Week 1: Musculoskeletal Assessment & Injury

Question 1

Definition

Injuries where a bone is forced out of its joint, resulting in loss of function and severe pain.

Answer 1

Define

Dislocations

Question 2

Tests that measure how fast and how well nerves can send electrical signals. They are used to diagnose nerve damage or dysfunction.

Answer 2

Define

Nerve Conduction Studies

Question 3

Define

MRIs (Magnetic Resonance Imaging)

Answer 3

Imaging tests that use strong magnetic fields and radio waves to create detailed images of organs and tissues inside the body. They are particularly useful for imaging soft tissues, such as the brain, spinal cord, and muscles.

Question 4

Definition

Breaks or cracks in bones, often caused by trauma, overuse, or diseases that weaken bones.

Answer 4

Define

Fractures

Question 5

Define

CT Scans (Computed Tomography)

Answer 5

Imaging tests that use X-rays and computer technology to create detailed cross-sectional images of the body. They provide more detailed information than regular X-rays.

Question 6

Definition

A comprehensive record of a patient’s past and current health conditions, treatments, and medical events. It includes information on allergies, medications, surgeries, and chronic illnesses.

Answer 6

Define

Health History

Question 7

Define

Lateral Epicondylitis

Answer 7

Another term for tennis elbow, referring to inflammation of the tendons on the outer (lateral) side of the elbow.

Question 8

Definition

Imaging tests that use strong magnetic fields and radio waves to create detailed images of organs and tissues inside the body. They are particularly useful for imaging soft tissues, such as the brain, spinal cord, and muscles.

Answer 8

Define

MRIs (Magnetic Resonance Imaging)

Question 9

Define

EMG (Electromyography)

Answer 9

A diagnostic procedure that measures the electrical activity of muscles in response to nerve stimulation. It helps diagnose muscle and nerve disorders.

Question 10

Define

Joints

Answer 10

Structures that connect bones to each other. They allow for varying degrees of movement and are classified based on their structure and function (e.g., synovial joints, fibrous joints).

Question 11

Define

Functional Assessment

Answer 11

An evaluation of a patient’s ability to perform activities of daily living (ADLs) and their overall level of functioning. This assessment helps determine the impact of illness or injury on the patient’s daily life.

Question 12

Definition

A condition characterized by weakened bones that are more susceptible to fractures. It is often due to a decrease in bone density.

Answer 12

Define

Osteoporosis

Question 13

Define

R.I.C.E. Technique (Rest, Ice, Compression, Elevation, Referral)

Answer 13

A first aid treatment for acute injuries, such as sprains and strains, aimed at reducing pain and swelling. Rest prevents further injury, ice reduces pain and swelling, compression minimizes swelling, elevation reduces swelling by draining excess fluid, and referral involves seeking professional medical evaluation.

Question 14

Definition

An evaluation of a patient’s ability to perform activities of daily living (ADLs) and their overall level of functioning. This assessment helps determine the impact of illness or injury on the patient’s daily life.

Answer 14

Define

Functional Assessment

Question 15

A surgical procedure used to repair and stabilize a fractured bone. It involves realigning the bone fragments (open reduction) and securing them with internal fixation devices such as screws, plates, or rods.

Answer 15

Define

Open Reduction and Internal Fixation (ORIF)

Question 16

Define

Open Reduction and Internal Fixation (ORIF)

Answer 16

A surgical procedure used to repair and stabilize a fractured bone. It involves realigning the bone fragments (open reduction) and securing them with internal fixation devices such as screws, plates, or rods.

Question 17

Define

Past Medical History

Answer 17

A detailed account of a patient’s previous health issues, treatments, hospitalizations, and surgeries. This information helps in understanding the patient’s current health status and potential risk factors.

Question 18

A condition where a spinal disc ruptures or slips out of place, pressing on nearby nerves. It can cause pain, numbness, or weakness in the back, neck, arms, or legs.

Answer 18

Define

Herniated Disc

Question 19

Define

Kyphosis

Answer 19

A condition in which there is an excessive outward curvature of the spine, causing a hunched or rounded back. It can result from developmental issues, osteoporosis, or degenerative diseases.

Question 20

A congenital deformity in which a baby’s foot is twisted out of shape or position. The tendons are shorter than usual, causing the foot to turn inward or downward.

Answer 20

Define

Clubfoot

Question 21

Definition

The system in the body that includes all the muscles, which are responsible for movement, posture, and heat production

Answer 21

Define

Muscular System

Question 22

Define

Frozen Shoulder (Adhesive Capsulitis)

Answer 22

A condition characterized by stiffness and pain in the shoulder joint, leading to restricted movement. It typically develops gradually and can last for months or years.

Question 23

Define

Palpation

Answer 23

The use of hands to examine the body, especially to feel organs and tissues under the skin. This technique helps to assess the size, shape, firmness, and location of certain body parts.

Question 24

Define

Cervical Collar

Answer 24

A medical device used to support and immobilize the neck in cases of neck injury, cervical spine fractures, or after certain surgeries.

Question 25

# Definition An injury or tear of one or more of the four tendons that stabilize the shoulder joint. It can cause pain, weakness, and limited movement in the shoulder.

Answer 25

# Define Rotator Cuff Tear

Question 26

# Define Bone Scan

Answer 26

A nuclear imaging technique that uses a small amount of radioactive material to diagnose and monitor bone diseases, such as infections, fractures, or cancer. It highlights areas of increased or decreased bone metabolism.

Question 27

# Define Tennis Elbow

Answer 27

A condition caused by inflammation or microtearing of the tendons that join the forearm muscles on the outside of the elbow. It results in pain and tenderness on the outer part of the elbow.

Question 28

# Definition A flat board used to transport patients with suspected spinal injuries, ensuring that their spine is immobilized during movement.

Answer 28

# Define Spinal Board

Question 29

An imaging technique that uses high-frequency sound waves to create images of organs and structures inside the body. It is commonly used to visualize muscles, tendons, and other soft tissues.

Answer 29

# Define Ultrasound

Question 30

# Definition The visual examination of a patient’s body for signs of disease or injury. It involves looking at the skin, eyes, mouth, and other visible areas for abnormalities.

Answer 30

# Define Inspection

Question 31

# Definition Another term for tennis elbow, referring to inflammation of the tendons on the outer (lateral) side of the elbow.

Answer 31

# Define Lateral Epicondylitis

Question 32

# Define Arthroscopy

Answer 32

A minimally invasive surgical procedure that involves inserting a small camera (arthroscope) into a joint to diagnose and treat joint problems. It allows direct visualization and treatment of the interior of a joint.

Question 33

# Define Musculoskeletal System

Answer 33

The system in the body that includes bones, muscles, cartilage, tendons, ligaments, and other connective tissues. It supports and stabilizes the body, allowing for movement

Question 34

# Definition A condition characterized by stiffness and pain in the shoulder joint, leading to restricted movement. It typically develops gradually and can last for months or years.

Answer 34

# Define Frozen Shoulder (Adhesive Capsulitis)

Question 35

# Definition A condition similar to tennis elbow but affects the tendons on the inside (medial side) of the elbow. It causes pain and inflammation where the tendons of the forearm muscles attach to the bony bump on the inside of the elbow.

Answer 35

# Define Golfer's Elbow

Question 36

A form of arthritis characterized by sudden, severe attacks of pain, swelling, redness, and tenderness in joints, often the joint at the base of the big toe. It is caused by elevated levels of uric acid in the blood, leading to the formation of urate crystals in the joints.

Answer 36

# Define Gout

Question 37

# Definition The use of hands to examine the body, especially to feel organs and tissues under the skin. This technique helps to assess the size, shape, firmness, and location of certain body parts.

Answer 37

# Define Palpation

Question 38

# Definition The network of nerve cells and fibers that transmits nerve impulses between parts of the body. It includes the central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral nervous system (PNS).

Answer 38

# Define Nervous System

Question 39

# Define Nerve Conduction Studies

Answer 39

Tests that measure how fast and how well nerves can send electrical signals. They are used to diagnose nerve damage or dysfunction.

Question 40

# Definition The system responsible for circulating blood and lymph through the body, consisting of the heart, blood vessels, and blood.

Answer 40

# Define Circulatory System

Question 41

# Define Plantar Fasciitis

Answer 41

Inflammation of the plantar fascia, the thick band of tissue that runs across the bottom of the foot and connects the heel bone to the toes. It causes heel pain and stiffness, especially in the morning.

Question 42

# Definition A detailed account of a patient's previous health issues, treatments, hospitalizations, and surgeries. This information helps in understanding the patient's current health status and potential risk factors.

Answer 42

# Define Past Medical History

Question 43

# Definition Muscles found in the walls of hollow organs (e.g., intestines, blood vessels) that are responsible for involuntary movements. They are non-striated.

Answer 43

# Define Smooth Muscles

Question 44

# Definition A degenerative joint disease characterized by the breakdown of cartilage, leading to pain, stiffness, and swelling. It most commonly affects the knees, hips, and hands.

Answer 44

# Define Osteoarthritis

Question 45

# Define Nervous System

Answer 45

The network of nerve cells and fibers that transmits nerve impulses between parts of the body. It includes the central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral nervous system (PNS).

Question 46

# Definition A form of electromagnetic radiation used to create images of the inside of the body. They are commonly used to view bones and detect fractures, infections, and other abnormalities.

Answer 46

# Define X-rays

Question 47

A nuclear imaging technique that uses a small amount of radioactive material to diagnose and monitor bone diseases, such as infections, fractures, or cancer. It highlights areas of increased or decreased bone metabolism.

Answer 47

# Define Bone Scan

Question 48

# Define Systematic Assessment

Answer 48

A structured and comprehensive method of collecting and analyzing information to evaluate a patient's condition. This method ensures that no part of the patient's health is overlooked.

Question 49

# Define Meniscal Tear

Answer 49

An injury to the meniscus, the cartilage in the knee that acts as a cushion between the thigh bone (femur) and shin bone (tibia). It can cause pain, swelling, and restricted knee movement.

Question 50

Inflammation of the plantar fascia, the thick band of tissue that runs across the bottom of the foot and connects the heel bone to the toes. It causes heel pain and stiffness, especially in the morning.

Answer 50

# Define Plantar Fasciitis

Question 51

# Define Appendicular Skeleton

Answer 51

The part of the skeleton that includes the bones of the limbs and girdles, specifically the shoulders, arms, hips, and legs

Question 52

# Definition A condition caused by inflammation or microtearing of the tendons that join the forearm muscles on the outside of the elbow. It results in pain and tenderness on the outer part of the elbow.

Answer 52

# Define Tennis Elbow

Question 53

# Definition The system in the body that includes bones, muscles, cartilage, tendons, ligaments, and other connective tissues. It supports and stabilizes the body, allowing for movement

Answer 53

# Define Musculoskeletal System

Question 54

# Define X-rays

Answer 54

A form of electromagnetic radiation used to create images of the inside of the body. They are commonly used to view bones and detect fractures, infections, and other abnormalities.

Question 55

# Define Cervical Spine Immobilisation

Answer 55

A procedure used to prevent movement of the cervical spine in patients with suspected neck injuries, often achieved using a cervical collar and a spinal board.

Question 56

# Define Osteoarthritis

Answer 56

A degenerative joint disease characterized by the breakdown of cartilage, leading to pain, stiffness, and swelling. It most commonly affects the knees, hips, and hands.

Question 57

An injury to the meniscus, the cartilage in the knee that acts as a cushion between the thigh bone (femur) and shin bone (tibia). It can cause pain, swelling, and restricted knee movement.

Answer 57

# Define Meniscal Tear

Question 58

# Definition The framework of bones and other connective tissues that supports the body, protects internal organs, and provides attachment points for muscles.

Answer 58

# Define Skeletal System

Question 59

# Definition An autoimmune disorder in which the immune system attacks the joints, leading to inflammation, pain, and eventual joint damage. It often affects the small joints in the hands and feet.

Answer 59

# Define Rheumatoid Arthritis

Question 60

# Define Skeletal System

Answer 60

The framework of bones and other connective tissues that supports the body, protects internal organs, and provides attachment points for muscles.

Question 61

# Definition The muscle tissue of the heart, responsible for pumping blood throughout the body. It is striated and involuntary

Answer 61

# Define Cardiac Muscles

Question 62

# Definition Rigid organs that constitute part of the endoskeleton of vertebrates. They support and protect the various organs of the body, produce red and white blood cells, and store minerals

Answer 62

# Define Bones

Question 63

# Definition A condition caused by pressure on the median nerve as it travels through the carpal tunnel in the wrist. Symptoms include numbness, tingling, and weakness in the hand and fingers.

Answer 63

# Define Carpal Tunnel Syndrome

Question 64

# Definition A systematic inspection of the patient’s body to determine the presence or absence of physical signs of disease or injury. This includes techniques such as inspection, palpation, percussion, and auscultation.

Answer 64

# Define Physical Examination

Question 65

# Define Gout

Answer 65

A form of arthritis characterized by sudden, severe attacks of pain, swelling, redness, and tenderness in joints, often the joint at the base of the big toe. It is caused by elevated levels of uric acid in the blood, leading to the formation of urate crystals in the joints.

Question 66

# Define Spinal Board

Answer 66

A flat board used to transport patients with suspected spinal injuries, ensuring that their spine is immobilized during movement.

Question 67

# Define Circulatory System

Answer 67

The system responsible for circulating blood and lymph through the body, consisting of the heart, blood vessels, and blood.

Question 68

# Define Sling

Answer 68

A support device used to immobilize and protect an injured arm or shoulder. It helps reduce pain and prevent further injury by keeping the affected limb in a stable position.

Question 69

# Define Bones

Answer 69

Rigid organs that constitute part of the endoskeleton of vertebrates. They support and protect the various organs of the body, produce red and white blood cells, and store minerals

Question 70

# Define Ultrasound

Answer 70

An imaging technique that uses high-frequency sound waves to create images of organs and structures inside the body. It is commonly used to visualize muscles, tendons, and other soft tissues.

Question 71

# Definition Structures that connect bones to each other. They allow for varying degrees of movement and are classified based on their structure and function (e.g., synovial joints, fibrous joints).

Answer 71

# Define Joints

Question 72

A minimally invasive surgical procedure that involves inserting a small camera (arthroscope) into a joint to diagnose and treat joint problems. It allows direct visualization and treatment of the interior of a joint.

Answer 72

# Define Arthroscopy

Question 73

# Define Range of Motion (ROM)

Answer 73

The full movement potential of a joint, usually its range of flexion and extension. ROM exercises are used to assess joint function and to maintain or increase the movement of joints.

Question 74

The process of stabilizing a broken bone to prevent movement and allow proper healing. This can be achieved using casts, splints, braces, or surgical methods.

Answer 74

# Define Fracture Immobilisation

Question 75

# Define Internal Fixation Devices (screws, plates, rods)

Answer 75

Medical devices used to stabilize and hold the position of broken bones during the healing process. They are surgically implanted and may be removed after the bone has healed.

Question 76

# Definition The full movement potential of a joint, usually its range of flexion and extension. ROM exercises are used to assess joint function and to maintain or increase the movement of joints.

Answer 76

# Define Range of Motion (ROM)

Question 77

# Definition A medical device used to support and immobilize the neck in cases of neck injury, cervical spine fractures, or after certain surgeries.

Answer 77

# Define Cervical Collar

Question 78

# Define Pain Assessment

Answer 78

The process of evaluating a patient's pain, including its intensity, location, duration, and factors that alleviate or exacerbate it. Various tools and scales, such as the Numerical Rating Scale or the Wong-Baker FACES Pain Rating Scale, can be used.

Question 79

# Define Arthritis

Answer 79

Inflammation of one or more joints, causing pain and stiffness that can worsen with age. There are various types, including osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis.

Question 80

A support device used to immobilize and protect an injured arm or shoulder. It helps reduce pain and prevent further injury by keeping the affected limb in a stable position.

Answer 80

# Define Sling

Question 81

A condition in infants where the hip joint is improperly formed, causing the hip to dislocate easily. It can lead to hip problems and arthritis later in life if not treated early.

Answer 81

# Define Developmental Dysplasia of the Hip (DDH)

Question 82

# Define Fractures

Answer 82

Breaks or cracks in bones, often caused by trauma, overuse, or diseases that weaken bones.

Question 83

# Define Muscular System

Answer 83

The system in the body that includes all the muscles, which are responsible for movement, posture, and heat production

Question 84

# Definition The part of the skeleton that includes the bones of the limbs and girdles, specifically the shoulders, arms, hips, and legs

Answer 84

# Define Appendicular Skeleton

Question 85

# Define Fracture Immobilisation

Answer 85

The process of stabilizing a broken bone to prevent movement and allow proper healing. This can be achieved using casts, splints, braces, or surgical methods.

Question 86

# Definition The process in which a muscle returns to its original length after contraction, reducing tension.

Answer 86

# Define Relaxation

Question 87

# Define Herniated Disc

Answer 87

A condition where a spinal disc ruptures or slips out of place, pressing on nearby nerves. It can cause pain, numbness, or weakness in the back, neck, arms, or legs.

Question 88

# Definition A procedure used to prevent movement of the cervical spine in patients with suspected neck injuries, often achieved using a cervical collar and a spinal board.

Answer 88

# Define Cervical Spine Immobilisation

Question 89

# Definition A structured and comprehensive method of collecting and analyzing information to evaluate a patient's condition. This method ensures that no part of the patient's health is overlooked.

Answer 89

# Define Systematic Assessment

Question 90

# Define Health History

Answer 90

A comprehensive record of a patient's past and current health conditions, treatments, and medical events. It includes information on allergies, medications, surgeries, and chronic illnesses.

Question 91

# Define Golfer's Elbow

Answer 91

A condition similar to tennis elbow but affects the tendons on the inside (medial side) of the elbow. It causes pain and inflammation where the tendons of the forearm muscles attach to the bony bump on the inside of the elbow.

Question 92

# Define Smooth Muscles

Answer 92

Muscles found in the walls of hollow organs (e.g., intestines, blood vessels) that are responsible for involuntary movements. They are non-striated.

Question 93

# Definition Information about the health conditions of a patient's family members. This can help identify genetic or hereditary diseases and conditions that may affect the patient.

Answer 93

# Define Family History

Question 94

# Define Clubfoot

Answer 94

A congenital deformity in which a baby’s foot is twisted out of shape or position. The tendons are shorter than usual, causing the foot to turn inward or downward.

Question 95

# Define Rotator Cuff Tear

Answer 95

An injury or tear of one or more of the four tendons that stabilize the shoulder joint. It can cause pain, weakness, and limited movement in the shoulder.

Question 96

# Define Dislocations

Answer 96

Injuries where a bone is forced out of its joint, resulting in loss of function and severe pain.

Question 97

# Define Scoliosis

Answer 97

A condition characterized by an abnormal lateral curvature of the spine. It can cause uneven shoulders, a tilted waist, or one hip higher than the other.

Question 98

# Definition Imaging tests that use X-rays and computer technology to create detailed cross-sectional images of the body. They provide more detailed information than regular X-rays.

Answer 98

# Define CT Scans (Computed Tomography)

Question 99

# Define Axial Skeleton

Answer 99

The part of the skeleton that includes the bones of the head and trunk, specifically the skull, vertebral column, and rib cage

Question 100

# Define Carpal Tunnel Syndrome

Answer 100

A condition caused by pressure on the median nerve as it travels through the carpal tunnel in the wrist. Symptoms include numbness, tingling, and weakness in the hand and fingers.

Question 101

# Definition The process in which a muscle becomes or is made shorter and tighter, generating force.

Answer 101

# Define Contraction

Question 102

# Define Physical Examination

Answer 102

A systematic inspection of the patient’s body to determine the presence or absence of physical signs of disease or injury. This includes techniques such as inspection, palpation, percussion, and auscultation.

Question 103

A condition in which there is an excessive outward curvature of the spine, causing a hunched or rounded back. It can result from developmental issues, osteoporosis, or degenerative diseases.

Answer 103

# Define Kyphosis

Question 104

Medical devices used to stabilize and hold the position of broken bones during the healing process. They are surgically implanted and may be removed after the bone has healed.

Answer 104

Internal Fixation Devices (screws, plates, rods)

Question 105

# Define Osteoporosis

Answer 105

A condition characterized by weakened bones that are more susceptible to fractures. It is often due to a decrease in bone density.

Question 106

# Definition The part of the skeleton that includes the bones of the head and trunk, specifically the skull, vertebral column, and rib cage

Answer 106

# Define Axial Skeleton

Question 107

# Define Skeletal Muscles

Answer 107

Muscles that are attached to bones and are responsible for voluntary movements. They are striated in appearance.

Question 108

# Define Inspection

Answer 108

The visual examination of a patient’s body for signs of disease or injury. It involves looking at the skin, eyes, mouth, and other visible areas for abnormalities.

Question 109

# Define Contraction

Answer 109

The process in which a muscle becomes or is made shorter and tighter, generating force.

Question 110

# Define Family History

Answer 110

Information about the health conditions of a patient's family members. This can help identify genetic or hereditary diseases and conditions that may affect the patient.

Question 111

# Define Cardiac Muscles

Answer 111

The muscle tissue of the heart, responsible for pumping blood throughout the body. It is striated and involuntary

Question 112

# Define Rheumatoid Arthritis

Answer 112

An autoimmune disorder in which the immune system attacks the joints, leading to inflammation, pain, and eventual joint damage. It often affects the small joints in the hands and feet.

Question 113

A first aid treatment for acute injuries, such as sprains and strains, aimed at reducing pain and swelling. Rest prevents further injury, ice reduces pain and swelling, compression minimizes swelling, elevation reduces swelling by draining excess fluid, and referral involves seeking professional medical evaluation.

Answer 113

# Define R.I.C.E. Technique (Rest, Ice, Compression, Elevation, Referral)

Question 114

# Definition The process of evaluating a patient's pain, including its intensity, location, duration, and factors that alleviate or exacerbate it. Various tools and scales, such as the Numerical Rating Scale or the Wong-Baker FACES Pain Rating Scale, can be used.

Answer 114

# Define Pain Assessment

Question 115

# Definition Inflammation of one or more joints, causing pain and stiffness that can worsen with age. There are various types, including osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis.

Answer 115

# Define Arthritis

Question 116

# Definition Muscles that are attached to bones and are responsible for voluntary movements. They are striated in appearance.

Answer 116

# Define Skeletal Muscles

Question 117

A condition characterized by an abnormal lateral curvature of the spine. It can cause uneven shoulders, a tilted waist, or one hip higher than the other.

Answer 117

# Define Scoliosis

Question 118

# Define Relaxation

Answer 118

The process in which a muscle returns to its original length after contraction, reducing tension.

Question 119

A diagnostic procedure that measures the electrical activity of muscles in response to nerve stimulation. It helps diagnose muscle and nerve disorders.

Answer 119

# Define EMG (Electromyography)

Question 120

# Define Developmental Dysplasia of the Hip (DDH)

Answer 120

A condition in infants where the hip joint is improperly formed, causing the hip to dislocate easily. It can lead to hip problems and arthritis later in life if not treated early.

Question 121

Q: What is the primary goal of pain relief in nursing management?

Answer 121

A: Ensuring the patient is comfortable by effectively managing and alleviating pain.

Question 122

Q: Why is improving mobility important in nursing management?

Answer 122

A: Facilitating movement as appropriate helps prevent complications such as muscle atrophy, joint stiffness, and promotes overall recovery.

Question 123

Q: How can nurses support the natural healing process in patients?

Answer 123

A: By promoting healing through proper wound care, ensuring adequate nutrition, maintaining hydration, and monitoring for signs of complications.

Question 124

Q: What does maintaining neurovascular function entail?

Answer 124

A: Monitoring the nerves and blood vessels in the affected area to ensure there is no impairment in sensation, movement, or circulation.

Question 125

Q: What are some potential complications that nurses must manage in fracture patients?

Answer 125

A: Delayed union, non-union, compartment syndrome, fat embolism syndrome (FES), deep vein thrombosis (DVT), and infection.

Question 126

Q: How can nurses promote home and community-based care?

Answer 126

A: Ensuring a smooth transition from hospital to home care by educating the patient and family, coordinating with community services, and providing resources for ongoing care.

Question 127

Q: What are immobilisation techniques in fracture management?

Answer 127

A: Various methods to stabilize fractures, such as using casts, splints, braces, or surgical fixation.

Question 128

Q: Why are neurovascular observations crucial in nursing care for fracture patients?

Answer 128

A: Monitoring the neurovascular status helps catch complications early, such as compromised blood flow or nerve damage.

Question 129

Q: What is delayed union in the context of bone healing?

Answer 129

A: A condition where the bone healing process is slower than expected.

Question 130

Q: What does non-union refer to in bone healing?

Answer 130

A: A failure of the bone ends to grow together after a fracture, resulting in a persistent gap.

Question 131

Q: What is compartment syndrome and why is it an emergency?

Answer 131

A: A condition where increased pressure within muscle compartments impairs blood supply, requiring immediate surgical intervention to prevent severe tissue damage.

Question 132

Q: How does fat embolism syndrome (FES) occur and what are its potential consequences?

Answer 132

A: Fat droplets enter the bloodstream, potentially causing serious issues such as respiratory distress, neurological impairment, and skin manifestations.

Question 133

Q: What are the dangers associated with deep vein thrombosis (DVT)?

Answer 133

A: Blood clots in veins can be dangerous as they can travel to the lungs, causing a pulmonary embolism.

Question 134

Q: Why is infection a significant concern at the site of a fracture?

Answer 134

A: Infection can delay healing, cause severe complications, and may require extensive treatment, including antibiotics and possible surgical intervention.

Question 135

Q: What is meant by compartment anatomy in the human body?

Answer 135

A: Areas encased by bone or fascia that contain muscles, nerves, and blood vessels.

Question 136

Q: Why does compartment syndrome require immediate surgical intervention?

Answer 136

A: It impairs blood supply and can lead to severe tissue damage if not promptly treated.

Question 137

Q: What are the two interconnected systems that make up the musculoskeletal system?

Answer 137

A: The skeletal system and the muscular system.

Question 138

Q: How many bones are in the human skeleton?

Answer 138

A: 206 bones.

Question 139

Q: What are the two main categories of bones in the human skeleton?

Answer 139

A: The axial skeleton and the appendicular skeleton.

Question 140

Q: What structures are included in the axial skeleton?

Answer 140

A: The skull, vertebral column (spine), and thoracic cage (rib cage).

Question 141

Q: What is the primary function of the skull?

Answer 141

A: To protect the brain and form the structure of our face.

Question 142

Q: What is the role of the vertebral column?

Answer 142

A: To protect the spinal cord and support the body's weight.

Question 143

Q: What does the thoracic cage protect?

Answer 143

A: The heart and lungs.

Question 144

Q: What structures are included in the appendicular skeleton?

Answer 144

A: The bones of the upper and lower limbs, the shoulder girdle, and the pelvic girdle.

Question 145

Q: What are joints and why are they important?

Answer 145

A: Joints are where two or more bones meet, and they are responsible for movement and flexibility.

Question 146

Q: Name and describe the three types of joints.

Answer 146

Fibrous Joints: Do not move, such as those in the skull. Cartilaginous Joints: Allow for limited movement, such as those between the vertebrae. Synovial Joints: The most movable type of joints, such as the knee or elbow joints.

Question 147

Q: How many muscles are in the human body?

Answer 147

A: Over 600 muscles.

Question 148

Q: What are the three types of muscles and their functions?

Answer 148

Skeletal Muscles: Voluntary muscles attached to bones that facilitate movement by contracting and relaxing. Cardiac Muscles: Found only in the heart, they contract to pump blood and are involuntarily controlled. Smooth Muscles: Found in the walls of internal organs, they help move substances through the body and are involuntarily controlled.

Question 149

Q: How do skeletal muscles facilitate movement?

Answer 149

A: By contracting and relaxing; when a muscle contracts, it shortens and pulls the bone it's attached to, causing movement.

Question 150

Q: What controls the movement of skeletal muscles?

Answer 150

A: Signals from the nervous system, responding to conscious commands or reflexes.

Question 151

Q: Which body systems support the musculoskeletal system?

Answer 151

A: The circulatory system and the nervous system.

Question 152

Q: How does the circulatory system support the musculoskeletal system?

Answer 152

A: By delivering oxygen and nutrients needed for the musculoskeletal system to function.

Question 153

Q: How does the nervous system support the musculoskeletal system?

Answer 153

A: By controlling muscle movement through signals.

Question 154

Q: Why is understanding the musculoskeletal system crucial in the nursing profession?

Answer 154

A: Because nurses encounter patients with a wide range of musculoskeletal issues, and understanding this system is essential for providing effective care and patient education.

Question 155

Q: What are some common musculoskeletal issues nurses may encounter?

Answer 155

A: Fractures, dislocations, arthritis, and osteoporosis.

Question 156

Q: How can lifestyle choices impact the health of the musculoskeletal system?

Answer 156

A: Lifestyle choices such as diet, exercise, and avoiding harmful activities can significantly affect the health and functionality of the musculoskeletal system.

Question 157

Q: What advice could nurses provide to patients to promote musculoskeletal health?

Answer 157

A: Nurses could advise on maintaining a balanced diet rich in calcium and vitamin D, engaging in regular weight-bearing exercises, avoiding smoking and excessive alcohol consumption, and practicing good posture.

Question 158

Q: What is subjective data in the context of a musculoskeletal assessment?

Answer 158

A: Subjective data is information provided by the patient about their symptoms, perceptions, and feelings regarding their condition. It includes details such as pain, functional limitations, past medical history, and family history.

Question 159

Q: When assessing pain, what key aspects should you evaluate?

Answer 159

A: Evaluate the location, severity, quality, onset, duration, and any aggravating or relieving factors related to the pain.

Question 160

Q: How should you assess the impact of musculoskeletal health on a patient’s daily activities?

Answer 160

A: Determine how musculoskeletal issues affect the patient’s ability to perform activities of daily living, such as dressing, eating, bathing, and other personal care tasks. Identify any limitations and how they affect the patient’s quality of life.

Question 161

Q: Why is past medical history important in the musculoskeletal assessment?

Answer 161

A: Past medical history provides information about previous musculoskeletal conditions, trauma, surgeries, and general health status, which can impact the current musculoskeletal health. It helps in understanding the patient’s overall health context and potential risks.

Question 162

Q: How does family history influence the assessment of the musculoskeletal system?

Answer 162

A: Family history can reveal hereditary conditions, such as certain types of arthritis or other musculoskeletal disorders, which may impact the patient’s current condition and risk factors.

Question 163

Q: What should you look for during the inspection phase of a musculoskeletal assessment?

Answer 163

A: During inspection, look for symmetry of joints, muscles, and bones, and check for swelling, deformity, or changes in skin color.

Question 164

Q: What is the purpose of palpation in the musculoskeletal assessment?

Answer 164

A: Palpation allows you to feel for temperature changes, tenderness, swelling, or masses in the joints and surrounding tissues. It also helps assess muscle tone and strength.

Question 165

Q: How do you assess the range of motion in a musculoskeletal examination?

Answer 165

A: Ask the patient to move each joint through its full range of motion. Note any limitations, discomfort, or inability to perform the movement fully.

Question 166

Q: What is involved in assessing muscle strength during the physical examination?

Answer 166

A: Assess muscle strength by asking the patient to flex and extend each joint against your resistance. This helps determine the strength of the muscles and any weakness or functional impairment.

Question 167

Q: What is the purpose of cervical spine immobilisation?

Answer 167

A: Cervical spine immobilisation is performed to prevent movement of the neck and minimize further injury to the spinal cord in trauma patients. It helps protect the cervical spine from additional damage.

Question 168

Q: How is a cervical collar used in cervical spine immobilisation?

Answer 168

A: A cervical collar is a neck brace placed around the patient’s neck to limit mobility. It should be the correct size to ensure effective immobilisation while avoiding unnecessary discomfort or airway compromise.

Question 169

Q: What is the role of the spinal board in cervical spine immobilisation?

Answer 169

A: The spinal board is used to secure the patient’s body, typically with straps, to limit overall body movement and maintain cervical alignment while moving the patient.

Question 170

Q: When should cervical spine immobilisation be removed?

Answer 170

A: Cervical spine immobilisation should be removed as soon as it is deemed safe, usually after appropriate imaging studies such as X-rays, CT scans, or MRIs confirm that it is no longer needed.

Question 171

What does GALS stand for?

Answer 171

Gait Arms Legs Spine

Question 172

What are the NEXUS criteria?

Answer 172

No posterior midline cervical spine tenderness: The patient should not have tenderness along the posterior aspect of the cervical spine. No evidence of intoxication: The patient should not be under the influence of alcohol or drugs that could impair their judgment or ability to communicate. A normal level of alertness: The patient should be alert and oriented, with no significant changes in their level of consciousness. No focal neurological deficits: The patient should not have any signs of neurological deficits, such as weakness, numbness, or altered reflexes, that could indicate spinal cord injury. No painful distracting injuries: The patient should not have other injuries that could distract them from feeling or reporting cervical spine pain.

Question 173

What does it means if one or more of the NEXUS criteria are positive?

Answer 173

Further imaging and evaluation may be warranted to rule out cervical spine injury. C-collar and spinal board should be used

Question 174

Question: What is osteoporosis, and what are common signs you might observe during a physical examination?

Answer 174

Answer: Osteoporosis is a condition characterized by a loss of bone density, which leads to brittle and fragile bones. It is most common in postmenopausal women due to decreased estrogen levels. During a physical examination, common signs include a noticeable loss of height and a stooped or kyphotic posture.

Question 175

Question: How does arthritis present, and what should you look for during a physical examination?

Answer 175

Answer: Arthritis involves inflammation of the joints, leading to symptoms such as pain, swelling, and restricted movement. There are various types, including rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis. In a physical examination, you should look for joint deformities, swelling, tenderness, and a reduced range of motion.

Question 176

Question: What are the typical symptoms of rotator cuff tears or frozen shoulder, and how would you assess these conditions during a physical exam?

Answer 176

Answer: Rotator cuff tears and frozen shoulder are characterized by shoulder pain and limited range of motion. During a physical examination, you should assess for asymmetry, check for any shoulder deformities, and evaluate the range of motion and strength. Look for signs of pain or discomfort during movement.

Question 177

Question: What are tennis elbow and golfer's elbow, and what findings might you expect during a physical examination?

Answer 177

Answer: Tennis elbow (lateral epicondylitis) and golfer's elbow (medial epicondylitis) are conditions affecting the elbow, causing pain and discomfort. During a physical examination, look for pain on palpation of the affected elbow area and during specific movements that exacerbate the pain.

Question 178

Question: What is carpal tunnel syndrome, and what tests can you perform to diagnose it during an examination?

Answer 178

Answer: Carpal tunnel syndrome is caused by compression of the median nerve in the wrist, leading to symptoms such as weakness, numbness, and tingling in the hand. During a physical examination, you can perform Tinel's sign (tapping over the median nerve to elicit tingling) and Phalen's test (holding the wrists in flexion to provoke symptoms).

Question 179

Question: What are common knee conditions, and how should you assess them during a physical examination?

Answer 179

Answer: Common knee conditions include meniscal tears, ligament injuries, and arthritis. During a physical examination, assess for swelling, pain, stability, and range of motion. Perform special tests like the McMurray test for meniscal tears or the Lachman test for ligament injuries.

Question 180

Question: What conditions are commonly seen in the ankle and foot, and what should you look for during a physical exam?

Answer 180

Answer: Common conditions include plantar fasciitis, sprains, and fractures. During a physical examination, look for swelling, tenderness, and assess the range of motion. Pay attention to specific pain points and any difficulty with weight-bearing.

Question 181

Question: What are common spinal conditions, and how can they be assessed during a physical examination?

Answer 181

Answer: Common spinal conditions include scoliosis, kyphosis, and herniated discs. During a physical examination, observe for abnormal curvature of the spine (e.g., lateral curvature for scoliosis or increased thoracic curvature for kyphosis) and assess flexibility and range of motion.

Question 182

Question: What are some common pediatric musculoskeletal conditions, and how should you evaluate them during an examination?

Answer 182

Answer: Pediatric musculoskeletal conditions include developmental dysplasia of the hip, clubfoot, and scoliosis. During a physical examination, look for asymmetry in limb positioning, abnormal movements, or abnormal spinal curvature. Check for developmental milestones and any signs of discomfort or restricted movement.

Question 183

Question: What is the primary use of X-rays in musculoskeletal assessment, and what are some of its limitations?

Answer 183

Answer: X-rays are primarily used to visualize bones, joints, and degenerative lesions. They are effective for detecting fractures, joint dislocations, bone abnormalities, and degenerative changes. However, X-rays may not clearly show soft tissue injuries, such as those involving muscles or ligaments, and they provide less detail on complex bone structures compared to other imaging modalities.

Question 184

Question: How does a CT scan differ from an X-ray, and what are its primary uses in musculoskeletal imaging?

Answer 184

Answer: A CT scan provides detailed cross-sectional images of the body, offering a more comprehensive view compared to X-rays. It is particularly valuable for detecting complex fractures, bone and joint problems, and tumors. CT scans can evaluate both bone and soft tissue structures but are especially useful in complex cases requiring detailed cross-sectional imaging.

Question 185

Question: What makes MRI particularly useful for evaluating soft tissue injuries, and how does it differ from CT scans and X-rays?

Answer 185

Answer: MRI uses magnetic fields and radio waves to create detailed images of soft tissues such as ligaments, tendons, muscles, and the spinal cord. Unlike X-rays and CT scans, MRI does not involve radiation, making it a preferred choice for evaluating soft tissue injuries and certain tumors. MRI provides high-resolution images of soft tissues, which are not as clearly visible on X-rays or CT scans.

Question 186

Question: What is a bone scan, and what conditions can it help diagnose?

Answer 186

Answer: A bone scan is a type of nuclear imaging that uses a small amount of radioactive material to diagnose and track bone diseases. It is useful for diagnosing conditions like osteoporosis, fractures, infections, and tumors. Bone scans are often employed when a specific bone problem is not clearly visible on X-rays or CT scans and can detect conditions in their early stages.

Question 187

Question: How does ultrasound imaging assist in the evaluation of musculoskeletal conditions, and what are its key benefits?

Answer 187

Answer: Ultrasound imaging uses high-frequency sound waves to produce images of soft tissues, muscles, and ligaments. It is useful for assessing soft tissue injuries, guiding needle placements for aspirations and injections, and evaluating tendons and ligaments. Ultrasound provides real-time imaging, allowing for dynamic assessment of soft tissues and joints, and is particularly advantageous for guiding interventional procedures.

Question 188

Question: What are the purposes of EMG and nerve conduction studies, and what conditions can they help diagnose?

Answer 188

Answer: EMG measures the electrical activity of muscles, while nerve conduction studies measure the speed and strength of nerve signals. These tests are used to diagnose neuromuscular disorders such as carpal tunnel syndrome, myopathy, and other conditions affecting muscle and nerve function. EMG helps distinguish between muscle disorders and nerve disorders, while nerve conduction studies assess the efficiency of nerve signal transmission.

Question 189

Question: What is arthroscopy, and how does it benefit the diagnosis and treatment of joint problems?

Answer 189

Answer: Arthroscopy is a minimally invasive surgical procedure that uses a small camera inserted into the joint to visualize, diagnose, and treat joint problems. It is effective for diagnosing and treating intra-articular issues such as torn ligaments, cartilage damage, and joint inflammation. Arthroscopy allows for both direct visualization and therapeutic interventions within the joint.

Question 190

Question: How can blood tests be used in the diagnosis of musculoskeletal conditions?

Answer 190

Answer: Blood tests can identify specific types of arthritis and other musculoskeletal conditions by measuring inflammatory markers and specific antibodies. They are useful for diagnosing conditions like rheumatoid arthritis and gout, assessing overall inflammation levels, and ruling out other systemic conditions that might mimic musculoskeletal symptoms.

Question 191

Question: What does a bone density test measure, and why is it important for diagnosing osteoporosis?

Answer 191

Answer: A bone density test measures the amount of calcium and other minerals in a segment of bone. It is crucial for diagnosing osteoporosis and evaluating bone strength. This test helps assess fracture risk and monitor bone health over time, particularly in individuals with risk factors for osteoporosis, such as postmenopausal women or those with a history of fractures.

Question 192

Question: What is the R.I.C.E. technique and how is each component important for managing a fracture?

Answer 192

The R.I.C.E. technique is a method used to manage acute injuries, including fractures, and stands for Rest, Ice, Compression, and Elevation: Rest: Involves immobilizing the injured area to prevent further damage and promote healing. Avoiding movement helps in reducing the risk of additional injury. Ice: Applied to the injury for 20 minutes every 2 hours. Ice reduces swelling, numbs pain, and decreases inflammation. It’s important to wrap the ice in a cloth to avoid frostbite. Compression: Using an elastic bandage to apply gentle pressure helps reduce swelling by limiting fluid accumulation. The bandage should be snug but not too tight to avoid impairing circulation. Elevation: Elevating the injured limb above heart level helps reduce swelling by facilitating venous return. Maintaining elevation is crucial for effective swelling management. Referral: Ensures the patient receives professional medical evaluation and treatment, which is essential for accurate diagnosis and appropriate care.

Question 193

Question: How should a sling be applied to support an injured arm or shoulder, and why is this important?

Answer 193

A sling is used to support and immobilize an injured arm or shoulder. Proper application involves: Positioning: Place the sling under the arm with the elbow flexed at a right angle and the hand slightly higher than the elbow to help prevent swelling. Adjustment: Adjust the sling to keep the arm close to the body and ensure comfort. It should support the weight of the arm and prevent movement to relieve pain and prevent further injury.

Question 194

Question: What are the components of Open Reduction and Internal Fixation (ORIF), and when is this procedure used?

Answer 194

ORIF is a surgical procedure used to treat severe bone fractures: Open Reduction: The surgeon makes an incision to access and realign the broken bone. Internal Fixation: Devices such as screws, plates, or rods are used to hold the bone in place while it heals. ORIF is used for complex fractures that cannot be adequately treated with casting or splinting alone, or when precise alignment is necessary for proper healing and function.

Question 195

Question: What factors should be considered in fracture management, and why are they important?

Answer 195

Considerations in fracture management include: Overall Health Status: Assessing the patient’s general health, including conditions like diabetes or osteoporosis, is crucial as these can impact healing. Type and Location of the Fracture: The type and location influence the choice of immobilization method and treatment plan. For example, weight-bearing bones like the femur may require different management compared to non-weight-bearing bones. Patient’s Lifestyle: Considering the patient’s daily activities and needs helps in planning treatment and rehabilitation. A manual laborer may need different support compared to someone with a sedentary lifestyle.

Question 196

Question: Why is follow-up care important after initial fracture immobilization and treatment?

Answer 196

Follow-up care is essential for: Monitoring Healing: Regular visits allow healthcare providers to assess bone healing through imaging and adjust the treatment plan as needed. Adjusting Immobilization: Adjustments may be required based on healing progress and any complications. Initiating Rehabilitation: Follow-up care includes starting rehabilitation exercises to restore full function and mobility of the affected limb.

Question 197

Question: What is the definition of neurovascular observations?

Answer 197

Answer: Neurovascular observations involve assessing the function of the neurological and vascular systems in the limbs to detect potential issues affecting nerve or blood supply.

Question 198

Question: What is the purpose of neurovascular observations?

Answer 198

Answer: The purpose is to monitor circulation, movement, and sensation of affected extremities and to identify complications such as compartment syndrome.

Question 199

Question: What is the expected level of swelling in a limb during a neurovascular assessment?

Answer 199

Answer: Minimal or no swelling.

Question 200

Question: What should the discomfort level be in a normal neurovascular assessment?

Answer 200

Answer: Minimal discomfort.

Question 201

Question: How should the color of the limb appear during a normal neurovascular assessment?

Answer 201

Answer: Consistent with the patient’s natural coloring.

Question 202

Question: What is the expected warmth of the limb?

Answer 202

Answer: Warm to touch.

Question 203

Question: What is the expected capillary refill time?

Answer 203

Answer: Rapid refill time.

Question 204

Question: How should sensation be described in a normal neurovascular assessment?

Answer 204

Answer: Normal sensations.

Question 205

Question: What is the expected ability of the patient regarding limb movement?

Answer 205

Answer: Ability to move fingers and toes.

Question 206

Question: What should you assess to evaluate circulation in a limb?

Answer 206

Answer: Peripheral pulses and capillary refill time.

Question 207

Question: How do you assess movement during a neurovascular observation?

Answer 207

Answer: Evaluate the ability to move fingers and toes.

Question 208

Question: How is sensation tested during a neurovascular assessment?

Answer 208

Answer: Test for normal sensory responses.

Question 209

Question: When should neurovascular observations be performed?

Answer 209

Answer: Frequently before, during, and after surgery or trauma that may disrupt nerve and vascular supply.

Question 210

Question: Name an indication of compartment syndrome related to pain.

Answer 210

Answer: Progressive unrelieved pain or pain on passive stretch.

Question 211

Question: What sensory changes might indicate compartment syndrome?

Answer 211

Answer: Paraesthesis (abnormal sensations such as tingling or numbness) and motor or sensory loss.

Question 212

Question: What are two possible skin changes in compartment syndrome?

Answer 212

Answer: Coolness and paleness.

Question 213

Question: How would capillary refill time appear in a limb with compartment syndrome?

Answer 213

Answer: Prolonged time for capillary refill.

Question 214

Question: What feeling might a patient experience in the affected area with compartment syndrome?

Answer 214

Answer: A sensation of tightness or pressure.

Question 215

Question: What tool can be used to document and track neurovascular observations?

Answer 215

Answer: Neurovascular Observation Chart.

Question 216

What are the 7Ps and what do they relate to?

Answer 216

The "7Ps" are a set of principles used in the context of neurovascular assessment Pain Pallor Pulse Paresthesia (sensation) Paralysis Pressure Poikilothermia

Question 217

What is Acute Limb Ischemia (ALI)?

Answer 217

Answer: A sudden decrease in limb perfusion, typically due to arterial occlusion.

Question 218

Name two common causes of Acute Limb Ischemia .

Answer 218

Answer: Emboli (e.g., blood clots, fat emboli) and injury to vessels and joints.

Question 219

What is a potential treatment for Acute Limb Ischemia?

Answer 219

Answer: Thrombolysis (using drugs to break down clots) or embolectomy (surgical removal of emboli).

Question 220

How can hypercoagulable states contribute to Acute Limb Ischemia?

Answer 220

Answer: They increase clotting, which can lead to arterial occlusion.

Question 221

In what situation might amputation be considered as a treatment for Acute Limb Ischemia?

Answer 221

Answer: In extreme cases where limb viability is lost.

Question 222

List one cause of Compartment Syndrome.

Answer 222

Answer: Injury or tight plaster casts.

Question 223

What are two consequences of Compartment Syndrome?

Answer 223

Answer: Compression of blood vessels and nerves, and impaired sensation and perfusion.

Question 224

What is a common treatment for Compartment Syndrome?

Answer 224

Answer: Surgical fasciotomy (opening the compartment to relieve pressure).

Question 225

How can tight plaster casts contribute to Compartment Syndrome?

Answer 225

Answer: They can restrict blood flow and increase pressure within the muscle compartment.

Question 226

What is one indication for performing a neurovascular assessment in a post-operative patient?

Answer 226

Answer: Surgery (orthopedic, plastic, cardiac catheterization).

Question 227

Why might a neurovascular assessment be necessary for someone with a plaster cast?

Answer 227

Answer: To monitor for tight casts or bandages.

Question 228

What kind of burns require neurovascular assessment?

Answer 228

Answer: Circumferential burns (burns that encircle a limb).

Question 229

Name a condition that would necessitate neurovascular assessment due to potential swelling and clotting.

Answer 229

Answer: Envenomation (e.g., snakebites).

Question 230

When would a neurovascular assessment be important in relation to traction application?

Answer 230

Answer: For skin or skeletal traction.

Question 231

How should pain be assessed during a neurovascular examination?

Answer 231

Answer: Evaluate for pain intensity and compare pain at rest versus movement.

Question 232

What are you checking for in the sensation (paresthesia) component?

Answer 232

Answer: Numbness, tingling, or abnormal sensations compared to the unaffected limb.

Question 233

What is a key sign to observe in the color (pallor) assessment?

Answer 233

Answer: Changes like pallor, redness, or cyanosis compared to the unaffected limb.

Question 234

How do you assess temperature (poikilothermia/polar) in the limb?

Answer 234

Answer: Check the limb’s warmth using the back of your hand and compare with the unaffected limb.

Question 235

What should you do when assessing movement (paralysis) in the injured limb?

Answer 235

Answer: Evaluate motor function by testing specific movements (e.g., dorsiflexion, plantar flexion).

Question 236

What is the purpose of checking pulses during a neurovascular examination?

Answer 236

Answer: To palpate distal pulses and compare with the unaffected limb, indicating blood flow.

Question 237

Why is it important to assess for external pressure during a neurovascular examination?

Answer 237

Answer: To ensure that external devices like casts or bandages are not too tight and causing issues.

Question 238

How is a fall defined?

Answer 238

Answer: A fall is an event where a person unexpectedly falls to a lower level, occurring in various settings such as homes, hospitals, or other care facilities.

Question 239

Why are falls a significant concern in healthcare settings?

Answer 239

Answer: Falls are a leading cause of hospitalization and death among older adults and can lead to severe injuries.

Question 240

What is a common outcome of falls in older adults?

Answer 240

Answer: Falls are a significant cause of hospitalization and death among older adults.

Question 241

What is a common type of fracture associated with falls?

Answer 241

Answer: Hip, wrist, and ankle fractures.

Question 242

Name a type of head injury that can result from a fall.

Answer 242

Answer: Concussion or traumatic brain injury.

Question 243

Give an example of an intrinsic factor that could increase fall risk.

Answer 243

Answer: Reduced muscle strength or vision loss.

Question 244

What are intrinsic factors in falls risk?

Answer 244

Answer: Age-related changes, chronic diseases, sensory impairments, cognitive impairments, and medications.

Question 245

What is an extrinsic factor that can contribute to falls?

Answer 245

Answer: Environmental hazards like slippery floors or uneven surfaces.

Question 246

How can inadequate lighting affect fall risk?

Answer 246

Answer: It can increase the likelihood of tripping or not seeing obstacles.

Question 247

Why is proper footwear important in preventing falls?

Answer 247

Answer: Poor footwear can cause instability and increase the risk of falls.

Question 248

What should be included in a patient history for falls risk assessment?

Answer 248

Answer: Previous falls, medication history, and cognitive and psychological status.

Question 249

Name one aspect of mobility assessment.

Answer 249

Answer: Ability to walk and transfer.

Question 250

What is one factor to assess in the environmental assessment?

Answer 250

Answer: Accessibility of call bells.

Question 251

What does the Falls Risk Assessment Tool (FRAT) evaluate?

Answer 251

Answer: Recent falls, medication, psychological and cognitive status, and mobility and sensory deficits.

Question 252

How is the risk level determined using FRAT?

Answer 252

Answer: Based on a score out of 20, with adjustments for additional concerns.

Question 253

What is one prevention strategy for falls?

Answer 253

Answer: Regularly orient patients to their surroundings.

Question 254

Why is scheduled toileting important in fall prevention?

Answer 254

Answer: It reduces the urgency to get to the bathroom quickly, which can prevent falls.

Question 255

What should be done immediately after a patient falls?

Answer 255

Answer: Perform a primary assessment, call for appropriate assistance, and conduct a head-to-toe assessment for injuries.

Question 256

How should ongoing management be handled after a fall?

Answer 256

Answer: Monitor and document the patient’s condition, review and adjust the falls risk assessment plan, and consult with physiotherapy if needed.

Question 257

What is the purpose of documenting falls in medical records?

Answer 257

Answer: To record details of the fall, track injuries, and help prevent future incidents.

Question 258

What should be included in an incident report for a fall?

Answer 258

Answer: Details of the fall and any injuries, using the hospital’s incident reporting system.

Question 259

What is the first step in managing a fall?

Answer 259

Answer: Perform a primary assessment with a head-to-toe check for injuries without moving the patient unless necessary.

Question 260

Why is a medical review important after a fall?

Answer 260

Answer: To assess the cause of the fall and revise the falls risk plan.

Question 261

Which of the following is not a component of the musculoskeletal system? A) Bones B) Muscles C) Nerves D) Ligaments

Answer 261

Answer: C) Nerves

Question 262

What is the primary function of the skeletal system? A) Produce hormones B) Protect vital organs C) Regulate body temperature D) Store energy

Answer 262

Answer: B) Protect vital organs

Question 263

Which type of muscle is found in the walls of internal organs? A) Skeletal muscle B) Cardiac muscle C) Smooth muscle D) Striated muscle

Answer 263

Answer: C) Smooth muscle

Question 264

Which structure connects muscles to bones? A) Ligaments B) Tendons C) Cartilage D) Fascia

Answer 264

Answer: B) Tendons

Question 265

What is the primary goal of a musculoskeletal assessment? A) Evaluate mental status B) Identify signs of fractures C) Assess blood pressure D) Measure lung capacity

Answer 265

Answer: B) Identify signs of fractures

Question 266

Which method is commonly used to assess joint range of motion? A) Palpation B) Inspection C) Goniometry D) Auscultation

Answer 266

Answer: C) Goniometry

Question 267

What does the "Finkelstein test" assess? A) Carpal tunnel syndrome B) Tendonitis of the thumb C) Shoulder impingement D) Hip dysplasia

Answer 267

Answer: B) Tendonitis of the thumb

Question 268

Which of the following is a method for assessing muscle strength? A) MRI B) CT scan C) Manual muscle testing D) Ultrasound

Answer 268

Answer: C) Manual muscle testing

Question 269

Which condition is characterized by inflammation of the joints? A) Osteoporosis B) Rheumatoid arthritis C) Tendonitis D) Osteomyelitis

Answer 269

Answer: B) Rheumatoid arthritis

Question 270

What is the primary symptom of a herniated disc? A) Joint stiffness B) Lower back pain radiating to the leg C) Swelling in the knee D) Headache

Answer 270

Answer: B) Lower back pain radiating to the leg

Question 271

Which condition involves the loss of bone density? A) Osteomyelitis B) Osteoporosis C) Gout D) Bursitis

Answer 271

Answer: B) Osteoporosis

Question 272

What is the main cause of gout? A) Bacterial infection B) Urate crystals in the joints C) Autoimmune reaction D) Tendon strain

Answer 272

Answer: B) Urate crystals in the joints

Question 273

Which imaging study is commonly used to visualize soft tissue injuries? A) X-ray B) MRI C) Ultrasound D) CT scan

Answer 273

Answer: B) MRI

Question 274

What does a bone density scan primarily diagnose? A) Fractures B) Arthritis C) Osteoporosis D) Muscle tears

Answer 274

Answer: C) Osteoporosis

Question 275

Which diagnostic test is used to assess bone fractures? A) Electrocardiogram (ECG) B) X-ray C) Blood test D) Endoscopy

Answer 275

Answer: B) X-ray

Question 276

Which diagnostic study uses sound waves to create images of muscles and tendons? A) MRI B) CT scan C) Ultrasound D) X-ray

Answer 276

Answer: C) Ultrasound

Question 277

What is the primary purpose of fracture immobilization? A) Reduce pain B) Prevent infection C) Promote healing by immobilizing the fracture D) Improve circulation

Answer 277

Answer: C) Promote healing by immobilizing the fracture

Question 278

Which of the following is a common method for immobilizing a fracture? A) Casting B) Physical therapy C) Joint injections D) Acupuncture

Answer 278

Answer: A) Casting

Question 279

Which type of splint is used for immediate immobilization of a fracture? A) Rigid splint B) Soft splint C) Traction splint D) Custom splint

Answer 279

Answer: C) Traction splint

Question 280

What should be checked regularly to ensure proper immobilization? A) Blood pressure B) Skin color and temperature C) Heart rate D) Respiratory rate

Answer 280

Answer: B) Skin color and temperature

Question 281

Which condition is characterized by increased pressure within a muscle compartment? A) Acute limb ischemia B) Compartment syndrome C) Peripheral artery disease D) Deep vein thrombosis

Answer 281

Answer: B) Compartment syndrome

Question 282

What is a common cause of compartment syndrome? A) Chronic arthritis B) Injury C) Diabetes D) Osteoporosis

Answer 282

Answer: B) Injury

Question 283

Which of the following is a sign of acute limb ischemia? A) Warmth in the limb B) Normal capillary refill C) Sudden decrease in limb perfusion D) Swelling and bruising

Answer 283

Answer: C) Sudden decrease in limb perfusion

Question 284

What is a potential complication of untreated compartment syndrome? A) Increased bone density B) Tissue necrosis C) Enhanced muscle strength D) Improved circulation

Answer 284

Answer: B) Tissue necrosis

Question 285

Which of the following is an indication for neurovascular assessment? A) Routine physical examination B) Post-operative monitoring C) Regular dental check-up D) Routine blood tests

Answer 285

Answer: B) Post-operative monitoring

Question 286

Why is neurovascular assessment important after applying a plaster cast? A) To assess the fit of the cast B) To monitor for tightness and potential impairment of blood flow C) To determine the need for additional medication D) To evaluate the patient’s cognitive function

Answer 286

Answer: B) To monitor for tightness and potential impairment of blood flow

Question 287

What is assessed by checking capillary refill time? A) Bone density B) Peripheral circulation C) Muscle strength D) Joint range of motion

Answer 287

Answer: B) Peripheral circulation

Question 288

Which component of a neurovascular examination involves checking for numbness or tingling? A) Color B) Sensation C) Pulses D) Movement

Answer 288

Answer: B) Sensation

Question 289

What does assessing limb warmth help determine in a neurovascular exam? A) Presence of a fracture B) Adequacy of blood flow C) Range of joint motion D) Level of muscle strength

Answer 289

Answer: B) Adequacy of blood flow

Question 290

Why is it important to assess movement during a neurovascular examination? A) To evaluate joint alignment B) To check for muscle atrophy C) To ensure nerve function is intact D) To determine bone density

Answer 290

Answer: C) To ensure nerve function is intact