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800 > Week 10 (ABG Analysis) > Flashcards

Week 10 (ABG Analysis) Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two main tools to measure blood gas levels?

A
  1. Pulse oximetry: non-invasive

2. ABG Analysis: invasive

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2
Q

What does a pulse oximeter measure?

A

Oxygen saturation and heart rate

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3
Q

What does an ABG analysis measure?

A

Oxygen and carbon dioxide levels in blood, oxygen saturation, blood pH and bicarbonate levels

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4
Q

Oxygen is transported to and from the lungs in the blood in what two forms?

A
  1. Oxyhemoglobin (98.5%)

2. Oxygen molecules dissolved in the blood (1.5%)

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5
Q

SaO2 measured by…

A

Arterial blood gas sample

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6
Q

SpO2 measured by…

A

Pulse oximetry

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7
Q

What are the normal PaO2 levels

A

80-100 mmHg

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8
Q

Define hypoxemia

A

Abnormally low oxygenation of arterial blood (low pao2/sao2)

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9
Q

Define hypoxia

A

When o2 delivery to tissues is inadequate to maintain normal tissue oxygenation/meet metabolic needs (hypoxemia is one cause of tissue hypoxia)

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10
Q

What are the normal PaCo2 levels

A

35-45 mmHg

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11
Q

What are the pH values

A

7.35 - 7.45

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12
Q

What are the normal HCO3 levels

A

22-26 mmol/L

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13
Q

What are the normal base excess levels

A

-2 + 2 mEq/l

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14
Q

When pao2 and spo2/sao2 are low…

A

Insufficient oxygen to tissues is transported and delivered to the tissues

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15
Q

Pulse oximetry disadvantage

A

Inaccurate in low saturation levels and with poor peripheral circulation (cold weather)

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16
Q

Consequences of acute hypoxaemia

A

Tachycardia, increased CO, arrhythmias, hypotension

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17
Q

PaO2 (80-100mmHg) = SaO2 (?)

A

95-100% - normal

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18
Q

PaO2 (<80mmHg) = SaO2 (?)

A

<95% - hypoxaemia

19
Q

PaO2 (<60mmHg) = SaO2 (?)

A

<90% - respiratory failure

20
Q

What is fiO2

A

% of oxygen the person breaths

21
Q

What equation do you use to interpret a person’s level of oxygenation

A

P/F ratio

PaO2/Fio2

22
Q

Normal range of P/F ratio

A

350-450

23
Q

Low Paco2 is

A

Hypocapnia

24
Q

Pathophysiology of hypercapnia

A

increase in CO2 level in the blood (hypercapnia) > decrease in blood pH > stimulates central chemoreceptors > stimulates phrenic and intercostal nerves > increase respiratory muscle activity > increase depth/rate of respiration (alveolar hyperventilation) until normal PaCO2 and pH levels are restored

25
Q

BE increases in… and decreases in…

A

Metabolic alkalosis

Metabolic acidosis

26
Q

Base excess is

A

Amount of acid required to restore 1L of blood to its normal pH at a PaCo2 of 40mmHg

27
Q

HYPOventilation

A

High PaCO2 -> acidosis

28
Q

HYPERventilation

A

Low PaCO2 -> alkalosis

29
Q

Hypoventilation means

A

Not breathing effectively - breathlessness, chest tightness

30
Q

Hyperventilation means

A

Breathing more than we should - SOB (25-40RR)

31
Q

Acidaemia is

A

Low pH level in blood pH<7.35

32
Q

Alkalaemia

A

High pH level in blood pH>7.45

33
Q

PaCO2 >45

A

Acidosis

34
Q

PaCO2 <35

A

Alkalosis

35
Q

HCO3 <22

A

Acidosis

36
Q

HCO3 >26

A

Alkalosis

37
Q

Symptoms of acidosis

A

Headache, sleepiness, confusion, loss of consciousness, SOB, coughing, increased HR, seizures, weakness, nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea

38
Q

Symptoms of alkalosis

A

confusion, light-headedness, coma, head tremor, twitching, prolonged spasms, nausea, vomiting

39
Q

Uncompensated

A

(pH abnormal) – other system is normal

40
Q

Partial

A

(pH towards normal but not yet normal) – other system is opposite but pH like main system

41
Q

Complete

A

(pH now restored back to normal) – other system is opposite

42
Q

Implications: reduced O2 movement

A

Low paO2 or lower paO2 than should be given for the FiO2

Low P/F ratio

43
Q

Implications: reduced CO2 movement

A

High PaCO2/respiratory acidosis

800 (12 decks)

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