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PSY1022 > Week 1 > Flashcards

Week 1 Flashcards

(63 cards)

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1
Q

Social comparison types

A

temporal comparison
social comparison
reference groups
relative deprivation

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2
Q

temporal comparison

A

we consider the way we are now in relation to how we were in the past

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3
Q

social comparison

A

evaluate ourselves in relation to others

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4
Q

reference groups

A

categories of people to which people compare themselves

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5
Q

relative deprivation

A

the belief that, in comparison to a reference group, one is getting less than is deserved

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6
Q

reciprocity

A

tendency to respond to others as they have acted towards you

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7
Q

social facilitation

A

mere presence of other people can improve performance

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8
Q

social interference

A

presence of other people hurts performance

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9
Q

social loafing

A

exerting less effort when performing a group task than when performing the same task alone

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10
Q

social identity

A

the beliefs we hold about the groups to which we belong

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11
Q

social perception

A

process through which people interpret information about others, draw inferences about them and develop mental representations of them

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12
Q

schemas

A

influence what we pay attention to and what we ignore (pay more attention to characteristics consistent with schema and ignore those inconsistent)
influence what we remember about people
affect our judgement about other people’s behaviour

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13
Q

self-fulfilling prophecy

A

our expectations about another person causes us to act in ways that lead the person to behave as we expected

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14
Q

Attribution

A

explaining the causes of people’s behaviour, including our own

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15
Q

Kelley’s sources of attribution

A

consensus
consistency
distinctiveness

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16
Q

people are most likely to make internal attributions about an ‘actor’ ‘s behaviour when there is

A

low consensus, high consistency, low distinctiveness

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17
Q

fundamental attribution error

A

bias towards over attributing the behaviour of others to internal causes

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18
Q

ultimate attribution error

A

when out group does something positive we attribute to external factors and negative we attribute to internal
when in group, we do opposite

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19
Q

actor-observer effect

A

tendency to attribute other people’s behaviour to internal causes while attributing own negative behaviour to external causes

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20
Q

self serving bias

A

tendency to attribute our successes to internal characteristics while blaming our failures on external causes

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21
Q

success in changing attitude depends on

A

person communicating the message
content of the message
audience receiving it

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22
Q

elaboration likelihood model

A

attitude change can be via central or peripheral route

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23
Q

central route

A

carefully processing and evaluating the content of a message
high elaboration

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24
Q

peripheral route

A

low elaboration, or processing, of the message and relying on persuasion cues like attractiveness of advertiser

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25
Cognitive dissonance theory
attitude change is driven by efforts to reduce tensions caused by inconsistencies between attitudes and behaviours
26
Bem's self perception theory
attitudes can change as people consider their behaviour in certain situations and then infer what their attitude must be
27
Motivational theories
prejudice against certain groups enhances their sense of secuirty and helps them meet certain personal needs
28
prejudice especially likely
for people with authoritarianism
29
Altemeyer: authoritarianism elements
acceptance of conventional or traditional values willingness to unquestioningly follow the orders of authority figures inclination to act aggressively towards individuals or groups identified by these authority figures as threatening the values held by one's in group
30
cognitive theories
we use schemas and other cognitive shortcuts to organise and make sense out of our social world
31
learning theories
children pick up prejudices by wathcing others
32
biopreparedness
kids especially likely to learn to fear people who are strangers or look different from us
33
conditions for reducing prejudice through contact
members of the two gorups must be of roughly equal social and economic status school authorities had to promote cooperation contact had to occur one on one basis
34
keys to attraction
physical proximity- mere exposure effect similarity physical attractiveness- matching hypothesis
35
Stenberg's triangular theory
three basic components of love are passion, intimacy and committment different combinations, different types of love
36
romantic love
high passion high intimacy low commitment
37
companionate love
high intimacy high commitment low passion
38
consummate love
high all three | most complete and satisfying
39
duplex theory
stenberg combined his triangular thoery with a new second theory: love also influenced by degree to which those characteristics fit each partner's ideal story of love
40
3 influential factors of conformity
people want to be correct people want other to like and accept them conformity may increase a person's sense of self worth, especially if the group is valued or prestigious
41
when do people conform?
``` ambiguity unanimity size of majority Latane's social impact theory minority influence gender ```
42
foot in door technique
getting a person to agree to a small request and then gradually presenting larger ones
43
door in the face technique
begins with a request for a favour that is likely to be denied, then concedes that asking for the initial favour was excessive and substitutes a lesser alternative, which was what the person really wanted in the first place
44
low ball technique
first obtain a person's oral commitment, then the cost of fulfilling it is increased
45
degree of obedience affected by several factors
experimenter status and prestige- expert power and legitimate power behaviour of other people behaviour of the learner personality characteristics
46
Dollard's frustration-aggression hypothesis
frustration always leads to some form of aggressive behaviour
47
Berkowitz' aversively stimulated aggression theory
stress, rather than frustration, can produce a readiness to act aggressively then cues in environment associated with aggression will lead to aggressive behaviour
48
excitation transfer
arousal from one experience like exercise may carry over to an independent situation and cause aggression
49
environmental psychology
study of the relationship between behaviour and the physical environment
50
arousal cost-reward theory
attributes people's behaviour to their efforts to reduce the unpleasant arousal they feel in the face of someone's needs or suffering first evaluate the costs associated with helping and not helping
51
empathy-altruism helping theory
people help others because of empathy with their needs, regardless of costs associated
52
inclusive fitness
survival of one's genes in future generations
53
kin selection
helping a relative survive increases the likelihood that at least some of our genetic characteristics will be passed on to the next generation through the beneficiary's future reproduction
54
coaction effect
presence of another individual doing the same task increases task performance
55
Hovland's 3 features of attitude change
source content characteristics of the audience
56
hostile aggression
driven by anger and an intent to cause pain
57
instrumental aggression
goal directed aggression
58
evolutionary theory
people inherit altruism by inclusive fitness, then kin selection to help others
59
adaptive conservatism
distrust towards people who are different
60
in group bias
tendency to favour individuals inside our group relative to members outside out group
61
out group homogeneity
tendency to view all people outside out group as highly similar and easy to dismiss
62
pluralistic ignorance
part of bystander effect assuming that no one in the group perceives things as we do do not help
63
fatuous love
high passion high commitment low intimacy

PSY1022 (12 decks)

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