Week 1 Learning Outcomes Flashcards
Define anatomy and physiology and
explain how they are related
Anatomy - Anatomy is the study of the structure, or physical form, of the body
Physiology - Physiology is the study of the functions of body parts (in homeostasis)
Identify the levels of structural organization
that make up the human body and explain
their interrelationship.
Chemical Level - Atoms combine to form molecules
Cellular level - Cells are made up of molecules
Tissue level - Tissues consist of similar types of cells
Organ Level - Organs are made up of different types of tissue
Organ System level - Organ systems consist of different organs that work together closely
Organismal level - Human organisms are made up of many organ systems
Name the organ systems of the body and
describe their functions.
- Digestive System
- Respiratory System
- Cardiovascular System
- Endocrine system
- Reproductive System
- Integumentary system
-Urinary System - Lymphatic System
- Nervous System
- Skeletal System
- Muscular System
Function of the Integumentary System
- Forms the external body covering
- Protects deeper tissue from injury
- Synthesizes Vitamin D
- Location of sensory receptors (pain, pressure, etc.) and sweat and oil glands
- Hair, Skin, Fingernails
Function of the Skeletal System
- Protects and supports body organs
- Provides framework the muscles use to cause movement
- Blood cells are formed within bones
- Stores minerals
- Cartilages, Joint, bones
Function of the Muscular System
- Allows manipulation of the environment, locomotion, and facial expression
- Maintains posture
- Produces heat
- Skeletal Muscles
Function of the Nervous System
- Fast-acting control system of the body
- Responds to internal and external changes by activating appropriate muscles and glands
- Brain, Sensory receptor, Spinal cord, nerves
Function of the Endocrine System
- Glands secrete hormones that regulate processes such as growth reproduction, and nutrient use by body cells
- Pineal gland, Pituitary gland, Thyroid gland (parathyroid glands on posterior aspect), Thymus gland, adrenal glands, pancreas, testis (male), ovary (female)
Function of the Cardiovascular System
- Blood vessels transport blood, which carries oxygen, nutrients, hormones, carbon dioxide, wastes, etc.
- The heart pumps blood
- Heart, blood vessels
Function of the Lymphatic System
- Picks up fluid leaked from blood vessels and returns it to blood
- Disposes of debris in the lymphatic stream
- Houses white blood cells involved in immunity
- Lymph nodes, lymphatic vessels
Function of the Respiratory System
- Keeps blood constantly supplied with oxygen and removes carbon dioxide
- The gaseous exchanges occur through the walls of the air sacs of the lungs
- Nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs
Function of the Digestive System
- Breaks food down into absorbable nutrients that enter the blood for distribution to body cells
Indigestible foodstuffs are eliminated as feces - Oral cavity, esophagus, Stomach, Small intestine, large intestine, rectum
Function of the Urinary System
- Eliminates nitrogen-containing wastes from the body’ regulates water, electrolyte, and acid-base balance of the blood
- Kidney, ureter, urinary bladder, urethra
Function of the Reproductive System
- Overall function is to produce offspring
- Testes produce sperm and male hormone, ducts and glands aid in delivery viable sperm to the female reproductive tract
- Ovaries produce eggs and female sex hormones
- Remaining structures serve as sites for fertilization and development of fetus
- Mammary glands of female breasts produce milk to nourish the newborn
- Male: Seminal vesicles, prostate gland, penis, testis, scrotum
- Female: Mammary glands (in breasts), uterine tube, ovary, uterus, vagina
List and describe eight functions that
humans must perform to maintain life.
- Maintaining boundaries
- Movement
- Responsiveness/irritabilty
- Digestion
- Metabolism
- Excretion
- Reproduction
- Growth
List and describe the five survival needs of
the human body.
Nutrients
Oxygen
Water
Normal body temperature
Atmospheric pressure
Describe the anatomical position.
Refers to the position of the body when it os standing upright, facing forward, each hand hanging on either side, palms up and feet facing forward, reference point for all diagrams
Directional Terms: Superior
Towards the head end/upper part of a structure/above
Directional Terms: Inferior
Away from the head end/lower part of a structure/below
Only references structures of the head & torso
Directional Terms: Anterior (ventral)
Towards the front of the body/in front of
Directional Terms: Posterior (dorsal)
Towards/at the backside of the body/behind
Directional Terms: Medial
Toward or at the midline of the body/inner side of
Directional Terms: Lateral
Away from the midline of the body/outer side of
Directional Terms: Intermediate
Between a more medial and a more lateral structure/inbetween
E.g., your knee is intermediate between your ankles and hip
