Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

800 > Week 1 - 4 (Midsem Notes) > Flashcards

Week 1 - 4 (Midsem Notes) Flashcards

1
Q

What is physical activity?

A

Any bodily movement produced by skeletal muscles that results in energy expenditure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is physical fitness?

A

Related to a set of attributes that people have or achieve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Measurements of PA?

A

Questionnaires and surveys, diary or log, direct observation, pedometers, accelerometers, GPS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is sedentary behaviour?

A

A class of behaviours that don’t produce much energy expenditure like sitting, driving and lying down

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are the benefits of PA?

A

Reduced all cause mortality, lower blood pressure, reduced CVD risk, better physical fitness, increase bone health and metabolic markers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Diseases and conditions that benefit from PA?

A

Diabetes, hypertension, CVD disease, blood cholesterol, stroke

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

PA recommendations for children?

A

60 mins or more of vigorous PA each day - mainly aerobic activities
Several hours of a variety of light PA
Muscle and bone strengthening activities 3x a week

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

PA recommendations for adults?

A

Any is better than none, if you do none start and build up gradually to recommended amount
150-300 mins of vigorous PA or 75-150 mins of moderate PA or an equivalent combination of both
Muscle strengthening activities 2x a week

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

PA recommendations for older adults?

A

Some form of PA regardless of age, weight, health problems or abilities
Active in every way as possible doing a range of PA that incorporates flexibility, balance, and balance
30 minutes of moderate PA on most, or preferably all days of the week

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Who is ActivPAL good for?

A

Athletes, runners, swimmers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Who is Actigraph good for?

A

Tracking cycles of activity and sleeping over several days and weeks

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Who is the pedometer good for?

A

Rehab population - disabled, amputee or those transitioning to an active lifestyle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is the respiratory function?

A

Ventilation and gaseous exchange

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is the function of the URT?

A

Nose cavity, pharynx, larynx
Warms and humidifies air
Traps particles >5um
Filtration by nasal hairs and trapping by impaction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is the function of the LRT conducting part?

A

From trachea to terminal bronchioles
Traps particles 1-5um via sedimentation on mucus layers
Trapped particles move to MCC

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is the function of the LRT gaseous exchange?

A

Gas exchange between O2 and CO2 via diffusion in alveoli that are both ventilated and perfused

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Anatomy of the right lung

A

3 lobes: UL, ML, LL
2 fissures: horizontal and oblique
10 segments

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Anatomy of the left lung

A

2 lobes: UL, LL
1 fissure: oblique
8-10 segments:

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Anatomy of pleural cavity

A

Visceral layer attaches to lungs

Parietal layer attaches to chest wall

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What creates the negative pressure in the pleural cavity?

A

Lungs are elastic and want to recoil inwards
Chest wall wants to expand outwards
Negative Ppl is a result of both of these pulling in opposite direction - keeps the lung expanded

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is pneumothorax?

A

Air in pleural cavity
Pleural pressure becomes positive
Lungs collapse inwards

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Surface anatomy of lungs?

A

Anterior
Apex: 2.5cm above clavicle
Base: anterior to rib 6
Horizontal fissure: 4th rib or male nipple

Posterior
Apex: C7
Base: T10
Oblique fissure: T3/T4

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Movement of lungs?

A

Anterior-posterior direction: pump handle (sternum)

Lateral direction: bucket-handle (lateral rib cage)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Primary muscles of inspiration?

A

Diaphragm, external intercostals, scalenes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Diaphragm origin, insertion, innervation?

A

Origin: Lower costal ribs, lumbar vertebrae, xiphi-sternum
Insertion: central tendon
innervation: C3, 4, 5

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

How do the inspiratory muscles move

A

Diaphragm: descends 2cm and compresses abdominal contents and pulls the lower rib cage outwards and increases the lateral dimension of the thoracic cavity
Other primary muscles: contract to lift the ribs and expand upper half of ribcage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Accessory muscles of inspiration?

A

Inspiration: sternocleidomastoid, pectoralis major and minor, upper trapezius, serratus anterior
Expiration: abdominals, internal intercostals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Route of blood flow?

A

Deoxygenated blood enters systemic veins > superior and inferior vena cava > right atrium > tricuspid valve > right ventricle > pulmonary valve > pulmonary arteries > gas exchange in the lungs
Oxygenated returns via pulmonary veins > left atrium > biscuspid valve > left ventricle > aortic valve > aorta > gas and nutrient exchange in peripheral tissues

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Tidal volume

A

Volume of air inspired/expired in a normal respiratory cycle (500ml)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Inspiratory reserve volume

A

Volume of air forcibly inspired after normal TV

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Expiratory reserve volume

A

Volume of air forcibly exhaled after normal TV

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Residual volume

A

Volume of air remaining in lungs after maximum exhalation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Vital capacity

A

Total amount of air exhaled after maximum inspiration to maximum expiration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Functional residual capacity

A

Volume of air remaining lungs after normal exhalation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Total lung capacity

A

Sum of all lung volume compartments

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Inspiratory capacity

A

Maximum volume of air that can be inhaled following resting state

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

What can change static lung volumes?

A

Exercise: increase VE, decrease IRV
Obstructive disease: increase TLC, increase RV
Restrictive disease: decrease VC

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

What happens to the breathing at rest?

A

Pa = Pb therefore no airflow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

What happens to breathing during inspiration?

A

Pa < Pb therefore air flows into lungs
Inspiratory muscles contract
Thoracic cage expands
Lung volume increases
Intra-pleural and intra-alveolar pressure become more negative
Barometric pressure at mouth is greater than the alveolar pressure therefore air flows into the lungs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

What happens to breathing at end inspiration?

A

Pa = Pb therefore air flow stops

Intra-alveolar pressure = barometric pressure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

What happens to breathing during expiration?

A

Pa > Pb therefore air flows out of lungs
Respiratory muscles relax
Lungs passively recoil
Alveolar pressure is higher than barometric therefore air leaves the lungs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

Anatomical dead space

A

Gas conducting airways from nose to terminal bronchioles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

What affects the distribution of breathing?

A

Pressure gradients in lung
Lung volume at which you breathe in
Flow rate
Pattern of breathing

44
Q

When is intrapleural pressure more negative?

A

During inspiration

At lung apices

45
Q

Why is Ppl more negative at apices

A

Because gravity pulls down on lungs
Alveoli are more stretched
Alveoli are more open at FRC

46
Q

Is Ppl more negative at the apices or basal

A

Apices

47
Q

Lung compliance

A

Change in volume produced by change in pressure

48
Q

Non-dependent region

A

Uppermost lung

49
Q

Dependent region

A

Lowermost lung

50
Q

Which part of lungs takes in more ventilation

A

Lowermost

51
Q

Which part of lungs are more compliant

A

Lowermost

52
Q

Where does MCC occur

A

Conducting part of LRT

53
Q

What is mucus?

A

Mechanical, biological and chemical barrier

54
Q

What does cilia do?

A

Moves particles caught in mucus to pharynx to be swallowed

55
Q

What are the 2 layers of MCC?

A

Sol - cilia here

Gel - mucus here

56
Q

What produces mucus?

A

Goblet cells and bronchiole submucosal glands

57
Q

Mucus contains…

A

Natural enzymes and antibiotics that destroy bacteria and viruses

58
Q

Cilia are…

A

hair-like projections that power stroke and recovery stroke
stimulus increased by mucus load
12-15 beats/second

59
Q

When is a cough needed?

A

Functions to assist in removal from airways
When MCC isn’t working
When mucus load is too large
Exercise

60
Q

What is alveolar clearance?

A

Only small particles reach here
Particles engulfed by macrophages and move to MCC via MCC or removed by lymphatic system
Small particles that reach alveoli are expired

61
Q

Zones of auscultation

A

Upper: above 2nd ant. rib
Middle: btw. 2nd and 4th ant. rib
Lower: below 4th rib

62
Q

What does the P wave represent

A

Atrial depolarisation

63
Q

What does the QRS complex represent

A

Ventricular depolarisation

64
Q

What does the T wave represent

A

Ventricle repolarisation

65
Q

What does the PR interval represent

A

Delay at AV node

66
Q

What does the ST segment represent

A

Beginning of ventricular repolarisation

67
Q

What are the 3 systems of energy?

A
  1. Anaerobic - ATP-CP
  2. Anaerobic - Glycolysis
  3. Aerobic - Oxidative Phosphorylation
68
Q

What is oxygen consumption?

A

Amount of oxygen taken up by the lungs

69
Q

What is cellular oxygen consumption?

A

Amount of oxygen taken up by the cells

70
Q

What is maximal oxygen consumption?

A

Maximum volume of oxygen that a body can take up and use

71
Q

What determines maximal oxygen consumption?

A

Age, gender, genetics, environment, mode, intensity and volume of training, physical state of health

72
Q

Equation: VO2 max?

A

Fick principle:

VO2max = Cardiac output x difference on contents of oxygen in arterial blood and mixed venous blood

73
Q

Equation: ventilation?

A

Tidal volume x Frequency of breathing

Average man: 6L min

74
Q

Fick’s law of diffusion:

A

Proportional to tissue area, diffusion coefficient of gas, and difference in partial pressure of gas on two sides of tissue and inversely proportional to thickness

75
Q

Transit time of RBC

A

Total transit time of RBC in pulmonary capillaries: 0.75s
Only takes 0.25s for gas exchange to occur
Therefore velocity of blood can increase significantly and still allow enough time for RBC saturation with O2

76
Q

Oxygen-Haemoglobin dissociation curve

A

Shows relationship between partial pressure of oxygen at alveoli or tissue level and the degree to which hb is saturated with o2

77
Q

What happens to VO2 during dynamic constant workload

A

Starts at fairly stable level then increases up to a steady-state then plateueas
Oxygen deficit and oxygen debt

78
Q

What happens to ventilation at dynamic constant workload

A
  1. Central command active skeletal muscles to active and contract according to amount of exercise being performed, mechnoreceptors provide afferent input to respiratory control at onset of exercise
  2. Short-term potentiation increases minute ventilation exponentially to steady level related to metabolic gas exchange demands
  3. Peripheral sensory feedback
79
Q

What factors increase breathing during exercise

A 
Higher brain centres 
Other receptors (pain and emotional state)
Respiratory centres
Peripheral chemorecetors
Central chemoreceptors
Stretch receptors in lungs
Receptors in muscles and joints
Irritant receptors
80
Q

What happens to ventilation during incremental exercise

A

Increases with workload
Threshold ultimately reached (65-85% vomax) in where ventilation increases exponentially
Increase after threshold due to peripheral chemoreceptor stimulation

81
Q

Equation: Cardiac output

A

CO = HR x SV

Average man: 6Lmin

82
Q

How is HR controlled and regulated?

A

By autonomic nerves and circulating catecholamines

- PNS (HR decrease) and SNS (HR increase) activation

83
Q

Stroke volume is determined by…

A
  1. Preload - degree of cardiomyocytes prior to contraction
  2. Contractility - influenced by sympathetic nerve activity
    catecholamines and b-agonists
  3. Afterload - pressure ventricle must overcome to eject blood
84
Q

What happens to an increased cardiac output during dynamic constant workload

A

Increase in CO then plateaus during exercise and comes down during recovery. Driven by increase in SV and HR.

85
Q

What causes a change in HR?

A

Vagal withdrawal
Stimulation causes decrease in HR
De-stimulation causes increase in HR

86
Q

Heart rate recovery

A

Decrease in CO

Parasympathetic reactivation strongest in first 30s

87
Q

Increased HR during exercise and increased HR during recovery is associated with

A

Risk of sudden cardiac death and all-cause mortality

Linked to decrease vagal activity

88
Q

What happens to SV during dynamic constant workload

A

Training increases SV

Lowers HR via contraction, EDV and MAP

89
Q

What happens to contractility during dynamic constant workload

A

Increased sympathetic nerve activity

Increased circulating catecholamines

90
Q

Why is there venoconstriction in splanchnic vessels

A

Blood from kidney, abdominal organs venoconstrict and move to wider circulation for skeletal muscles, heart and skin to use
contributes to increased EDV

91
Q

Skeletal muscle pump

A

Contributes to increased diastolic volume
Muscular contractions in lower extremity propel blood in veins against gravity towards right atrium
Squeezes capillaries within that muscle

92
Q

Equation: Blood pressure

A

CO x TPR

93
Q

Equation: MAP

A

DAP + 1/3rd PP

94
Q

Changes to SBP, DBP, PP and MAP during exercise

A

SBP increases to push blood to body
DBP decreases to cool down body
PP increase
MAP slight increase

95
Q

What happens to cardiac output during dynamic constant workload

A

Vagal withdrawal, central command, skeletal muscle pump, vasodilation in active muscles, release of vasodilator factors, baroreceptors

96
Q

Training improves vo2 max: Central circulatory adjustments

A 
Increased SV, decreased HR
improved vagal tone through training
improved contraction strength
increased plasma volume
increase ventricular volume
increased filling time and VR
97
Q

Training improves vo2 max: Peripheral circulatory adjustments

A

Improve delivery
Hypertrophy of slow twitch muscle fibres
Skeletal muscle O2 extraction

98
Q

What is blood pressure

A

Pressure exerted by blood against inner wall of an artery

99
Q

Systolic BP is

A

Pressure in blood vessels when heart beats

100
Q

Diastolic BP is

A

Pressure in blood vessels when heart rests between beats

101
Q

What impacts BP?

A

increased/decreased co
peripheral vascular resistance
heart rate
stroke volume

102
Q

Definition: sPo2

A

Oxygen saturation - oxygen carrying capacity of blood, the % of haemoglobin that is bound with oxygen

103
Q

What effects the calculations of BP?

A 
Cuff too small
Used over clothing
Not resting
Arm/feet/back unsupported
Alcohol/caffeine
Temperature
Full bladder
Time of day
Talking
Emotional state
104
Q

What effects the calculations of the pulse oximeter

A 
Cold weather
nail polish
low battery
old model
bright light on probe
moving around a lot
105
Q

Precautions and contraindications to exercise testing

A 
HR too low
unstable angina or myocardial infarc in last month
Resting HR above 120bpm
SBP/DBP too high
Low sPO2

800 (12 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions