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Week 1 Introduction to Pharmacology Flashcards

1
Q

Therapeutics is also known as…

A

pharmacotherapeutics

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2
Q

what is therapeutics

A

The use of drugs to diagnose, prevent, or treat disease or to prevent pregnancy

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3
Q

3 most important properties of an ideal drug

A

effectiveness
safety
selectivity

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4
Q

what is the selectivity of a drug mean

A

Drug elicits only the response for which it is given

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5
Q

also called side effects

A

adverse effects

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6
Q

the additional properties of an ideal drug

A 
reversible action
predictability
Ease of administration
Freedom from drug interactions
Low cost
Chemical stability
Simple generic name
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7
Q

nurse responsibilities with drugs

A

Administering drugs
Assessing drug effects
Intervening to make the drug regimen more tolerable
Providing patient teaching about drugs and drug regimens
Monitoring the overall patient care plan to prevent medication errors

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8
Q

Factors That Determine the Intensity of Drug Responses

A

Administration
Pharmacokinetics
Pharmacodynamics
Sources of individual variation

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9
Q

Four major pharmacokinetic processes

A 
Drug absorption
Drug distribution
Drug metabolism
Drug excretion 
time course of drug responses
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10
Q

what is troche for?

A

yeast or fungal infections of the mouth

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11
Q

clinical pharmacology

A

Study of drugs in humans

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12
Q

what does pharmacokinetics deal with?

A

absorption
distribution
metabolism
excretion

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13
Q

what does pharmacodynamics deal with?

A

(impact of drugs in the body)

  • Drug-receptor interaction
  • Patient’s functional state
  • Placebo effects
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14
Q

Orphan drugs

A

Drugs that have been discovered but would not be profitable for a drug company to develop

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15
Q

what does PRN mean?

A

“as needed”

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16
Q

2 major areas in which pharmacologic knowledge can be applied?

A

patient care

patient education

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17
Q

clinical testing phase I

A

human volunteers

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18
Q

clinical testing Phase II

A

clinical investigators to try out drug on patients who have the disease that drug is designed to treat

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19
Q

clinical testing Phase III

A

use of drug in a vast clinical market

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20
Q

clinical testing Phase IV

A

Postmarketing surveillance

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21
Q

3 ways to cross a cell membrane

A

Channels and pores
Transport systems
Direct penetration of the membrane

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22
Q

Factors Affecting Drug Absorption

A 
Rate of dissolution
Surface area
Blood flow
Lipid solubility
pH partitioning
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23
Q

anything taken orally will go through…

A

the liver

- first pass

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24
Q

Critical Concentration

A

The amount of drug that is needed to cause a therapeutic effect

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25
Half-life of a drug
the time it takes for the amount of drug in the body to decrease to one half of the peak level it previously achieved
26
where does metabolism happen
liver
27
a receptor
any functional macromolecule in a cell to which a drug binds to produce its effects
28
Agonists
molecules that activate receptors
29
Antagonists
prevent receptor activation by endogenous regulatory molecules and drugs
30
Partial Agonists
These are agonists that have only moderate intrinsic activity
31
most common drug allergy
penicillin
32
Idiosyncratic effect
An uncommon drug response resulting from a genetic predisposition
33
Paradoxical effect
The opposite of the intended drug response
34
iatrogenic disease
a disease produced by drugs
35
the 2 liver enzymes
AST | ALT
36
what is the worst time for a pregnant womam to take a teratogen?
embryonic period: week 3-8
37
first pass effect
large part of chemicals never reach the body because they go through the liver first
38
sources of individual variation
Physiologic variables Genetic variables Pathologic variables Drug interactions
39
a drug that has adverse effects on a fetus
teratogenic
40
a higher dose than usual used for treatment
loading dose
41
a dose that is given continuosly
maintenance dose
42
define metabolism
Defined as the enzymatic alteration of drug structure
43
metabolism is also known as
biotransformation
44
generic name of a drug
the original name assigned to the drug at the begining of the evaluation process
45
What kinds of drugs can cross the placenta easily and enter fetal circulation?
Lipophilic drugs
46
selective toxicity
the ability of a drug to attack only those systems found in foreign or abnormal cells
47
much of the bio-transformation that occurs when a drug is taken occurs as a part of
first pass effect through the liver
48
what determines the half-life of a drug?
a balance of all pharmocokinetic processes
49
low serum potassium levels
hypokalemia
50
increased serum potassium levels
hyperkalemia
51
what agents can lead to hyperkalemia?
antineoplastic agents
52
what agents commonly cause stomatitis
antineoplastic agents
53
what is an enzyme inducer
a chemical which increase the activity of that enzyme system
54
what is an enzyme inhibitor
decreases the activity of the enzyme system
55
what does the liver use the CYP450 enzyme for?
to alter the drug and start its transformation
56
meaning of the therapeutic index
measurement of safety of a drug
57
what does the therapeutic index consider?
the amount of the drug that is effective compared to the amount that causes toxicity
58
why do nurses write a nursing diagnosis?
to identify actual or potential alternation in patient function
59
what would a nurse do before starting a laxative regimen
liver function test abdominal exam skin color and lesion evaluation
60
what organ is primarily responsible for drug excretion
kidneys
61
how does gender impact opioid analgesics?
Certain opioid analgesics are much more effective in women than in men
62
how does gender impact alcohol metabolism?
Alcohol is metabolized more slowly by women than by men
63
how does gender impact quinidine?
Quinidine causes greater QT interval prolongation in women than in men

Pharmacology (24 decks)

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