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Pathology II Lecture > Week 7 > Flashcards

Week 7 Flashcards

(47 cards)

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1
Q

What is hydrocephauls?

A

Accumulation of CSF in ventricular system, will increase hydrostatic pressure

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2
Q

CSF is produced by __ __ in the ventricles

A

choroid plexus

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3
Q

Amount of CSF produced in 24 hrs.

A

500ml

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4
Q

The 4 ventricles of the brain can hold __ ml of CSF

A

150

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5
Q

**Sidenote: Draw out a CSF circulation

A

do it.

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6
Q

Communicating Hydrocephalus AKA

A

Non-obstructive

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7
Q

COmmunicating Hydrocephalus: Leptomeningitis- swelling of the __ granulation and will cause increased accumulation of ___ in the ventricles. The gyri jam up against the brain and __. This can cause a __.

A

arachnoid
CSF
flatten
headache

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8
Q

Non Communicating hydrocephalus: Can be congenital, or acquired __ in some part of the ventricular system or from a mass such as a __ __ (or hemorrhagic stroke) which blocks the normal flow of fluid.

A

scarring

brain tumor

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9
Q

What are the 3 classic signs of Hydrocephalus?

A
  1. Headaches
  2. Nausea/ Vomiting
  3. Papilledema (swelling of optic disc)
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10
Q

What causes papilledema with hydrocephalus?

A

Increased ICP and prevention of normal venous outflow from the retina and disappearance of the clear boundary in the optic disc. Disc becomes opaque.

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11
Q

Alzheimer’s: Amount of CSF if __ than it is supposed to be. Accumulation of fluid due to disappearance of __ tissue. Does not __ pressure because there is a loss of tissue and increased space in the skull. What is this known as?

A

increased
Brain
increase
Hydrocephalus ex vacuo

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12
Q

Huntington’s can also cause ____ since the brain is atrophied. Also causes __ due to atrophy of striatal neurons. __ ganglia are damaged.

A

Hydrocephalus Ex vacuo
chorea
basal

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13
Q

Under normal circumstances, the brain receives __% of the cardiac output and utilizes about __% of the O2 consumed by the body.

A

15

20

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14
Q

Cerebral Vascular diseases (CVD) aka __ fall into 3 main categories. WHat are they?

A

Strokes
Infarcts (Ischemic stroke)
Hemorrhages (hemorrhagic stroke)
Parenchymal injuries

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15
Q

Infarcts (ischemic strokes) are caused by __ vascular __- can be partial or complete. These account for __% of all CVDs.

A

local
obstruction
80

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16
Q

Infarcts: Total Lacunar Infarction (AKA ___): Capillaries undergo __ changes and they get obliterated–> ___. MC with advanced __.

A

Hyaline Arteriosclerosis
hyaline
microinfactions
HTN

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17
Q

Hemorrhages occur within the brain __ of the __ space. These account for __% of all CVDs). May be __ or __.

A 
parenchyma
subarachnoid
15
intracerebral
Subarachnoid
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18
Q

Parenchymal injuries are associated with general reduction in __ flow, including global hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy. Dilation of vessels may lead to __ __.

A

blood

Anaphylactic shock

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19
Q

What are 2 sources of thrombosis?

Study These Flashcards
A

Mitral Stenosis

Artificial valves

20
Q

What are the 2 types of Hemorrhagic stroke?

Study These Flashcards
A

Intracerebral/ parenchymal/ hypertensive

Subarachnoid Hemorrhagic Stroke AKA Berry/ Saccular Aneurysm

21
Q

Hemorrhagic stroke: Intracerebral: Long term __ leads to deposition of __ in the vasuclar wall making it brittle and with increased pressure can cause rupture of these vessels and leakage into __ tissue.

Study These Flashcards
A

HTN
hyaline
brain

  • blood can cause atrophy of brain tissue as it acts like a toxin to tissues when not in the vessel
22
Q

Hemorrhagic Stroke: Subarachnoid (Berry): What is the problem in this condition? Where is MC? Where will hemorrhage occur?

Study These Flashcards
A

Person is born with a weak middle layer of arteries–> Saccular or Berry aneurysm develops
MC in ACA
Hemorrhage occurs around the brain

23
Q

Subarachnoid (Berry): Less than __ cm in diameter. Typically ruptured before __ y/o. Between __-__mm is most easily ruptured.

24
Q

Giant Aneurysm: Can get up to __cm in diameter. Manifestation is similar to __ __

Study These Flashcards
A

5

brain tumor

25
TIA: Fibrinolytic activity of blood can dissolve a thrombi after it obstructs the lumen and only obstructs blood flow for a short time. How is this manifested?
Amaurosis Fugax | Decreased blood flow to retina
26
What is Amaurosis Fugax?
Painless, temporary unilateral vision loss in one eye causes by temporary thrombosis of ophthalmic A.
27
3 types of CNS trauma; traumatic brain injuries
Epidural Hematoma Subdural Hematoma Brain traumatic parenchymal injury
28
Epidural Hematoma: Caused by rupture of the __ __ artery usually bc of its relationship with the weak __ bone. Pressure is so high that __ will separate from __ vault. Brain will swell due to prevent of __ outflow
``` middle meningeal squamous dura cranial venous ```
29
What are manifestations of subdural hematoma?
- Pain and neuro deficits (possible loss of consciousness) - Non-communicating hydrocephalus - Swelling--> additional compression - Possible herniation
30
What are the 3 types of herniations that may develop with epidural hematoma?
Subfalcine (least dangerous) Transtentorial (uncal/uncinate) (More dangerous) Cerebellar (Tonsilar) (Most dangerous)
31
Subfalcine herniation: Compression of __ __ against __ __. This can also cause compresson of which artery?
cingulate gyrus falx cerebri anterior cerebral Artery
32
Transtentorial Hernia: Compression of __ margin of __ lobe against the __ __. Can cause compression of __ __ artery. Can cause compression of the __ fibers of CN__ --> may lead to permanent __ of pupil on the side of damage.
``` free temporal tentorium cerebelli posterior cerebral 3 dilation ```
33
Cerebellar Herniation: Located in __ __ __. Acute version of __ __ malformation. Results in __ __ compression impacting __ and __ centers. __ hematoma can cause this and will lead to death.
``` posterior cranial fossa Arnold-Chiari brain stem respiratory cardiovascular ```
34
Duret Hemorrhage AKA __ __ __ is associated with __ hemorrhage. Due to kink in __ artery
secodary brainstem herniation cerebellar basilar
35
Subdural Hematoma: Blood doesn't collect in a preexisting space, but rather creates one at the __-__ junction. Usually follows __ that jerks the brain inside the head and damages it. Usually __ in origin coming from __ vein as it enters __ __ sinus.
``` dura-arachnois trauma venous cerebral superior sagittal ```
36
Subdural Hematoma: Lower blood pressure in __ veins makes damage not that bad. what are some possible manifestations?
bridging | headache, loss of consciousness, blindness, spots in eyes
37
Concussion: damage to what part of the brain? This can cause what 2 manifestations?
Reticular Activating system (RAS) - Loss of consciousness- seconds to hours - Retrograde amnesia- permanent loss of memory on events immediately prior to, during, and after the trauma.
38
Diffuse Axonal Injury: Stretching of ___ of __ matter. Usually associated with __. Most commonly involves which part of brain? What will you find with this?
``` axons white whiplash brain stem -Axonal Spheroids- aappear 2 hrs. after trauma (also found in alzheimers) ```
39
Contusion: Hemorrhage into the __ __ due to blunt trauma. Will have anatomical damage. Whata are the 2 types?
superficial parenchyma Coup Contra-Coup
40
Contusion: Coup: Damage of brain directly __ the area- head is __ and forced __.
under immobile mobile "Vinnie, hit him in the ehad with a baseball bat."
41
Contra coup: Damage is in __ lobe if hit in the back of the head. Head __ forced __.
frontal mobile immobile "Vinnia, slam his face into the cement."
42
Laceration: Tear of brain tissue and rupture of vessels--> __. Can be in two areas. what are they?
hemorrhage Subarachnoid Parenchyma
43
Laceration: MC involves which 2 areas of brain?
temporal | parietal
44
Basilar skull fracture: Can cause interruption of __ __ or opening for __. What are the 2 common types?
Cranial Nerves Infection Fx of Orbital plate of Frontal Bone Fx of pyramid of temporal bone
45
Basilar Skull fracture: Fracture of orbital plate of frontal Bone: __ __ hemorrhage. Will cause __ eyes. Pt. will always have ___. Can cause __ because there is an opening in the brain.
Bilateral Periorbital raccoon rhinorrhea- CSF leakage (bc crack in basement of skull) infection
46
Basilar Skull fracture: Fracture of pyramid of temporal bone: Hemorrhage behind the ear = __ sign. Can cause ___.
battle | Otorrhea- leakage of CSF from ear
47
Basilar skull fx: Treatment?
TMT to prevent infection and observe to make sure thet fx closes.

Pathology II Lecture (8 decks)

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