Week 4: Safe Administration of Intravenous Fluids Flashcards
1
Q
Define
Intravenous Fluids (IV Fluids)
A
Fluids administered directly into the bloodstream through a catheter or needle inserted into a vein to maintain or restore fluid balance, deliver medications, or provide nutrients.
2
Q
Define
Crystalloids
A
IV fluids composed of water and electrolytes that can easily pass through cell membranes, used to maintain or restore fluid and electrolyte balance.
3
Q
Define
Colloids
A
IV fluids that contain larger molecules like proteins or starches to expand blood volume and maintain blood pressure by drawing fluid into the vascular space.
4
Q
Define
Vascular Access Devices
A
Tools used to gain access to the bloodstream for administering fluids, medications, or drawing blood, including peripheral and central lines.
5
Q
Define
Fluid Dynamics
A
The study of fluid movement in the body and its impact on physiological functions, including how fluids are administered, distributed, and absorbed.
6
Q
Define
Renal Assessment
A
Evaluation of kidney function to monitor fluid balance, electrolytes, and overall fluid status, crucial for managing IV fluid therapy.
7
Q
Define
Fluid Balance
A
The equilibrium between fluid intake and output in the body, monitored to ensure proper hydration and prevent complications.
8
Q
Define
Patient Considerations
A
Factors such as patient history, current condition, and specific needs that influence the choice and management of IV fluid therapy.
9
Q
Define
Drip Rates
A
The speed at which IV fluids are administered, measured in drops per minute, critical for ensuring proper dosage and preventing complications.
10
Q
Define
Drop Factors
A
The number of drops needed to deliver 1 milliliter of fluid, used to calculate drip rates for gravity infusion.
11
Q
Define
Priming a Line
A
The process of filling an IV line with fluid before connecting it to the patient to remove air bubbles and ensure accurate delivery.
12
Q
Define
Gravity Infusion
A
A method of administering IV fluids where the fluid flows from a bag or bottle through a tube to the patient using gravity.
13
Q
Define
Infusion Pump
A
A device that controls the rate and amount of IV fluid delivery, used for precise and continuous administration.
14
Q
Define
Peripheral Venous Cannulas
A
Devices inserted into peripheral veins, such as those in the arm, for short-term IV access.
15
Q
Define
Central Venous Catheters
A
Lines inserted into central veins, such as the subclavian or internal jugular, used for long-term access or when high-volume fluids are needed.
16
Q
Define
Peripherally Inserted Central Catheters (PICC Lines)
A
Long-term IV lines inserted into peripheral veins and advanced to central veins for prolonged access, commonly used for chemotherapy or long-term medications.
17
Q
Define
Ports
A
Implanted devices placed under the skin for intermittent access to central veins, used for long-term treatments like chemotherapy.
18
Q
Define
Introducer Needle
A
A needle used to initially access a vein before placing a catheter for IV fluid administration.
19
Q
Define
Flashback
A
The observation of blood returning into the catheter hub, indicating proper placement of the cannula in the vein.
20
Q
Define
IV Site
A
The specific location on the body where an IV catheter is inserted, typically in a vein.
21
Q
Define
Cubital Fossa
A
The area around the elbow where veins are often accessed for IV insertion due to their size and accessibility.
22
Q
Define
Hemodynamic Status
A
The condition of blood circulation and pressure in the body, monitored to assess the effectiveness and impact of IV fluid therapy.
23
Q
Define
Flushing
A
The process of clearing the IV line or catheter with a sterile solution to prevent clotting and ensure patency.
24
Q
Define
Aseptic Technique
A
A method of preventing infection by maintaining a sterile environment during IV insertion and maintenance.
25
# Define
Clean Technique
A practice of maintaining cleanliness to reduce the risk of infection when accessing IV ports or changing dressings.
26
# Define
Thrombosis
The formation of a blood clot within a vein, which can obstruct blood flow and cause complications.
27
# Define
Air Embolism
A condition where air enters the bloodstream, potentially causing serious complications such as stroke or heart attack.
28
# Define
Occlusion
Blockage of the IV catheter or tubing that prevents fluid from flowing properly.
29
# Define
Pneumothorax
A potential complication of central venous catheter insertion where air enters the pleural space, causing lung collapse.
30
# Define
Arrhythmias
Irregular heartbeats that can occur as a complication of central venous catheter irritation or fluid imbalances.
31
# Define
Systemic Complications
Serious effects affecting the entire body, such as fluid overload or air embolism, resulting from IV fluid therapy.
32
# Define
Local Complications
Problems occurring at the IV insertion site, including infiltration or phlebitis, which may affect only the area around the site.
33
# Define
Fluid Overload
A condition where excessive fluid in the bloodstream leads to symptoms like edema, dyspnea, or increased central venous pressure.
34
# Define
Hypervolemia
An excess of fluid in the blood, potentially leading to complications such as fluid overload or increased blood pressure.
35
# Define
Cyanosis
A bluish discoloration of the skin or mucous membranes indicating insufficient oxygen in the blood, potentially from air embolism.
36
# Define
Infiltration
Leakage of IV fluid into surrounding tissue instead of the vein, causing swelling and discomfort at the site.
37
# Define
Extravasation
Similar to infiltration but involves leakage of an irritant fluid, leading to tissue damage and potential necrosis.
38
# Define
Phlebitis
Inflammation of a vein caused by irritation from the catheter or IV fluids, resulting in pain, redness, and swelling.
39
# Define
Thrombophlebitis
Inflammation of a vein with associated blood clot formation, causing pain, redness, and swelling.
40
# Define
Hematomas
Bruising or swelling at the IV insertion site due to bleeding into the tissue, often resulting from poor technique or inadequate pressure post-removal.
41
# Define
Obstruction
Blockage in the IV line or catheter that prevents proper fluid delivery, often due to clots or kinks.
42
# Define
Thrombolytic Agent
Medication used to dissolve blood clots in the IV line or catheter to restore proper fluid flow.
43
# Define
Anchoring IV
Securing the IV catheter to prevent movement and reduce the risk of complications such as dislodgement or irritation.
44
# Define
Fluid Balance Charts
Records used to track the amount of fluid administered and removed from the patient to monitor their overall fluid status.
45
# Define
Infusion Pumps
Devices that control the rate and volume of IV fluid delivery, providing precise and continuous administration.
46
# Define
Blood Transfusion
The process of administering blood products to a patient, requiring careful monitoring and compatibility checks to prevent adverse reactions.
47
# What is
Fluids administered directly into the bloodstream through a catheter or needle inserted into a vein to maintain or restore fluid balance, deliver medications, or provide nutrients.
Intravenous Fluids (IV Fluids)
48
# What is
IV fluids composed of water and electrolytes that can easily pass through cell membranes, used to maintain or restore fluid and electrolyte balance.
Crystalloids
49
# What is
IV fluids that contain larger molecules like proteins or starches to expand blood volume and maintain blood pressure by drawing fluid into the vascular space.
Colloids
50
# What is
Tools used to gain access to the bloodstream for administering fluids, medications, or drawing blood, including peripheral and central lines.
Vascular Access Devices
51
# What is
The study of fluid movement in the body and its impact on physiological functions, including how fluids are administered, distributed, and absorbed.
Fluid Dynamics
52
# What is
Evaluation of kidney function to monitor fluid balance, electrolytes, and overall fluid status, crucial for managing IV fluid therapy.
Renal Assessment
53
# What is
The equilibrium between fluid intake and output in the body, monitored to ensure proper hydration and prevent complications.
Fluid Balance
54
# What is
Factors such as patient history, current condition, and specific needs that influence the choice and management of IV fluid therapy.
Patient Considerations
55
# What is
The speed at which IV fluids are administered, measured in drops per minute, critical for ensuring proper dosage and preventing complications.
Drip Rates
56
# What is
The number of drops needed to deliver 1 milliliter of fluid, used to calculate drip rates for gravity infusion.
Drop Factors
57
# What is
The process of filling an IV line with fluid before connecting it to the patient to remove air bubbles and ensure accurate delivery.
Priming a Line
58
# What is
A method of administering IV fluids where the fluid flows from a bag or bottle through a tube to the patient using gravity.
Gravity Infusion
59
# What is
A device that controls the rate and amount of IV fluid delivery, used for precise and continuous administration.
Infusion Pump
60
# What is
Devices inserted into peripheral veins, such as those in the arm, for short-term IV access.
Peripheral Venous Cannulas
61
# What is
Lines inserted into central veins, such as the subclavian or internal jugular, used for long-term access or when high-volume fluids are needed.
Central Venous Catheters
62
# What is
Long-term IV lines inserted into peripheral veins and advanced to central veins for prolonged access, commonly used for chemotherapy or long-term medications.
Peripherally Inserted Central Catheters (PICC Lines)
63
# What is
Implanted devices placed under the skin for intermittent access to central veins, used for long-term treatments like chemotherapy.
Ports
64
# What is
A needle used to initially access a vein before placing a catheter for IV fluid administration.
Introducer Needle
65
# What is
The observation of blood returning into the catheter hub, indicating proper placement of the cannula in the vein.
Flashback
66
# What is
The specific location on the body where an IV catheter is inserted, typically in a vein.
IV Site
67
# What is
The area around the elbow where veins are often accessed for IV insertion due to their size and accessibility.
Cubital Fossa
68
# What is
The condition of blood circulation and pressure in the body, monitored to assess the effectiveness and impact of IV fluid therapy.
Hemodynamic Status
69
# What is
The process of clearing the IV line or catheter with a sterile solution to prevent clotting and ensure patency.
Flushing
70
# What is
A method of preventing infection by maintaining a sterile environment during IV insertion and maintenance.
Aseptic Technique
71
# What is
A practice of maintaining cleanliness to reduce the risk of infection when accessing IV ports or changing dressings.
Clean Technique
72
# What is
The formation of a blood clot within a vein, which can obstruct blood flow and cause complications.
Thrombosis
73
# What is
A condition where air enters the bloodstream, potentially causing serious complications such as stroke or heart attack.
Air Embolism
74
# What is
Blockage of the IV catheter or tubing that prevents fluid from flowing properly.
Occlusion
75
# What is
A potential complication of central venous catheter insertion where air enters the pleural space, causing lung collapse.
Pneumothorax
76
# What is
Irregular heartbeats that can occur as a complication of central venous catheter irritation or fluid imbalances.
Arrhythmias
77
# What is
Serious effects affecting the entire body, such as fluid overload or air embolism, resulting from IV fluid therapy.
Systemic Complications
78
# What is
Problems occurring at the IV insertion site, including infiltration or phlebitis, which may affect only the area around the site.
Local Complications
79
# What is
A condition where excessive fluid in the bloodstream leads to symptoms like edema, dyspnea, or increased central venous pressure.
Fluid Overload
80
# What is
An excess of fluid in the blood, potentially leading to complications such as fluid overload or increased blood pressure.
Hypervolemia
81
# What is
A bluish discoloration of the skin or mucous membranes indicating insufficient oxygen in the blood, potentially from air embolism.
Cyanosis
82
# What is
Leakage of IV fluid into surrounding tissue instead of the vein, causing swelling and discomfort at the site.
Infiltration
83
# What is
Similar to infiltration but involves leakage of an irritant fluid, leading to tissue damage and potential necrosis.
Extravasation
84
# What is
Inflammation of a vein caused by irritation from the catheter or IV fluids, resulting in pain, redness, and swelling.
Phlebitis
85
# What is
Inflammation of a vein with associated blood clot formation, causing pain, redness, and swelling.
Thrombophlebitis
86
# What is
Bruising or swelling at the IV insertion site due to bleeding into the tissue, often resulting from poor technique or inadequate pressure post-removal.
Hematomas
87
# What is
Blockage in the IV line or catheter that prevents proper fluid delivery, often due to clots or kinks.
Obstruction
88
# What is
Medication used to dissolve blood clots in the IV line or catheter to restore proper fluid flow.
Thrombolytic Agent
89
# What is
Securing the IV catheter to prevent movement and reduce the risk of complications such as dislodgement or irritation.
Anchoring IV
90
# What is
Records used to track the amount of fluid administered and removed from the patient to monitor their overall fluid status.
Fluid Balance Charts
91
# What is
Devices that control the rate and volume of IV fluid delivery, providing precise and continuous administration.
Infusion Pumps
92
# What is
The process of administering blood products to a patient, requiring careful monitoring and compatibility checks to prevent adverse reactions.
Blood Transfusion
93
What is the role of semi-permeable membranes in fluid dynamics?
Semi-permeable membranes allow some substances to pass through while blocking others, facilitating selective fluid and solute movement.
94
What is the difference between crystalloids and colloids?
Crystalloids are water with electrolytes and can move between compartments, while colloids contain larger molecules that primarily stay in the intravascular space.
95
Why is understanding fluid movement important for IV therapy?
It helps in predicting how fluids will distribute in the body, which is crucial for effective treatment and managing patient outcomes.
96
What are some examples of crystalloids?
Normal saline and balanced solutions.
97
What are colloids used for in IV therapy?
Colloids are used to expand blood volume and maintain blood pressure by staying in the intravascular space longer.
98
What are vascular access devices used for?
To gain access to the bloodstream for administering fluids, medications, or drawing blood.
99
Name three types of vascular access devices.
Peripheral venous cannulas, central venous catheters, and peripherally inserted central catheters (PICC lines).
100
What is the purpose of priming an IV line?
To remove air bubbles and ensure accurate fluid delivery.
101
What does “intravascular space” refer to?
The space within blood vessels where IV fluids are initially administered.
102
What are the signs of fluid overload in the interstitial space?
Edema or swelling.
103
How does osmosis differ from diffusion?
Osmosis is the movement of water from low to high solute concentration, while diffusion is the movement of solutes from high to low concentration.
104
What is hydrostatic pressure and its role in fluid dynamics?
Hydrostatic pressure is the pushing force exerted by fluid volume on blood vessel walls, contributing to fluid movement out of vessels.
105
What does “on” in oncotic pressure mean?
Oncotic pressure refers to the pulling force exerted by plasma proteins to keep fluid within the blood vessels.
106
Why is it important to understand the difference between hyper and hypo conditions?
It helps in diagnosing and managing conditions like hypertension (high blood pressure) or hypotension (low blood pressure) related to fluid imbalances.
107
What is the significance of drip rates and drop factors for IV therapy?
They are crucial for calculating the correct flow rate of IV fluids to ensure proper dosing and patient safety.
108
What should you check if a patient shows signs of fluid imbalance?
Monitor for signs of dehydration or fluid overload, and assess vital signs, input/output, and physical symptoms.
109
How is tonicity related to crystalloids?
Tonicity describes the concentration of solutes in crystalloids, affecting how fluids move between body compartments.
110
What are some common complications of IV fluid administration?
Complications include infection, air embolism, thrombosis, and fluid overload.
111
What considerations are important when setting up an infusion pump?
Ensure the correct flow rate is set and verify the fluid type and dosage.
112
What is the role of electrolytes in IV fluids?
Electrolytes help maintain fluid balance, nerve function, and muscle function.
113
What should be done if an IV line becomes obstructed?
Check for kinks, clots, or other issues and take appropriate actions like flushing or replacing the line.
114
What are the key differences between central and peripheral venous catheters?
Central catheters are placed in larger veins for long-term use, while peripheral catheters are used in smaller veins for short-term access.
115
What is the importance of aseptic technique in IV fluid administration?
Aseptic technique prevents infections and maintains the sterility of the IV site and equipment.
116
How does the capillary wall function in fluid dynamics?
It separates the intravascular space from the interstitial space, regulating fluid exchange between these compartments.
117
Why is it important to calculate drip rates accurately?
Accurate drip rates ensure the correct volume of fluid is administered, which is essential for effective treatment and avoiding complications.
118
What is the purpose of checking medication orders for missing components?
To ensure that all necessary information is included for safe and effective medication administration.
119
What is the primary purpose of vascular access devices?
To administer fluids, medications, or treatments directly into the bloodstream.
120
What is a peripheral venous cannula?
A device consisting of an introducer needle and a small plastic catheter used to administer fluids and medications into peripheral veins.
121
What is indicated by a flashback of blood during cannula insertion?
It indicates that the cannula is correctly positioned in the vein and can be advanced further.
122
Why should you avoid using veins in the leg for cannulation?
Due to a higher risk of clot formation and potential thromboembolism.
123
Where should you ideally place a peripheral cannula?
In the arm veins, preferably starting with distal sites and moving proximally if needed.
124
What is the reason for avoiding cannulation near joints?
To prevent discomfort and complications due to movement or flexion of the joint.
125
What are some contraindications for placing a peripheral cannula?
Recent surgery, injuries, mastectomy, neuro deficits, or infections on the side of cannulation.
126
What should you do if you accidentally cannulate an artery?
Apply direct pressure for about 5 minutes to stop the bleeding.
127
What is the purpose of central venous catheters?
To administer medications that might irritate peripheral veins, monitor hemodynamic status, and obtain blood samples.
128
Where are central venous catheters typically inserted?
Into central veins such as the subclavian or internal jugular veins.
129
Why is X-ray confirmation important for central venous catheters and PICC lines?
To ensure the catheter is correctly positioned in the central venous system.
130
What are PICC lines and where are they inserted?
Peripherally Inserted Central Catheters (PICC lines) are inserted into peripheral veins and extend centrally, often used for long-term IV therapy.
131
How long can a PICC line typically remain in place?
Up to a year.
132
What is the purpose of a port in vascular access?
To provide a reliable access point for intermittent chemotherapy or other long-term treatments.
133
How do ports differ from other vascular access devices?
Ports are placed under the skin with no external parts and require special needles for access.
134
What is the recommended syringe size for flushing a catheter and why?
A 10-milliliter syringe is recommended to avoid too much or too little pressure that could dislodge the catheter.
135
What technique should be used when changing dressings on a catheter?
Aseptic technique should be used to prevent infection.
136
What are some common complications associated with central venous catheters?
Thrombosis, air embolism, infection, bleeding, occlusion, pneumothorax, and arrhythmias.
137
What should you check before setting up an IV fluid infusion?
Ensure the fluid bag is not expired, the type and strength are correct, and there are no leaks. Attach time labels and initials appropriately.
138
What are the different gauges of cannulas used for?
Larger gauges (14, 16) for high-risk surgeries or severe trauma, size 18 for blood transfusions, size 20 for routine use, and sizes 22 and 24 for pediatric and elderly patients.
139
Why is it important to start cannulation at distal sites?
To minimize complications and facilitate finding alternative sites if initial attempts fail.
140
What are the key characteristics to look for when selecting a vein for cannulation?
Veins should be firm, elastic, and not pulsatile, avoiding those that are hard, flat, bumpy, or tortuous.
141
What is the role of hydrostatic pressure in fluid dynamics?
Hydrostatic pressure pushes fluid out of blood vessels into surrounding tissues.
142
How does oncotic pressure help maintain fluid balance?
Oncotic pressure pulls fluid back into the blood vessels, helping to keep fluid within the intravascular space.
143
What should you do if a catheter becomes obstructed?
Investigate the cause of obstruction, such as clots or kinks, and take appropriate action to resolve it.
144
What are some key nursing considerations for managing central venous catheters?
Regular monitoring for complications, ensuring proper catheter position with X-ray, and adhering to aseptic techniques during care.
145
How does a port's access differ from other vascular access devices?
Ports require special needles for access and are not visible externally but can be palpated under the skin.
146
What is the benefit of using a larger gauge cannula for certain procedures?
Larger gauge cannulas allow for faster infusion rates, which is necessary for high-risk surgeries or severe trauma.
147
What is fluid overload, and what are its symptoms?
Fluid overload is the excess of fluid leading to hypervolemia, with symptoms like shortness of breath, distended jugular veins, edema around the ankles, and sudden weight gain.
148
What should you do if you suspect a patient is experiencing fluid overload?
Stop the infusion, position the patient upright, perform a focused cardiac and respiratory assessment, apply oxygen if necessary, and escalate to the medical officer and nurse in charge.
149
What is an air embolism, and what are its symptoms?
An air embolism occurs when air enters the bloodstream, causing symptoms such as dyspnea, cyanosis, increased heart rate, chest or back pain, and loss of consciousness.
150
How should you manage an air embolism?
Clamp the cannula, assess vital signs, and position the patient on their left side with the head down to reduce the risk of air traveling to the lungs.
151
What causes an infection related to IV fluids, and what are its symptoms?
Infection can be caused by IV solution or administration sets. Symptoms include sudden temperature rise, tachycardia, low blood pressure, shortness of breath, and decreased urine output.
152
How can you manage an IV-related infection?
Maintain aseptic technique, provide symptomatic care, administer antibiotics, and consider inotropes for hemodynamic stability if needed.
153
What is infiltration, and what are its symptoms?
Infiltration occurs when fluid leaks into surrounding tissue instead of the vein, causing edema, redness, and swelling.
154
What is the management for infiltration?
Stop the infusion, remove the cannula, and apply a cold compress to reduce inflammation.
155
What is extravasation, and how does it differ from infiltration?
Extravasation is similar to infiltration but involves an irritant fluid causing blistering and tissue necrosis.
156
How should you manage extravasation?
Stop the infusion, notify the medical officer, follow local protocols, consider an antidote if applicable, and perform neurovascular observations.
157
What is phlebitis, and what are its symptoms?
Phlebitis is inflammation of the vein due to irritation, causing pain, redness, warmth, swelling, and potentially fever.
158
What is the management for phlebitis?
Stop the infusion, apply a warm compress, maintain good infection control, and use appropriately sized cannulas.
159
What is thrombophlebitis, and how does it differ from phlebitis?
Thrombophlebitis involves a blood clot in the vein along with inflammation, causing pain, redness, warmth, swelling, and fever.
160
How should you manage thrombophlebitis?
Stop the infusion, apply a cold compress, elevate the limb, and avoid flushing the cannula to prevent clot dislodgement.
161
What are hematomas, and what causes them?
Hematomas are bruising or swelling at the insertion site caused by poor cannulation technique or failure to apply pressure when removing the cannula.
162
What is the management for a hematoma?
Remove the IV cannula and apply direct pressure to the site.
163
What causes clotting and obstruction in IV lines, and what are the symptoms?
Clotting and obstruction can be caused by kinks, slow infusion rates, or other issues, leading to reduced or stopped flow.
164
How should you manage clotting and obstruction?
Stop the infusion, get a new set if needed, and regularly flush the cannula to prevent clot formation. A thrombolytic agent may be used by a doctor to dissolve the clot.
165
What are key infection prevention measures for IV fluids?
Hand hygiene, checking IV containers, anchoring the IV, inspecting the IV site, flushing the IV every eight hours, and scrubbing the hub with an alcohol swab.
166
How often should peripheral cannulas be replaced?
Every 72 hours to reduce the risk of infection.
167
What should be documented regarding IV cannulas?
Insertion time to ensure timely replacement.
168
What should be ensured regarding IV fluid flow rates?
Ensure flow rates match prescribed rates, calculate drip rates for gravity lines, or set rates on infusion pumps.
169
How often should IV sites be checked during infusion?
Hourly during infusion.
170
What should be completed alongside monitoring IV fluids?
Complete fluid balance charts.
171
What are indications for administering blood?
Volume loss from trauma, surgery, hemorrhage, or conditions like anemia.
172
What should be checked before administering blood?
Ensure compatibility of the correct blood type. Type O Negative can be used in emergencies.
173
How should blood infusion be monitored?
Perform baseline vital signs, start the infusion slowly, and assess every 15 minutes initially. Report any changes immediately.
174
Why should potassium never be administered as a bolus dose?
Due to the risk of life-threatening arrhythmias; always follow safety guidelines.
175
What primarily controls the movement of intravenous fluids within the vascular space?
A) Blood pressure
B) Osmotic pressure
C) Temperature
D) pH level
B) Osmotic pressure
176
Which mechanism helps maintain fluid balance between the vascular and interstitial spaces?
A) Filtration
B) Osmosis
C) Diffusion
D) Active transport
A) Filtration
177
How does the movement of fluids across capillary membranes primarily occur?
A) Through active transport
B) By diffusion
C) By filtration and osmotic pressure
D) Through pinocytosis
C) By filtration and osmotic pressure
178
What is the primary action if a patient shows signs of fluid overload?
A) Increase the infusion rate
B) Stop the infusion and position the patient upright
C) Change the IV site
D) Administer more fluids
B) Stop the infusion and position the patient upright
179
How often should an IV site be inspected during infusion?
A) Once a shift
B) Every 30 minutes
C) Hourly
D) Every 4 hours
C) Hourly
180
Which device is used to measure the rate of fluid infusion?
A) Infusion pump
B) Syringe
C) Blood pressure cuff
D) Thermometer
A) Infusion pump
181
Which condition increases the risk of fluid overload during IV fluid administration?
A) Diabetes mellitus
B) Renal disease
C) Asthma
D) Hypertension
B) Renal disease
182
What symptom might indicate that a patient is experiencing fluid overload?
A) Decreased urine output
B) Weight loss
C) Edema around the ankles
D) Dry mouth
C) Edema around the ankles
183
Which patient group is at highest risk of fluid overload?
A) Healthy adults
B) Patients with chronic kidney disease
C) Pediatric patients
D) Pregnant women
B) Patients with chronic kidney disease
184
What is the first step in managing an air embolism?
A) Start the infusion pump
B) Clamp the cannula
C) Increase the infusion rate
D) Administer a diuretic
B) Clamp the cannula
185
Which complication is characterized by fluid leaking into surrounding tissue?
A) Phlebitis
B) Infiltration
C) Thrombophlebitis
D) Hematoma
B) Infiltration
186
What is a common symptom of extravasation?
A) Pain and redness
B) Swelling and blistering
C) Fever
D) Dry skin
B) Swelling and blistering
187
Which type of IV fluid is used to expand blood volume and includes examples like normal saline?
A) Colloid
B) Crystalloid
C) Hypertonic
D) Hypotonic
B) Crystalloid
188
Which of the following is an example of a colloid solution?
A) Normal saline
B) Lactated Ringer’s
C) Dextrose 5% in water
D) Hydroxyethyl starch
D) Hydroxyethyl starch
189
Crystalloid fluids primarily affect which part of the body?
A) Intracellular space
B) Extracellular space
C) Intravenous space only
D) Blood cells
B) Extracellular space
190
Which device is typically used for short-term, peripheral access to administer IV fluids?
A) Central venous catheter
B) Peripherally inserted central catheter (PICC)
C) Peripheral venous cannula
D) Port
C) Peripheral venous cannula
191
What is a common feature of central venous catheters?
A) Multiple lumens
B) Short-term use
C) Subcutaneous placement
D) Single lumen
A) Multiple lumens
192
Which device is used for long-term IV therapy and is inserted into a peripheral vein?
A) Peripheral venous cannula
B) Central venous catheter
C) PICC line
D) Port
C) PICC line
193
Which item is essential for administering IV fluids?
A) IV bag
B) Syringe
C) Stethoscope
D) Thermometer
A) IV bag
194
What type of infusion device regulates the flow rate of IV fluids?
A) Sphygmomanometer
B) Infusion pump
C) Oxygen mask
D) Glucometer
B) Infusion pump
195
Which tool is used to prevent air from entering the IV line?
A) Drip chamber
B) Flow regulator
C) Air detector
D) Cannula
C) Air detector
196
What is the purpose of a drip chamber in an IV setup?
A) To monitor the infusion rate
B) To detect air bubbles
C) To prevent backflow
D) To allow the IV fluid to drip into the line
D) To allow the IV fluid to drip into the line
197
Which device helps maintain sterility during IV administration?
A) Alcohol swab
B) Tourniquet
C) Needle
D) Infusion pump
A) Alcohol swab
198
What is the purpose of using a sterile dressing in IV fluid administration?
A) To prevent infection
B) To secure the IV catheter
C) To absorb fluid
D) To increase comfort
A) To prevent infection
199
What type of IV fluid is typically used for volume resuscitation?
A) Hypotonic solution
B) Isotonic solution
C) Hypertonic solution
D) Colloid solution
B) Isotonic solution
200
Which IV fluid type is used to draw fluid out of the cells into the extracellular space?
A) Isotonic
B) Hypertonic
C) Hypotonic
D) Colloid
B) Hypertonic
201
What is the primary purpose of a port in IV therapy?
A) Short-term access
B) Long-term access for intermittent treatments
C) Continuous infusion
D) Emergency access
B) Long-term access for intermittent treatments
202
Which IV fluid type can be used to provide nutrients and calories?
A) Normal saline
B) Dextrose 5% in water
C) Lactated Ringer’s
D) Hydroxyethyl starch
B) Dextrose 5% in water
203
What is a key consideration when using a PICC line?
A) It is for short-term use
B) It is confirmed by X-ray
C) It is visible externally
D) It requires no X-ray confirmation
B) It is confirmed by X-ray
204
What is the primary purpose of using aseptic technique in IV fluid administration?
A) To ensure patient comfort
B) To prevent infection
C) To increase flow rate
D) To reduce costs
B) To prevent infection
