week 3- COPD Flashcards

(23 cards)

1
Q
A
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2
Q

What is Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)?

A

A lung disease characterized by progressive, largely irreversible airflow obstruction.

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3
Q

What are the common symptoms of COPD?

A

Progressive dyspnea, chronic cough, prolonged expiration, wheezing, diminished breath sounds.

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4
Q

What is the main cause of COPD?

A

Cigarette smoking (90% of cases).

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5
Q

Define chronic bronchitis.

A

Productive cough > 3 months per year for at least 2 consecutive years in the absence of other causes of chronic cough.

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6
Q

Define emphysema.

A

Destruction and permanent dilation of alveolar sacs.

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7
Q

What is the prevalence of COPD worldwide?

A

11.7% with annual deaths of 3 million.

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8
Q

What demographic factors influence the prevalence of COPD?

A

Age (peaks around 50-60 years), sex (more prevalent in men, rising rates in women).

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9
Q

List some risk factors for COPD.

A
  • Premature birth
  • Low body weight
  • Lower socioeconomic status
  • Poor nutrition
  • Childhood respiratory disorders
  • Preexisting airway reactivity
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10
Q

What is the pathophysiology of chronic bronchitis?

A

Chronic inflammation leads to progressive airway obstruction through endothelial damage, mucous gland hyperplasia, airway edema, and peribronchial fibrosis.

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11
Q

What is the role of proteases in emphysema?

A

Proteases break down elastin and connective tissue, leading to tissue destruction and alveolar enlargement.

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12
Q

What are the two morphological patterns of emphysema?

A
  • Centriacinar emphysema
  • Panacinar emphysema
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13
Q

What are common symptoms during acute exacerbations of COPD?

A

Worsening dyspnea, increased cough, purulent sputum production, wheezing.

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14
Q

What physical examination findings are associated with COPD?

A
  • Tachypnea
  • Hypoxia
  • Muscle wasting
  • Barrel chest
  • Prolonged expiration
  • Wheezing
  • Cyanosis
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15
Q

What is the GOLD classification for COPD?

A
  • GOLD I: Mild (FEV1 ≥ 80%)
  • GOLD II: Moderate (FEV1 50%-79%)
  • GOLD III: Severe (FEV1 30%-49%)
  • GOLD IV: Very severe (FEV1 < 30%)
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16
Q

What is the significance of a post-bronchodilator test in COPD?

A

Assesses the reversibility of the obstructive condition; minimal reversibility in COPD.

17
Q

What is the first-line management for COPD?

A

Smoking cessation.

18
Q

List some pharmacotherapy options for COPD.

A
  • Short-acting bronchodilators (e.g., albuterol)
  • Long-acting bronchodilators (e.g., salmeterol)
  • Inhaled corticosteroids (e.g., budesonide)
  • Phosphodiesterase-4 inhibitors (e.g., roflumilast)
19
Q

What are common complications of COPD?

A
  • Respiratory failure
  • Respiratory infections
  • Pulmonary hypertension
  • Osteoporosis from long-term steroid use
  • Weight loss or cachexia
20
Q

What is the differential diagnosis for COPD?

A
  • Asthma
  • Bronchiectasis
  • Bronchiolitis obliterans
  • Heart failure
  • Cystic fibrosis
  • Pulmonary embolism
21
Q

What role does pulmonary rehabilitation play in COPD management?

A

Guided exercise and behavioral interventions to improve functional capacity.

22
Q

Fill in the blank: The FEV1/FVC ratio is typically less than _______ in COPD.

23
Q

True or False: Emphysema is characterized by increased elastic recoil.