week 1

Question 1

how are joint functionally classified

Answer 1

synarthroses
amphiarthroses
diarthoroses

Question 2

what’s synarthroses joint

Answer 2

immovable

Question 3

whats amphiarthroses joints

Answer 3

slightly moveable

Question 4

whats diarthroses joint

Answer 4

freely moveable

Question 5

how are joints structural classified

Answer 5

fibrous
cartilaginous
synovial

Question 6

whats fibrous joint

Answer 6

bones joined by dense fibrous connective tissue, no joint cavity eg sutures (in skull), syndesmoses (between radius and ulna), gomphoses (tooth)

Question 7

whats cartilaginous joint

Answer 7

articulating bones by cartilage, no joint cavity eg synchondroses (epiphyseal plate), symphyses (intervertabral disc)

Question 8

whats synovial joint

Answer 8

articulation site were two bones meet. Functions to give skeleton mobility, hold skeleton together. All freely moveable. Eg limb joints articulating bones are separated by build containing joint cavity to reduce friction.

Question 9

whats synovial fluid do

Answer 9

fills space, reduces friction between cartilage

supplies joint with nutrients

Question 10

whats the menisci do

Answer 10

separating articular surfaces, extend inward from capsule and may divide joint cavity in two, improve fit between bone ends and reduce wear and tear of joint surfaces

Question 11

whats the bursae

Answer 11

are fibrous sacs of synovial fluid occurs where ligaments, muscles, skin tendons or bones rub together

Question 12

whats tendon sheathes

Answer 12

are elongated bursae that wrap right around tendon to reduce friction occurs when several tendons crowded within narrow canal eg wrist

Question 13

whats a ligament vs tendon

Answer 13

ligamnets= bone to bone
tendons = bone to muscle

Question 14

whats an origin

Answer 14

attachment to immovable bone

Question 15

whats an insertion

Answer 15

attachment to moveable bone

Question 16

whats joint range of motion

Answer 16

Nonaxial - slipping movements only
Uniaxial - movement in one plane
Biaxial - movement in two planes
Multiaxial - movement in or around all three planes

Question 17

whats joint movement types

Answer 17

gliding movements
angular movments
rotation
supination and pronation
dorsiflexion and plantar flextion
inversion and eversion of foot
protraction and retraction
elevation and depression
opposition

Question 18

what are types of synovial joints

Answer 18

plane
hinge
pivot
condylar
saddle
ball and socket

Question 19

example plane joint

Answer 19

inter carpal joint

Question 20

example hinge joint

Answer 20

elbow

Question 21

example pivot joint

Answer 21

proximal radioulnar joint

Question 22

example condylar joint

Answer 22

metacarpophalangeal joint

Question 23

example saddle joint

Answer 23

carpometacarpal joint of thumb

Question 24

example ball and socket joint

Answer 24

shoulder

Question 25

symptoms of arthritis

Answer 25

swollen, painfull and stiff hands especially in moving gradually gets worse Inflamation of synovial membrane of joint causes swelling, pain, warmth and stiffness Thickening of synovial membrane and bony erosion due to inflammatory cells in joint Leads to joint deformity and loss function

Question 26

whats rheumatoid arthritis

Answer 26

autoimmune disease leading to chronic joint inflammation and potential to affect other organs Symmetrical eg both hands or both needs or deforming arthritic Peak onset in 4th decade More common in females

Question 27

signs of rheumatoid arthritis

Answer 27

first, sausage shaped fingers, joint swelling Boutonniere and swan neck deformities of fingers Z deformaties of thumbs Subluxation at wrist, radial head becomes prominent Extensor tendons may rupture Joint erosion can be sever Eroded joint and damaged cartilage, tendons, ligaments and bone can result in an unstable join

Question 28

early treatment options for RA

Answer 28

arly treatment important to prevent permanent joint damage Non steroidal anti inflammatory drugs reduce symptoms but don’t prevent bony destruction Disease modifying antiehumatic drugs are immunosuppressant which help reduce inflammation and slow disease progression. Stimulate and resort the immune systems ability to fight arthritis. OT, household aids, regular exercise, physiotherapy

Question 29

whats osteoarthritis

Answer 29

``` commonest joint disorder Onset 50 years Degenerations and loss of articular cartilage occurs together with new bone formations at the joint surface and margin Body unable to repair cartilage = body to respond by remodelling and forming bone spurs called osteophytes Leads to pain and deformity Worse at end of dat Pain at rest and movement Stiffness ``` Joint instability Mos commonly affects DIP joints and 1st MCP joint Also 1st MTP cervical and lumbar spine, hip and knee

Question 30

treatment of osteoarthritis

Answer 30

patient education, exercise, weight loss, orthotics OT Medication: topical, intra articular or systemic for relief symptoms Surgery in sever cases eg joint replacement