Week 3- Asthma Flashcards by Brooklyn Burley

What is asthma?

A chronic inflammatory respiratory condition characterized by bronchial hyperresponsiveness and airflow obstruction.

Asthma results from the interaction of host and environmental factors, with inflammation causing symptoms and structural changes.

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What percentage of the population in the United States is affected by asthma?

Approximately 8% of the population.

Asthma is the most common chronic disease of childhood, with peak presentation at 3 years of age.

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What is the male-to-female ratio for asthma in childhood and adulthood?

2:1 in childhood; 1:1 in adulthood, with women affected more by age 40.

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What are the common symptoms of asthma?

Wheezing
Cough
Dyspnea
Chest tightness

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What is the primary method for diagnosing asthma?

Pulmonary function test showing a reversible obstructive pattern.

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What are the host risk factors for asthma?

Genetics
Atopy
Perinatal factors
Sex
Obesity
Maternal factors

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What is atopy in relation to asthma?

A genetic predisposition to produce immunoglobulin E (IgE) antibodies on allergen exposure.

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What environmental factors increase the risk of asthma?

Respiratory infections
Pollution
Smoking
Occupational exposure
Allergens

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What are common triggers for asthma symptoms?

Allergens
Cold air
Exercise
Stress
Upper respiratory infections

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What is the initial immune response in asthma upon antigen exposure?

Naive T-cell differentiation to T helper (Th) 2 cells and production of IgE antibodies.

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What are the mediators released during the early phase reaction of asthma?

Prostaglandin D₂
Histamine
Leukotrienes

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What is the late phase response in asthma characterized by?

Recruitment of inflammatory cells and production of mediators and cytokines.

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What are the components of asthma symptoms classification?

Frequency of symptoms
Short-acting bronchodilator use
Nighttime awakenings
Activity limitation
Lung function

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What indicates a diagnosis of asthma during a pulmonary function test?

FEV1/FVC ratio < 0.70 and reversible airway obstruction.

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What is the role of inhaled corticosteroids in asthma management?

They are the most effective anti-inflammatory medications for asthma.

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What is a common short-acting bronchodilator used for asthma?

Albuterol.

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What does a peak expiratory flow (PEF) test measure?

The maximum speed of expiration during a forced exhalation.

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What is the goal of emergency management for severe asthma exacerbations?

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Achieve 93%–95% oxygen saturation.

What is bronchial thermoplasty?

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A procedure that ablates bronchial smooth muscles through heat application during bronchoscopy.

What is the significance of exhaled nitric oxide in asthma diagnosis?

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It indicates eosinophilic airway inflammation.

What are the types of asthma based on triggers and etiology?

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Allergic (atopic) or extrinsic asthma
Non-allergic (intrinsic) asthma

What is the difference between Th2-mediated and non-Th2 asthma?

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Th2-mediated is associated with eosinophilia and steroid responsiveness; non-Th2 lacks eosinophilia and is less responsive to steroids.

Fill in the blank: Asthma is characterized by recurrent episodes of _______.

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[coughing, wheezing, breathlessness, and chest tightness]

True or False: Asthma is more common in boys than girls before puberty.

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True.

What is the effect of maternal smoking on asthma risk?

Increases the risk of asthma.

What are the signs of asthma when symptomatic?

* Tachypnea * Tachycardia * Expiratory wheezing * Prolonged expiratory phase

What is respiratory fatigue characterized by?

Respiratory rate > 30/min, heart rate > 120/min, use of accessory muscles ## Footnote Respiratory fatigue indicates severe respiratory distress and may require immediate intervention.

What condition is indicated by low oxygen saturation (< 92%) despite high-flow oxygen?

Respiratory acidosis with increasing hypercapnia ## Footnote This situation often suggests a critical respiratory issue that needs urgent attention.

What indicates readiness for discharge in a patient with respiratory issues?

Improved PEF > 80% and resolution of symptoms ## Footnote PEF stands for Peak Expiratory Flow.

What type of medication may be needed for emergent symptom relief in respiratory distress?

Inhaled medication administered through a nebulizer ## Footnote This method is often employed for quick relief of acute symptoms.

What is the basis of disease severity according to the National Asthma Education and Prevention Program (NAEPP)?

Symptoms, activity limitation, SABA use, lung function ## Footnote SABA stands for Short-Acting Beta-Agonists.

What does the stepwise approach in asthma management entail?

Initiation and continuation of medication(s) based on severity ## Footnote This approach ranges from intermittent to persistent asthma.

What is the first step in asthma management for intermittent asthma?

As needed SABA ## Footnote SABA is the first-line therapy for acute exacerbation.

What is the preferred maintenance therapy for asthma in steps 2-4?

ICS/formoterol ## Footnote ICS stands for Inhaled Corticosteroids.

What are the additional measures in steps 5-6 for severe persistent asthma?

Increasing dose of ICS/LABA, adding a LAMA, adding systemic corticosteroids ## Footnote LABA stands for Long-Acting Beta-Agonists, and LAMA stands for Long-Acting Muscarinic Antagonists.

What is the first-line therapy for adults and adolescents > 12 years of age according to GINA?

ICS-formoterol ## Footnote It is preferred for both relief and control.

What is the alternative to ICS/formoterol for as needed therapy in asthma management?

ICS + SABA ## Footnote This is considered when ICS/formoterol is not suitable.

What is a key diagnostic feature of upper airway obstruction?

Stridor rather than wheezing ## Footnote This occurs due to limitations in airflow.

How does foreign-body aspiration typically present on examination?

Localized or generalized wheezing ## Footnote Chest X-ray findings can vary, and bronchoscopy is both diagnostic and therapeutic.

What additional symptoms accompany wheezing in left ventricular failure?

Crackles ## Footnote Diagnosis involves history, physical examination, and imaging.

What does vocal cord dysfunction present with?

Wheezing, cough, and dyspnea ## Footnote Spirometry may show flattened inspiratory flow loops.

What condition is refractory to usual asthma treatment and may show peripheral vasculitis?

Eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis ## Footnote This condition can complicate asthma management.

What is a key characteristic of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)?

Dyspnea, cough, and wheezing ## Footnote COPD is strongly associated with smoking history.

What does the pulmonary function test show in COPD?

Obstructive pattern without significant reversibility ## Footnote Emphysema, a form of COPD, also shows reduced DLCO.

Week 3- Asthma Flashcards

(44 cards)