its organ-specific mechanism of action.
How can the difference between pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics be described?
Pharmacokinetics is ‘what the body does to the drug,’ whereas pharmacodynamics is ‘what the drug does to the body.’
Why must physicians consider both pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics?
Physicians must consider both to determine the correct dosage and to ensure the appropriate effect.
What is absorption in pharmacokinetics?
Absorption is the transfer of a drug from the site of administration to the bloodstream.
What factors determine drug absorption?
Drug absorption is determined by physicochemical properties, drug formulation, and route of administration.
What is bioavailability?
Bioavailability is the extent and rate at which a drug enters systemic circulation, accessing the site of action.
What is distribution in pharmacokinetics?
Distribution is the extent to which a drug is transported from systemic circulation to target tissues and organs.
What is metabolism in pharmacokinetics?
Metabolism is the process through which the body chemically changes drugs into different molecules.
What are the phases of biotransformation?
The phases include Phase I reactions, Phase II reactions, and Phase III reactions.
What is the role of receptors in pharmacodynamics?
Receptors are macromolecules involved in chemical signaling between and within cells.
What are agonists and antagonists?
Agonists activate receptors to produce a desired response, while antagonists prevent receptor activation.
What is the significance of dose-response curves?
Dose-response curves graphically represent the relationship between the dosage of a drug and the effect it produces.
What is the breakdown of glycogen to glucose?
The process of converting glycogen into glucose.
What is pharmacodynamics?
The study of the effects of drugs and their mechanisms of action.
What are the two types of drug effects?
Therapeutic effects (desired) and toxic effects (undesired).
What are dose–response curves?
Graphical representations of the relationship between drug dosage and effect.
What is plotted on the x-axis and y-axis of a dose–response curve?
Dose of drug on the x-axis and maximal % response on the y-axis.
What is Emax?
The drug dose or concentration that elicits a maximal effect.
What is ED50?
The drug dose or concentration that produces 50% maximal effect.
What does the slope of a dose–response curve indicate?
The change in effect per unit of drug concentration increased.
What happens when a competitive antagonist is added to an agonist?
A higher agonist dose is needed to achieve 100% effect, shifting the curve right.
What happens when a noncompetitive inhibitor is added to an agonist?
A higher agonist dose will not achieve 100% effect, and maximal effect is reduced.
