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12 exam > week 6 > Flashcards

week 6 Flashcards

(64 cards)

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1
Q

what’s the spinal cord protected by

A

bone, meningitis and cerebrospinal fluid

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2
Q

where’s the spinal cord end

A

conus medullaris

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3
Q

function of spinal cord

A

caries nerve impulses via defined routes to and from specific parts of the brain

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4
Q

what point on the spinal cord is the conus medullaris

A

L1 or L2 in adults

L4 in infants

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5
Q

whats the collection of nerve roots at the end of the cord called

A

cauda equina

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6
Q

whats the three layers of meninges

A 
dura mater (tough mother)(outer layer)
arachnoid matter (spidery mother (middle layer)
Pia matter (gentle mother) deepest layer)
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7
Q

whats dura matter

A

tough outer covering
not attached to bony walls of vertebral column
*this is where the epidural space is

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8
Q

whats epidural space

A

between bony vertebral and the dura mater of the spinal cord

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9
Q

whats the arachnoid mater

A

lose middle covering layer

separated from dura mater by subdural space, containing a thin film of fluid

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10
Q

whats the subarachnoid space

A

between the arachnoid and the deeper Pia mater is the subarachnoid space
filled with cerebrospinal fluid and blood vessels

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11
Q

where does the dura and arachnoid matter extend to

A

S2 even though the spinal cord ends at L2

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12
Q

whats Pia mater

A

delicate connective tissue that clings on to the brain and spinal cord
rich supply of blood vessles

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13
Q

how must lumbar and sacral nerves roots angel

A

downwards and travel inferiorly to reach their exit points = caudal equina

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14
Q

whats dorsal roots

A

contain axons of sensory neurons

relay sensory inputs from receptors of the body to spinal cord

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15
Q

what does the cell bodies of sensory neurones lie within

A

a Doral root ganglion

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16
Q

waist ventral roots

A

contain axons of motor neurons

relay motor commands to effector glands and muscles

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17
Q

what Dorsal rami (ramus) supply

A

posterior body trunkk

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18
Q

whats ventral rami (ramus) supply

A

rest of trunk and limbs (anterior)

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19
Q

how is grey and white mater arrange in spinal cord

A

grey mater is the core and white mater is on the ouside

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20
Q

whats grey mater consist of

A

cell bodies and unmylinated axones

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21
Q

whats white mater consist of

A

myelinated axons

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22
Q

where are lateral horns located

A

thoracic and superior lumbar segments only

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23
Q

what do Dorsal horns consist of

A

interneuonrs

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24
Q

what do ventral horns consist of

A

somatic motor neurons

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25
spinal grey mater is further organised into
nuclei
26
whats the origin and destination of the spinothalamic trac
origin=spinal cord destination= thalamus therefore is ascending
27
whats the origin and destination of the lateral corticospinal tract
origin=cortex destination=spinal cord location= lateral funiculus
28
decussation
most pathways cross from one side of the CNS to the other at some point along their way
29
relay
most pathways consist of a relay of two or three neurons responsible for parts of the ourney
30
somatotopy
the nervous system is precisely mapped so that fibres travelling from certain parts of the body travel in the same part of the spinal cord
31
symmetry
all pathways are paired symmetrically on the right and left of the spinal cord or brain
32
what is the pathway of ascending tracts
- first order neurons: conduct impulses from skin receptors and propicpetos to spinal cord or brain - synapse with second order neurons: transmit imputes to the thalamus or the cerebellum - synapse with third order neurones: relay impulses to the somatosensory cortex of the cerebrum
33
where are there no third order neurons
cerebellum
34
three main ascending pathways of the spinal cord
dorsal column-medial lemniscal pathway spinothalamic pathway spinocerebellar pathway
35
whats the dorsal column- medial lemniscal pathway do
transmites impulses from touch, vibration and proprioception receptors on the skin
36
what two tracts of the dorsal column medial lemniscal pathway
fasiciculus cuneatus | fascicles gracilis
37
neurones pathway for dorsal column medial lemniscal pathway
First order neurons synapse at medulla (crosses over) Second order neurones synapse at thalamus Third order neurons pass impulses to specific areas of cortex
38
lateral spinothalamic tract
transmits pain and temperature,
39
tracts of the spinothalamic pathway
lateral and ventral spinothalamic tracts
40
where does the spinothalamic tract cross over
spinal cord
41
ventral spinothalmic tract
crude touch | pressure
42
descending pathways have two groups of pathways
direct pathways | indirect pathways
43
what are direct pathways
originate in the primary motor cortex upper motor neurons send impulses down the brainstem via the lateral and ventral corticospial tracts synapse with motor neurons in ventral horn activates skeletal muscles to regulate fast and fine movements
44
where do the lateral and ventral corticospinal pathway descussation
lateral inbetwel cervical spinal cord | ventral at the level they exit
45
indirect motor pathways includes
brain stem motor uncle | all motor pathways expect direct pathways
46
what do indirect motor pathways regulate
axial muscles to maintain balance and posture muscles controlling coarse limb movements head, nec and eye movements that follow objects in the visual feild
47
what are some indirect pathways
reticulospinal tract vestibulsopinal tract rubrospinal tract tectospinal tract
48
whats reticulospinal tract
carries impulses controlling muscle tone and visceral motor functions
49
whats vestibulospinal tract
maintain balance by varying the tone of postural muscles
50
rubrospinal tract
possibly contributes to muscles tone of detail limb muslces
51
tectospinal tract
mediates head movements in response to visual stimuli
52
function of lateral cortisonespinal tract
L for lateral= L for limbs | volunteery motor commands that control skeletal muscles of the limbs
53
ventral cotricospinal tractss
voluntary motor commands that control the skeletal muscles axil skeleton - neck and trunk shoulders pelvis
54
whats paraesthesias
abnormal sensation, sensory loss
55
damage t lower motor neurons in ventral form leads to
flaccid paralysis
56
damage to primary motor cortex or to upper motor neon results in
``` spastic paralysis (movement will no longer under voluntary control eg twitching, spamming) ```
57
whats secondary spinal cor d damage
infection, imflamation
58
whats spinal shock
lasts from 7-14 days after injury, nothing happens below the lesion, can have issues with blood pressure as it wears off some function or sensation may return
59
transverse spinal cord syndrome
Transverse myelitis is an inflammation of both sides of one section of the spinal cord. This neurological disorder often damages the insulating material covering nerve cell fibers (myelin). Transverse myelitis interrupts the messages that the spinal cord nerves send throughout the body. This can cause pain, muscle weakness, paralysis, sensory problems, or bladder and bowel dysfunction
60
whats acute central cervical cord syndrome
Central cord syndrome (CCS) is the most common form of cervical spinal cord injury. It is characterized by loss of motion and sensation in arms and hands
61
whats acute anterior cervical cord syndrome
results in paralysis with loss of pain and temperature sensation below the level of the lesion and relative sparing of touch, vibration, and proprioception
62
whats brown sequard syndrome
rare spinal disorder that results from an injury to one side of the spinal cord in which the spinal cord is damaged but is not severed completely affected person loses the sense of touch, vibrations and/or position in three dimensions below the level of the injury (hemiparalysis or asymmetric paresis).
63
posterior cord syndrome
incomplete cord syndrome | solated loss of proprioception and vibratory sensation.
64
spinal cord concussion
degrees of sensory impairment and motor weakness that typically resolve within 24–72 hours without permanent deficits

12 exam (8 decks)

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