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NSB231 > Week 2 Cardiovascular 1 > Flashcards

Week 2 Cardiovascular 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is cardiovascular disease?

A

Its a group of disorders linked to the heart and blood vessels

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2
Q

Is cardiovascular disease the world’s leading killer?

A

YES :’(

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3
Q

What are the groups of cardiovascular disease?

A

ischaemic heart disease, stroke, rheumatic heart disease and other conditions

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4
Q

How can cardiovascular be reduced?

A

By addressing some lifestyle factors such as reducing drinking and smoking, reducing weight, more exercise

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5
Q

What are some lifestyle factors that can reduce cardiovascular disease?

A

quit smoking, eat a balanced diet, manage stress, exercise, drink less alcohol, manage htn,

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6
Q

What are non-modifiable risk factors for cardiovascular disease?

A

family hx, age, gender, ethnicity, socioeconomic status, mental health

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7
Q

What is angina?

A

Chest pain

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8
Q

What is the reversible main symptom of chest pain?

A

Angina

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9
Q

What is myocardial infarction?

A

oxygen demand is greater than the oxygen supply that is available

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10
Q

What is the background cause of angina?

A

it is pain caused by the lack of oxygen supply within 10 seconds of occlusion. it is viable for 20 minutes

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11
Q

What are the 3 types of Angina?

A

Chronic stable, Prinzmental and unstable angina

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12
Q

What is chronic stable angina?

A

pain that lasts 5-15 minutes then goes away.

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13
Q

how is chronic stable angina treated?

A

medication like beta-blockers

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14
Q

what is Prinzmental angina?

A

Spasm also called vasospastic angina or variant angina

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15
Q

What is unstable angina also called?

A

Pre-infarction angina, acute coronary insufficiency or crescendo angina

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16
Q

When does unstable angina occur?

A

Unpredictable and occurs at rest

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17
Q

What to do if patients say they have chest pain?

A

Follow PQRST then take ECG

18
Q

What does PQRST stand for?

A 
P: Precipitating and palliative factors,
Q: Quality,
R: Region and radiation
S: Severity and associated symptoms
T: Time
19
Q

Why take an ECG if pt has chest pain?

A

Can help the medical staff determine if the patient has reduced blood flow to the heart.

20
Q

What assessment is used to distinguish

A

patient history, physical examination, ECG, biochemical markers esp troponin

21
Q

What is ACS?

A

Acute coronary syndromes

22
Q

What is a stemi?

A

ST-segment elevation MI

23
Q

What does acute coronary syndrome mean?

A

a broad spectrum of clinical presentations, spanning ST-elevation myocardial infarction through to angina

24
Q

How to manage acute coronary syndromes?

A

Follow the clinical pathways. Assess patient, ECG, medical staff review patient, Aspirin therapy, cardiac-specific troponin levels

25
Q

What are nursing interventions in ACS cases?

A

Assess vital signs, pain assessment, take ECG, administer glyceryl trinitrate, IV cannulation, organise blood tests, obtain a chest x-ray

26
Q

What is the pharmacological treatment for unstable angina?

A

Vasodilators, long-acting nitrates, Beta blockers, calcium channel blockers

27
Q

What is GTN?

A

Glyceryl trinitrate

28
Q

What is ongoing management of chest pain?

A

Look at vital signs, level of consciousness, cardiac monitoring, ECGs, pain and medication

29
Q

What is troponin?

A

troponin is a type of protein found in heart muscles.

30
Q

Why is troponin in the blood important?

A

because ti is not normally found in the blood, when its in the blood it is a sign of damage to heart muscles

31
Q

What is some immediate management for someone with ACS?

A

Monitoring, oxygen therapy, ECG, Aspirin, GTN,Venous access

32
Q

What is some ongoing management for someone with ACS?

A

anti-platelet agent, anticoagulant agent, Beta-blockers, lipid lowering therapy,

33
Q

What’s the difference between a heart attack and a cardiac arrest?

A

Heart attack is caused by a blocked artery and cardiac arrest is an electrical problem with the heart

34
Q

What is heart failure?

A

An abnormal clinic syndrome with inadequate pumping and filling

35
Q

what are the 4 categories of heart failure?

A

systolic, diastolic, mixed, acute, decompensated

36
Q

what is the main cause of heart failure?

A

coronary artery disease

37
Q

what is systolic heart failure?

A

Inability to pump blood forward

38
Q

what is diastolic heart failure?

A

decreased filling in ventricles

39
Q

How is heart failure diagnosed?

A

Chest X-ray, ECG, Patho tests,

40
Q

What interventions are recommended for heart failure?

A

exercise, medication, change in diet

41
Q

Key interventions for acute heart failure?

A

Monitor oxygen sats and give oxygen therapy, positioning, and medications

NSB231 (5 decks)

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