Week 1 Flashcards by B Burr

What are the four main functions of the kidney?

Excrete waste products of metabolism
Regulate body’s concentration of water and sodium
maintain acid balance of plasma
Secrete some hormones

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What hormones are secreted by the kidney?

Renin
Erythropoietin
Prostaglandins

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What 4 compartments can the kidney be divided into?

Glomeruli
Tubules
Interstitial tissues
vessels (renal)

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___ problem in the kidney is usually immunopathological (immune complex)

Glomeruli

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Pathology of the __ and __ __ is due to bacterial infection by toxins.

tubules

interstitial tissues

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2 AKAs for kidney inflammation/ pathology of glomeruli

Glomerulonephritis

Glomerulopathy

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Inside the ___ are arterioles. The arteriole that enters the glomerulus is the __ __ and blood leaves via the __ __.

Glomeruli
afferent arteriole
efferent arteriole

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Juxtaglomerular cells are located near the __ __ and they control the __ __ in the arterioles.

afferent arteriole

blood pressure

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Because blood ill only diffuse out at optimum __ __, if it drops (< __mmHg), it leads to secretion of __, which raises BP.

Blood Pressure
50
Renin

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What are the layers of the Arteriole from inside to out?

Endothelial Cells
Glomerular basement membrane
Visceral Epithelial Cells

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Endothelial cells line the ___. They have holes called ___ that filter the __

arterioles
pseudo-fenestrations
blood

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Visceral Epithelial Cells AKA

Podocytes

*look like feet

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Foot processes (of podoctyes)- between two of these there are __ __ and it is important for formation of ___- a foot process and a slit make up the __

filtration slits
urine
podocyte

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Mesangial cells are a type of __ cell that occupies the space within the __. Can __ , fight __, and can become __ if there is excess proliferation.

stromal
glomeruli
replicate
infection
sclerotic

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What are the 3 Pathogenic mechanisms of glomerulonephritis?

Circulating immune complex deposition
Anti-GBM glomerulonephritis
Heymann’s Glomerular Nephritis

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Circulating immune complex deposition is classic Type __ hypersensitivity. It takes place only in ___, outside the kidney.

circulation

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Circulating Immune Complex Deposition: There is an appearance of __ in the blood. __ are made and they meet and bind to the __.

antigens
antibodies
antigens

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Circulating Immune Complex Deposition: This antigen-antibody complex attaches to the wall of the ___, __ __ are deposited into the layer between __ __ and __ __; this makes the __ space.

vessel
Immune complexes
basement membrane
endothelial cells
subentimal

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Circulating Immune Complex Deposition: The immune complex lead to the attraction of __ cells, but the cells can’t __ the complex because it is bound to the __ wall. So they release __ enzymes into the surrounding area.

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phagocytic
engulf
vascular
proteolytic

Circulating Immune Complex Deposition: Can result in the injury of the vascular wall leading to __ since the __ digest the vascular wall. The same thing happens in the __.

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vasculitis
proteins
glomeruli

Circulating Immune Complex Deposition: Will prevent normal __ of the __

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filtration

blood

Anti-GBM Glomerulonephritis: Type __ hypersensitivity (__ mediated and __ dependent) reaction inside __

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2
Antigen
Complement
kidney

Anti-GBM Glomerulonephritis: Formation of __ against the __ __ __

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antibodies

glomerular basement membrane

Anti-GBM Glomerulonephritis: Have attraction of __ and a release of __ cells. They can’t __, so enzymes are released that destroy the __, __, and __.

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neutrophils
phagocytic
dissolve
GBM
epithelial cells
podocytes

Anti-GBM Glomerulonephritis: This will also result in __

vasculitis

Heymann's Glomerulinephritis: Characterized by development of antibodies against: 1. Antigens of the __ 2. antigens that can be deposited between the __ and __

Podocyte GBM podocytes

Heymann's Glomerulinephritis: Same mechanism, formation of __ cells and release of __

phagocytic | enzymes

Heymann's Glomerulinephritis: Both __ and __ cells are killed

good | bad

Heymann's Glomerulinephritis: NOT a ___

hypersensitivity

Glomeruli are very permeable to __, but impermeable to __(3)__.

water blood cells protein albumin

Proteins cannot go through the wall into the glomeruli. If there is protein in the ___, this means ___

urine | pathology

In nephritic syndrome - for unknown reasons, the __ is damaged and there is increased permeability of __ and decreased permeability of __

glomeruli RBCs Water

Nephritic syndrome is manifested clinically by __(3)__

Hematuria Oliguria Hypertension

Hematuria is manifested as __ in the urine with red blood ___

blood | casts

In oliguria or azotemia is characterized by elevated blood levels of ___ and ___ which is closely related to reduced ___ filtration rate.

BUN (blood urea nitrogen) creatine glomerular

When the concentration of azotemia is so high it results in ___ and then in __ __. It leads to __ of the body inside.

uremia renal failure poisoning

Uremia= ___ + ___

Azotemia | Clinical Manifestation

Hypertension: __ cells regulate BP in the body. They control the pressure within the arterioles to push blood through. Production of __ occurs when there is a decrease in pressure in the ___ arteriole and decrease in ___- when BP is lower than the BP needed for filtration.

Juxtaglomerular renin afferent GFR

Hypertension: The producton of urine is the first step in a cascade. The end product is the formation of ___ __, which leads to __ in blood pressure

Angiotensin II | Increase

Acute Proliferative Glomerulonephritis: MAy be caused by infection antibodies of ___ is produced and the antibodies can also destroy the __ wall. People who have ___ ___ are prone to the production of acute proliferative glomerulonephritis

streptococcus glomerular strep throat

Acute Proliferative Glomerulonephritis: Caused by Strep Pyogenes AKA _____

Beta Hemolytic Streptococcus group A

Acute Proliferative Glomerulonephritis: Some __ infections in children may also result in this condition. It is curable with ___.

viral | corticosteroids

Acute Proliferative Glomerulonephritis: Sometimes can switch to ___ glomerulonephritis. Can occur in chldren or adults. This occurs __% of the time in adults and __% in children.

Chronic 50 1

Acute Proliferative Glomerulonephritis: After a few weeks of ___, kids will recover __% of the time

TMT | 99

Acute Proliferative Glomerulonephritis: What is the common sign associated with this?

Swelling underneath the eyes (in a younger person) *Common with kidney problem

Rapidly Progressive (Crescentic) Glomerulonephritis: Most ___. It is a complex of disorders (not a disease) characterized by rapid and progressive ___ pathology (oliguria) and __ within weeks or months. The prognosis depends on the number of __ with __.

``` Dangerous kidney death glomeruli Crescents ```

Rapidly Progressive (Crescentic) Glomerulonephritis: The glomeruli will become crescent shaped and obstruct the lumen of the __ __ __ and urine willl build up inside the kidney and increase ___ pressure within the ___. This prevents blood ___. __% or more of crescent cells is fatal

``` Proximal Convoluted Tubule Hydrostatic GBM Circulation 80 ```

Week 1 Flashcards

(47 cards)