week 3

Question 1

what are fissures

Answer 1

deep grooves

Question 2

what does each cerebral hemisphere consist of

Answer 2

• Outer layer of gray matter
• Deeper region of white matter
• Cluster of gray matter (nuclei) deep within white matter

Question 3

whats cerebral white matter

Answer 3

• Deep to gray matter

- Consists of bundles of myelinated fibres

Question 4

whats the corpus callous

Answer 4

: large bundles of fibres providing horizontal l communication between corresponding of the two hemispheres

Question 5

cerebral cortex functions

Answer 5

• Intellect, memory, language
• Higher functions eg intellect, language, memory appear to spread across several cortical areas
• Specialization of functions eg language
• Motor areas control voluntary movements (skeletal. Scles)
• Primary sensory areas register sensations an interpret them together with
• Sensory associated areas. Put together data from different sources, interpret them in the light of experience in order to determine response

Question 6

damage to motor cortex =

Answer 6

loss of voluntary movement in corresponding, contralateral part of body.

Question 7

damage to somatosensory association area =

Answer 7

person does not lose their sense of touch but is no longer able to identify objects by touch alone

Question 8

damage to visual cortex

Answer 8

functional blindness

Question 9

damage to visual association area

Answer 9

failure to recognize objects by sight.

Question 10

auditory association area damage =

Answer 10

failure to recognize what is heard.

Question 11

whats procedural memory formation

Answer 11

• Relate to motor skills that are learn

- Allow for automatic response eg playing an instrument and sporting skill

Question 12

whats declarative memory formation

Answer 12

• Relates to life events

- Memories can influence mental disorders

Question 13

whats the limbic system

Answer 13

• Wraps around the brain stem and is beneath the cerebral cortex
• Major centre for emotion formation and processing for learning and for memory
• Cingulate gyrus, a band of cortex that runs from the front of the brain to the back

Question 14

whats the hippocampus

Answer 14

• Involved in memory storage and formation

- Involved in complex cognitive processing

Question 15

whats the amygdala

Answer 15

ssociated with forming complex emotional responses practically aggression

Question 16

whats the basal ganglia

Answer 16

• Concentrations of gray matter (nerve cell bodies) deep within white matter of cerebral hemisphere
• Do not initiate movement but responsible for coordinating its unconscious components eg posture and maintenance of balance

Question 17

damage to basal ganglia =

Answer 17

poor posture, poor muscle tone, tremors, slowed movement eg Parkinson’s disease

Question 18

was the thalamus

Answer 18

• Surrounded by cerebral hemispheres
• Thalamus encloses third ventricle
• Receives majority of sensory impulses on their way to sensory areas of cerebral cortex and relays them to cortex

Question 19

whats the hypothalamus

Answer 19

• Surrounded by cerebra hemisphere
• Very small in structure with vital functions
• Control release of major hormones through connections with pituitary gland
• Control of centres in the brain stem and spinal cord that are responsible for blood pressure, rate, force of heart contraction and respiration
• Monitoring body temp, determining responses to change it
• Monitoring blood osmotic pressure, determining adaptive response

Question 20

whats the brain stem involve

Answer 20

mid brain, pons and medulla

Question 21

whats the brain stem do

Answer 21

• Control centres for activities essential to life
• Connection points to CNS for cranial nerves III-XI
• Carries voluntary motor tracts
• Contain vital reflex centres;
• Cardiac centre: control of heart rate and force of contraction
• Vasomotor centre: control of blood pressure by regulating arteriolar diameter
• Respiratory centre: adjusting rhythm of breathing
• Centres regulating vomiting and wallowing
• Modulated by hypothalamus

Question 22

whats the cerebellum

Answer 22

• Second largest part of brain
• Located behind brainstem below occipital lobes
• Controls subconscious skeletal muscle contractions required for smooth coordinated movements and balance
• Voluntary motor activate initiated in motor cortex of cerebrum, cerebellum Receives this info eg it knows what voluntary muscles are actually going
• Ensures movement occurs smoothly
• Cerebellum informs cerebrum which adjusts output of motor cortex accordingly

Question 23

damage to cerebellum =

Answer 23

cerebellum leads to uncoordinated movements

Question 24

what are protectors of the brain

Answer 24

Protections and support of the brain:
Bones: skull for brain vertebral column for spinal cord
Meninges: 3 layers of connective tissue
Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF): fluid “cushion”
Blood brain barrier:

Question 25

whats cerebrospinal fluid

Answer 25

- Clear fluid circulates in ventricles of brain and subarachnoid space - Provide hydraulic suspension and cushioning of CNS and caries nutrients, wastes - Production and drainage of CSF are balanced so that volume is constant

Question 26

whats intracranial pressure

Answer 26

- Within the skull: brain (80%), blood (12%) and CSF (8%). - The total volume is 1600ml - Skull is rigid box - If the volume of the contents increases – pressure will rise - Initially fluid escapes and pressure is equalised - Fluid into spinal sac - ICP – normal range (5-13 mmHg) - LIMITED capacity

Question 27

whats seizures

Answer 27

- An episode of inappropriate electrical discharge resulting in disordered brain activity - One off seizures can be triggers by many things: - Infection, alcohol, blow to the head, drugs, fever, electrolyte disturbance and other disease

Question 28

whats epilepsy

Answer 28

- Condition of repetitive but generally unpredictable seizure activity - May be preceded by an AURA: set of symptoms such as taste, visual disturbance, or sound - Diagnosed by an EEG

Question 29

what types of seizures

Answer 29

myoclonic absence sezire temporal lobe sezire parital sezire

Question 30

waist myoclonic seizure

Answer 30

- Muscle spasms - Tonic phase – tension of the body muscles groups - Clonic phase – rhythmic convulsing of muscles - Post-ictal phase – often unconscious or semi-conscious

Question 31

whats absence seizure

Answer 31

- Loss of awareness of surroundings - May exhibit behaviour such as lip-smacking or eye-rolling - Short duration – no sense of loss of time - May rejoin sentence where it was left off.

Question 32

whats temporal lobe epilepsy

Answer 32

May result in hallucination, or alteration of perception - Possible altered behaviour – aggressive, sexually inappropriate etc - Sometimes “autopilot”

Question 33

whats partial seizure

Answer 33

- Focal seizures resulting in very specific changes in activity.

Question 34

motor pahtway

Answer 34

- Primary motor cortex in precentral gyrus of each hemisphere in the posterior part of frontal lobe - Where cell bodies of upper neurons of voluntary motor pathways - Chain of neurones conveys impulses from motor cortex to lower motor neurones to skeletal muscles - Pathway crosses from one side to the other in medulla eg L motor cortex controls R arm and leg

Question 35

whats sensory pathways

Answer 35

- Primary sensory areas and sensory associated areas occur in parietal, temporal and occipital lobes - Information from one side of body reaches contralateral sensory cortex - Primary sensory cortex is in the postcentral gyrus in parietal lobe of each hemisphere. - Receive info from skin receptor (touch, pressure, vibration, pain, temp) and from proprioceptors in skeletal muscles

Question 36

whats somatosensory association area

Answer 36

is posterior to primary somatosensory area. Allows you to make sense of info arriving at primary sensory cortex

Question 37

whats procedural memory

Answer 37

memory responible for storing how to complete tasks and activities such as walking

Question 38

whats declarative memory

Answer 38

memory responsible for knowing facts and events (also known as explicit memory)