Week 1 Diabetes

Question 1

What are the 3 main types of diabetes?

Answer 1

Type 1, type 2 and gestational diabetes

Question 2

Explain type 1 diabetes:

Answer 2

It is an autoimmune disease characterised by insulin deficiency due to the destruction of beta cells.

Question 3

Explain type 2 diabetes:

Answer 3

It is a progressive condition of insulin resistance with small less effective insulin being produced

Question 4

Explain gestational diabetes:

Answer 4

It is a glucose intolerance during pregancy

Question 5

How is glucose made?

Answer 5

Through the breakdown of carbs through the digestive process

Question 6

What is the pathogenesis of type 1 Diabetes?

Answer 6

The body attacks its own beta cells. Caused by an environmental trigger, causing the autoimmune response, destruction of beta cells, therefore, no insulin production

Question 7

What is the pathogenesis of type 2 Diabetes?

Answer 7

The bgl rise in the bloodstream, some in glucose going to the brain and the pancreas is overworked and cannot produce the same amounts of insulin.

Question 8

How to manage type 1 diabetes?

Answer 8

Insulin therapy

Question 9

How to manage type 2 diabetes?

Answer 9

Lifestyle changes, medication and insulin

Question 10

How to monitor glucose?

Answer 10

HbA1C test, finger pricks, or continuous glucose monitoring

Question 11

What is HbA1C?

Answer 11

It is a blood test that is used to indicate the % of glucose that is in the blood over the last few months

Question 12

What is a hypoglycemia mmol/L?

Answer 12

below 4 in adults and below 6 in elderly

Question 13

What is hyperglycemia mmol/L?

Answer 13

Above 15mmol/L

Question 14

What is the cause of hypoglycaemia?

Answer 14

too much medication, delayed meals, low carbs, alcohol

Question 15

What are the symptoms of hypoglycaemia?

Answer 15

Sweating, shaking, raised BPM, hungry, headache, unfocused, aggressive

Question 16

How to treat hypoglycaemia?

Answer 16

15g of fast-acting carb every 15 minutes until bgl over 4mmol/L and a long-acting carb once over.

Question 17

What is DKA?

Answer 17

diabetic ketone acidosis

Question 18

What are the signs of DKA?

Answer 18

Blurred vision, rapid breathing, weight loss, polyuria, polydipsia, vomiting, pain and smelly breath

Question 19

Explain diabetic ketone acidosis?

Answer 19

Diabetic ketoacidosis is when there are high levels of blood acids called ketones.

Question 20

What is HbA1c also known as?

Answer 20

glycated haemoglobin

Question 21

Explain patho of HbA1c?

Answer 21

It is when glucose binds with red blood cells. The body does not use this insulin up properly therefore it remains in the blood and a high HbA1c indicts too much sugar in the blood.

Question 22

How does DKA happen?

Answer 22

The body can’t produce enough insulin. The body breaks down fat as fuel. This process produces a buildup of acids in the bloodstream called ketones, eventually leading to diabetic ketoacidosis if untreated.

Question 23

What do blood tests look for in diabetic people?

Answer 23

Blood tests, including fasting blood glucose, postprandial blood glucose, HbA 1c , fructosamine, lipid profile, blood urea nitrogen and serum creatinine, electrolytes, islet cell autoantibodies
• Urine for complete urinalysis, microalbuminuria

Question 24

What is a normal blood glucose level for someone without diabetes?

Answer 24

3.5-7.8 mmol/L

Question 25

What is the name of the blood test that looks at how much sugar is in the blood over the last 2-3 months?

Answer 25

HbA1c

Question 26

What are the signs and symptoms of type 2 diabetes?

Answer 26

Polyuria, polydipsia, polyphagia, dehydration, weight loss, blurred vision, fatigue, feeling unwell, dry itching skin, leg cramps, slow wound healing, pain in legs, frequent infections

Question 27

What is polyuria?

Answer 27

Increased urination

Question 28

What is polydipsia?

Answer 28

Intense thirst

Question 29

What is polyphagia?

Answer 29

increased hunger and excessive eating

Question 30

When is a woman screened for gestational diabetes?

Answer 30

24-28 weeks

Question 31

When is a women screened for gestational diabetes?

Answer 31

24-28 weeks

Question 32

Why manage diabetes?

Answer 32

Reduce symptoms, reduce risk of complications and improve quality of life

Question 33

How can diabetes affect Large blood vessels?

Answer 33

It can cause problems in the heart, brain and legs. This can cause heart attack, stroke or circulation problems in the lower limbs.

Question 34

How can diabetes affect small blood vessels?

Answer 34

Causes problems with eyes, kidneys, feet and nerves.

Question 35

What other areas of the body can diabetes affect?

Answer 35

Skin and teeth.

Question 36

What are some ways to manage diabetes?

Answer 36

Education, stop smoking, health eating, regular exercise, bgl monitoring, medication, insulin, regular check-ups and mental health support

Question 37

What is the annual cycle of care?

Answer 37

A guideline about how often to have check ups.

Question 38

What is a target fasting bgl for type 1 diabetes?

Answer 38

4-7mmol/L

Question 39

What is a target fasting bgl for type 2 diabetes?

Answer 39

4-7mmol/L

Question 40

What is a target bgl 2 hours after starting meal for type 1 diabetes?

Answer 40

5-10mmol/L

Question 41

What is a target bgl 2 hours after starting meal for type 2 diabetes?

Answer 41

5-10mmol/L

Question 42

What is a before bed bgl target for type 1 diabetes?

Answer 42

4.4-7.8 mmol/L