week 1 Flashcards
(108 cards)
1
Q
what is growth
A
Anatomical invcrease in size or number
2
Q
what is development
A
physiologic due to increase in organization, complexity, specialization at the expense of loss in potential
3
Q
how does the madible change
A
via growth and development
- changein position and shape from translation and remodeling
4
Q
what does development of the mandible lead to
A
higher specialization for functions of mastication and speech
5
Q
how does the mandible grow
A
growth is upwards and backwards
- pushes the mandible forward and downward
6
Q
is normal growth random
A
No, follows pattern
7
Q
what is the gradient of growth for the body
A
head it full size first and feet are full size last
8
Q
what is the gradient of growth for the head
A
cranium grows fast and first
mandible grows to correct size last
9
Q
what is used to look at the growth rate of differentient tissues of the body
A
Scammon’s growth curves
10
Q
what tissues in the body grow the fastest
A
Lymphoid Neural maxillary mandibular general genitals
11
Q
what does gradient changes in height and weight show
A
Significant health isssues
12
Q
when are variations in growth due to timing most evident
A
During adolescence
13
Q
craniometry
A
Measuring cranial width
14
Q
anthropometry
A
measuring cranial circumference
15
Q
what are the 3D methods to image the head
A
CAT scans
Cone beam CT
Magnetic resonance imaging
16
Q
what is interstitial growth
A
Growth that occurs by a combo of hyperplasia, hypertrophy, and secretion of ECM within tissues
17
Q
how common is interstitial growth
A
Done in all soft tissues
Cartilage
18
Q
how does the cranial base grow
A
Interstitial growth
19
Q
what happens if the ECM of interstitial growth is not mineralized
A
growth may continue in soft tissue and cartilages
20
Q
what is appositional growth
A
Growth that occcurs by a combo of hyperplasia, hypertrophy, secretion of ECM at the surface of bone
21
Q
how does the bony surface of the crnail vault growth
A
Appositional growth
22
Q
how does the bony surface of the maxilla and mandible growth
A
appositional growth
23
Q
can interstitial growth occur within bone
A
No
24
Q
can interstitial growth occur within cartialge
A
Yes
25
how can growth occur once cartialge has turned into bone
Apposition
26
what is endochondral growth
Bone growth within cartialge
27
how does endochondral growth occur
Ossification centers occur within cartialge
| cartilage transformed into bone
28
what does endochondral ossification
Chondrocranium (ethmoid, sphenoid, basiooccipital bones)
| epiphyseal plate cartialge of long bones
29
what is intramembranous ossification
secretion of bone matrix within/between connective tissue membranes
- no cartialge, no replacement of cartialge
30
what does intramembranous ossicification
Desmocranium (cranial vault, maxilla, mandible)
31
does the mandible arise from meckel's cartilage
No
32
what does the condylar cartialge come from
Secondary cartilage (not meckel's cartilage)
33
where does surface modeling happen
Occurs at the surface of growthing endochondral and intramembranous bones
34
does surface and internal remodeling change bone shape
Only surface does
35
what allows for internal remodeling
Vascular channels within bones bring osteocytes to the area
36
why is internal remodeling important
adapt to mechanical stress
| exchange Ca and P
37
where does Craniofacial growth occur
Cranial vault
Cranial base
Nasomaxillary complex
Mandible
38
how id the cranial vault formed
from flat bones via intramembranous formation
39
what does periosteal activity at the cranial vault lead to
Bone modeling both at sutures and innter and outer surfaces
40
how does the brain case grow
Primarily by apposition of new bone at sutures
| modeling of inner and outer surface of bones
41
how are the bones of the cranial base formed
endochondral ossification
42
bones of the cranial base
ethmoid
sphenoid
basi-occipital bones
43
what joints are found between bones of the cranial base
immovable cartilaginous synchondrosises
44
where does growth occur in the cranial base
Endochondral growth within synchondrosis to lengthen area of the cranial base
45
what connects a suture
Connective tissue
46
how does a suture growth
Direct ossification (appositional)
47
how is the nasomaxillary complex made
Intramembranous ossification
48
how does the growth of the nasomaxilary complex occur
Appositiona and surface modeling
49
how does the maxilla translate
Down and forward by apposition of bone at the circum-maxillary sutures
50
how is surface modeling of the maxilla done
Anterior bone is resorbed
Apposition of bone at maxillary tuberosity
Floor of nose resorbed
Apposition at the palate and alveolar process
51
what does surface modeling of the maxilla lead to
Palate moves downward and widens
52
how does the mandible growth
Endochondral growth at the condyl cargilage
| rest is by apposition and modeling
53
where is the principle site of growth
Posterior surface of ramus and the condylar/coronoid processes
resorbed at the anterior
54
what is a site of growth
Location where growth occurs
55
what is a center of growth
Location at which independent growth occurs
56
how are sites and centers of growth related
Centers of growth are also sites, but not the reverse
57
what is the suture theory of growth
All tissues that form bone intrinsically are able to too, and Growth centers are the source of genetically controlled growth
58
what strucutures does the suture theory include
Sutures
Periosteum
Synchondroses
Mandibular condyl
59
what should that suture theory is not true
Transplantation studies
| Mech pull at sututres
60
do we beleive in the suture theory
No, sutures and periosteum are growth sites (not centers) that react to other structures
61
what is the cartilage growth theory
All cartilages are growth centers
62
what are the growth centers for the mandible, maxilla, and cranial base due to the cartilage theory
Mandibular condyle
nasal septum cartilage
synchondroses of cranil base
63
what supports the cartilage theory
- Transplanted cartilage from synchondroses and nasal septum capable of growth (growth centers)
- early loss of nasal septum, results in midface deficinency
64
what doesn't support the cartilage theory of growth
transplanted mandibular condyle cartilage is less growth (not a growth center)
- some reduction of growth of mandible if injured but not much
- new condyle regenerates at fracture site
65
what is the functional matrix theory of growth
heredity and genes plat no role in growth of Cranial facial skeletal
- growth of face occurs in response to functional needs, mediated by soft tissues near bone
- ALL bone forming tissues are merely growth sites
66
mandibular ankylosis
Infection to the TMJ area leads to scaring preventing growth of mandible
67
what is the clinical application of the functional matrix theory
- Rapid Palatal expansion leads to new bone forming
| - distraction osteogenesis: tension causes bone to fill at splits
68
where are the holes in the functional matrix theory
not clear as to how functional needs are transmitted to the tissues of the mouth and nose
69
what has recent bio shown about genes involved in craniofacial growth/development
Involved in hereditary and mech modulation of craniofacial growth and development
70
what causes the cranium to grow
Brain (sutures and perisoteum are growth sites)
71
what cuses growth of cranial base
Endochondral at synchodroses (growth centers)
72
what causes growth of maxilla
- modeling of bone translated by soft tissues (sutures and periosteum= growth sites)
- endochondral growth at the nasal septum cartilage (growth center)
73
what causes growth of mandible
Endo growth at condyl with surface modeling translated via soft tissues (condyl+ peirosteum = growth sites)
74
what happens in adolescence
Growth spurt takes place
Fertility attained
Lots of physio and psych changes take place
75
what does pubery depend on
Levels of sex hormones cause changes in growth and development
76
what do sex hormones cuase
Accelerated genital growth
sec sex characteristics
accelerated general body growth and shrinking of lymphoid tissue
77
how do sex hormones affect endochondral growth
increase cartilage growth
| increase transformation of cartilage to bone
78
how much later do males do growth spurt
1.5-2 years
79
how related are secondary sex characteristics to an individual on the growth curve
well related
80
what part of the face is growth in height related
Jaw growth
81
what happens at the beginning and end of male growth spirt
Beginning: growth
End: facial hair pigmented and mature voice
82
length of male and female growth spurt
Male:5 years
Female: 3 years
83
what happens at the beginning and end of gemal growth spirt
Begin: boobs
End: menarche
84
how do cervical vertebra change as you gro
Get more tall and concave shapped
85
what growth curve does the mandible grow as
General growth curve
86
what growth curve does teh amxilla follow
Neural growth curve
87
what is comparison of growth time of the mandible of width, height, and length
width stops first
Length middle
height last
88
what part of width does not stop before the growth spurt
Alveolar arch widen in area of molar eruption
89
what still grows through puberty in the face
Length
| Height
90
why does the height of the face grow longer than the length
Verticle growth of mandible
91
what is the eruption sequence
```
Man 1st molar
Max 1st molar
man central inc
max central in
man lat inc
max lat inc
max 1st premol
man canine
man 1st premol
max2nd premol
man 2nd premol
max caine
man 2nd molar
max 2nd molar
man/max 3rd molar
```
92
where are permanent incisors located in relation to primary incisors
lie lingual to primary incisors
93
why are primary incisors separated(incisor liability)
permanent incisors are 2-3.5mm/quadrant wider
94
what allows larger incisors to come
Normal spacing (developmental and primate)
labial eutpion of permanent max incisors)
increased arch width
distal reposition of canines of manidble
95
wheree are developmental spaces found
BEtween incisors
96
where are primate spaces
Maxillary: mesial of canine
Mand: distal of canine
97
how common is spacing in children
60-70%
98
how do canines erupt in comparison to primary
Buccal
99
when will a central diastema close
in the maxillary arch, less than 2 mm with mixed dentition
100
what is leeway space
the difference in M-D width between primary canine/molars and perm. canine/pre-molars
101
where do permanent molars move into slightly
Leeway space
102
when should you do ortho is anterior crowding is present
just before primary 2nd molar exfoliate
103
mesial step molars develop into
Class I
104
flush terminal plane develops into what
Class II
105
distal step develops into what
Class II
106
what is the E space
The leeway space infront of the molars
107
what molars tend to move into the E space by moving Mesially
mandibular molars more than maxillary
108
what are the characteritics of normal growth
within 2 std dev of 50 percent (3-97%)
| dont change percentile dramatically
